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N S. MORSE. •sjjfffiMlk IX out UKK,Vt NKKI) We hear one universal complaint from our agriculturists, that they cannot obtain the amount of labor requisite to successfully prose < ute their busi(.ess, or to carry it ou to the extent they (lerire. This, indeed, is a great aud a serious want, that will cripple all our operations, and impede our individual aud col lective interest until its is removed. A sufficient population to render labor abund ant would inspire new life and energy into every department of trade and business; aud enable our people to bring to perfection many noble and much-to-be desired enterprises, which would cause new streams of wealth to flow in upon us. The great difficulty to obtain labor has prevent' and many of our citizens from already making improvements ; and the earlier these obstacles are removed, the eooner our Htate will be ranked among the most pros perous. Our manufacturers must have operatives, or all their interests will suffer. Our planters must have help, or they cannot improve their lands. Oar mechanics must have assistance, or they cannot successfully pursue their avo cation. Our proposed railroad lines, opening up new channels for the rich products of other States, cannot ho completed without more la borers ; aud many desirable enterprises, now un tier consideration must fail unless help can be obtained from abroad. This great want that retards our vital inter ests might bo remedied. England, France, Germany, and indeed all Europo is crowded with an immense population who would giadly avail themselves of every opportunity offered to reach our hospitable shores. Every avail ablo foot of soil in the Old World has been long since occupied, and e’very trade is over run with operatives-the young can find no department of business whore they can hope torise to wealth or distinction, as they may do in the New World. Not only is labor but lit - tle in demand, hut capitalists lind it very dif ficult, if not impossible, to make good invest ments, and millions of their treasures might be directed to our shore with little effort. These are matters wo should not neglect in the pres eut crisis. If we had sufficient population to supply the present demand for labor at reasonable prices, our cities would rapidly expand. If wo had sufficient laborers, our manufactories would he worked to a much greater extent, aud others on a more extensive scale, would soon be put in full operation. We had sufficient popula tion in our State, the immense tiacts of land not half cultivated would bo divided and sub divided, which, in a few years, would be highly improved. Our mining interest would then bo developed, aud the earth’s secrert stores of wealth unfolded. Ot prep ised railroad lines would soon be all tiuisbed, and new c mmuni catious opened up by laud and water with every desirable region. Then let our emi grant aid societies, our farmers, our merchants, and all our citizens, unite aud exert themselves to supply this great want, which now alone impedes the progress of our State. 'I UK UAHTHIN t:PNVK*TIOS' The action of Austria and Prussia in Schleswig, Holstein has called torlh a duet of growls from England and France. The two great German Powers have accomplished their purposes with a cool aesuvarce which haß even astounded the protesting nations, which are not unused to do ing things very cooly themselves. Austria and Prussia have acted in this business in the man ner of unfaithful agents, who, having recovered the property of their principal, very deliber ately appropriate it to themselves. They were agents of the Gennamc Confederation in cap turing the Duchies from Denmark; the pretense being that those territories were, in the ma ority of the population, feeling and in loca tion, especially German. It was expected that they would be brought into the Confederation, and united as a principality under the unlucky Prince of Augustenberg, who claimed the title to the property, But Austria and Prussia officiously antici pated the Federal authority, and volunteered to vindicate the* rights of Germany in the Duchies. They did so. England patted Den mark on the back and persuaded her to go into the tight, and then treacherously aban doned her. Denmark was wasted, Schleswig aud Holstein were captured, and when the Duke of Augustenberg, simple youug man, was preparing to come into his property, he was coolly notified by the agents of Germany that they had shared his patrimony between them Such was the result of the Convention at Gastein. The terms of that treaty were of a nature to cause considerable sensation. The smaller German States were cheated by their more powerful Confederates. Denmark had been despoiled of her territories under false pretenses. The world, which at least expect ed that Schleswig-Holstein would be an inde pendence, beholds it cut up and appropriated by Austria and Prussia. There has been some astonishment and some dissatisfaction at the impudent manner in which this has been done. We hear now from England and France. The opinion of the for mer is of no particular account. Lord John Russell merely talks. The Frenchman shows that the treaties of Vienna ami London have been set aside by two of the powers which signed them. Germany is, by their arrange ment, deprived of all interest in the Duchies. It was the desire of Germans that the country should be united. Austria and Prussia have separated them, ibis has been done without any consultation with the people whose alle giauce is thus transferred as if it was a market able commodity' There is no other basis for this arrangement than force ; “No other Justification,” says M. de L’Huys, ‘* than the reciprocal convenience of the two sharers. At present the remarks upon the Prussian and Austrian usurpation are addressed only to the diplomatic agents of France and England. They are warned that they are not at present to address any observation upon the subject to Austria or Prussia. It is solely intended tc acquaint them in what sense they will speak of it “when the arrives.’’ Whether this affair is to bring forth stronger measures ending in war, or whether it will amount to nothing but expression of dissatisfaction are matters to be narrowly watched. The instruc tions of France and England, be it remembered are to avail “when the time arrives.” Mexican Affairs. —Agents of the Mexican Republican party have bec-n attempting, it is raid, to negotiate a loan of about one million dollars in this country. The attention of Maxi milian's government has been called to this procedure, and the “Regency of the Empire’’ had fulminated an order reminding the sup posed lenders that all of Juarez’s contracts were void under the Empire, and threatening them with “ such punishment as their guilt may imply” in case they interest themselves in these contracts or loans. If any wish to in vest on such precarious security, it is hardly to be imagined that this will prevent them, aud it must pass merely for an expression ol the imperial policy or a warning to the agents em ployed. Still Maximilian’s consul at New York has taken the pains to publish the orde r in the city papers. The state of affairs in Mexico continues as mixed as ever, both sides being in considerable trouble. In the city of Mexico, aud wherever the*lm peralists control, all suspected of liberalism are arrested and put under guard, while very stringent regulations are imposed by tbe French commandants. The Liberals have met with success in other quarters, making prison ers of largo numbers of Imperial troops and lydding much of the country outside the large cities. The policy of our government seems to be to keep clear of the embroglio. but in i>o way to acknowledge Maximilian’s right to be where he is. Prosperity cf New England Cotton Mills. An evidence of the large amount of business now being done by the New England Gotten Miiis, is shown by the fact that several of them lately sent agents to England for additional operatives, having found it impossible to pro cure enough in this country to meet the de mand. The Bristol papers state that one ves sel has already arrived at that port with over two hundred cotton operatives on board, who have been sent hither from Lancashire, Eng land, by agents of the mills. Other vessels are expected to arrive soon, with still larger num bers of hands on hoard. Every cotton mill in the New England States is now running on full time, and in many of tliem, the operatives are working from fourteen to sixteen hours out of the twenty four, receiving extra wages for this overwork. It is said that the mills are now making nearly one hundred per cent, profit, which is occasioned by the late beavy advance in prices. They are all overwhelmed with orders, and having now no difficulty in obtaining cotton, they are enjoying a rich harvept. Insurance on Cotton. - From a note in the Savannah Herald we learn that a meeting of the Board of Commissioners of the Fire In surance companies was held in New York, a few days sfnee, to consider the propriety cf changing the premium on cotton insurance. Thu board decided, by a two thirds vote, to make the rate on cotton, and on other goods in stores where cotton is stored, one dollar and thirty five cents on each hundred dollars, with privilege to the keepers or owners of the stores to pick cotton on the premises. Where a stipulation is made that there shall be no cotton picking, the rate will he one per cent. The largo companies will adhere to this action; and the effect of it will be to induce owners of goods, to separate their cot ton from their other merchandise. More New Goods !—Where ? Why at Bus sell's, over C. A. Platt’s furniture establish ment. That is the place where a large and complete assortment of foreign and domestic dry goous have been received—and where new goods will hereafter bo received daily. The list of new goods offered by this estab lishment for the inspection of the ladies is truly a most magnificent one. Black and plain colored silks, poplus, delaines, shaliies, bombazines, alpaccas, plaids, lustres, flannels, cloths and cassemeres, shirtings and linens, muslins, Ac., &c. A choico stock of beautiful goods. A National Cotton Convention —General Howard, of the Freedmen’s Bureau, indorses the proposition for a national cotton growing convention, and suggests that it be held in Washington or New York, in November next. Gen. Howard says the planters of the South are very anxious to procure a large cotton crop next year, and feels assured that such a convention would aid in the solution of many practical problems concerning the laboring interests of freodmeu. aud the material inter est of the country. Tub Fenian Movement in Canada. —The Fenians arc creating a stir in Canada. Agents of the organization recently visited both Que bec and Ottawa with a view of establishing lodges, and it is reported that a number of the brotherhood have lately left Toronto on a special mission to Ireland. As matters now lock, England will have much trouble before she succeeds in quieting tho present excite ment—if she ever does succeed in so doing. Wyman, Byrd A Co.--This new house has just been established at No. 78 Chambers street, New York. It is composed of Messrs. S. G. Wyman and G. H. Byrd late of Balti more ; Win. Gregg, Jr , late of Gianiteville, S, C.; aad James C. Smith of New York. This house will attend to the selling of cotton, cot ton yarns, sheetings, shirtings, jeans. &c, ; and all other matters pertaining to their line of busi ness which may be committed to their charge. The People’s Steamship Company. —ihis Company will be chartered by thp States oi South Carolina and New York, and .thus in corporated it must secure the confidence of stockholders and the public. We would cor dially recommend this enterprise to our frieuds. and hope that by such judicious com binations our merchants may become the car riers of their own merchandize and reap the benefits to be thus derived by this enterprise. The subscription books are now open at the office of Messrs, Willis A Chisolm, at the Mills House, Charleston. Auento are Wanted by Messrs Fowler A Wells, of New York, for the Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, two very popular Journals issued by them. Delegates from Oglethorpe County —Dr. Willis Wiliingham, Col. James D. Mathewy, Wm. B. Brightwell Esq. AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 25,1865. Watches, Jewelry, &c. —Watches, silver ware, chains, and jewelry of all kinds, to the value of a million dollars, is new offered for sale on the distributed plan by Samuel C. Rickards & Cos, 102 Nassau street, New York. Among the stock to be thus disposed of are seventy- five valuable pianos. The tickets are one dollar each A full description of the plan, the way it is managed, and all the par ticulars connected therewith is given elsewhere Another Arrival. —Cohen, corner of Broad and Cam pell street, up stairs, has received another large addition to his stock of goods As he orders direct from manufactories, dealer can purchase at as low rates from him a they can in New York. By this they save the numerous freights. Among the goods just re ceived is a large aud splendid assortment of shawls, hats, boots and shoes, ready made clothing, &o. Dissolution and a New Firm.— The old firm of Heard & Clark has dissolved ; and anew firm been entered info between Isaac T. Heard and 0. M. Stone, under the name and firm of Laac T. Heard & Cos. These gentlemen announce lust they will carry on the warehouse and commission busi ness at the office of the old firm. Attached to their warehouse is a compressing machine, with which they can compress their cotton and have it drayed. Fire Department of Augusta.—The officers of the different companies comprising the Fire Department have resolved to postpone the semt-annual parade until Feburary 22. At that time there will be several valuable horses to jpe contested for. Circular No s. —Gen. Tillsen the head of the Freedman’s Bureau of Georgia, harf' issued sorao.regulatiops aud instructions relative to the apprenticing of freedmen. National Bank.—Parties who wish to sub scribe to the Stock of a National Bank have now au opportunity. See notice in special col umn . A New Cotton Press. —The annexed discrip tion of anew cotton press, which we copy from the Liverpool Times, will undoubtedly interest many of our readers ; A public exhibition has taken place at the engine works of Messrs. Boutledge & Omman ney, Salford, of Ashcroft’s patent combined steam and hydraulic cotton press, with revol ving boxes. In this new form of cotton press a combination of steam aud hydraulic power is brought to bear upon the cotton to bo com pressed, in a simple but effeitive manner. The entire apparatus stands in a space 35 feet high, 14 feet long, and 12 leet broad, and consists of a hydraulic press under the usual baling box, a steam engine being placed above it, which gives motion to the whole. A second cotton box is placed in a position adjoining the first box, aud is attached thereto with brackets, which revolve round one of the columns of the press and are supported by gun metal balls, thus reducing iho friction to a small point. The two boxes are of cast iron, strongly ribbed, and are planed interiorly to a perfectly true and smooth surface to avoid frieton during the operation of pressing - The second box is thus outside the fram ing of tho press, and is being filled with ootton during tbe process of pressing aud hooping the bale in the other box. As soon as that opera tion is completed the two boxes are swung round very easily by two men until the second takes the place of the liist bale within the press apparatus, the operation being very similar to turning a locomotive on a railway turn table. The application of the steam and hydraulic power is produced by the action of a steam cylinder, at the head of the press, mov ing a strong cross-head, to which are attached four hydraulic pumps, two large and two small ones, having the full stroke of the cylin, der The large pumps continue iu operation until the cotton is compressed to within a few inches of its final point, after which the small pumps complete the oberation of pressing a bale of Egyptian cotton of 400 pounds. The time taken to press and hoop a bale was four minutes, the usual time iu hydraulic presses iu Egypt being about fifteen minutes. The advantages claimed for this press are the rapidity of the raise of ram, in consequnce of the liist few feet of the raise being made by steam only, after which, when greater pres sure is required, the hydraulic power comes into force, the total rise only occupying about forty-five seconds, and th? time lor the fall of the ram is twenty-five seconds. Having two boxes, one is being filled at the* time the bale in the other is being pressed and tied ; on the completion of one bale the other box is easily moved under the press, in consequence of the boxes revolving on one of the columns of the press ; great saving of time, in consequence of the quick rise and fall of the ram, aud the construction of the revolving boxes ; saving of freight, from the great density to which the cotton is pressed, viz : from 23 to 30 lbs. to ■ the cubic foot, against about II lbs., as ob tained by the ordinary hydraulic press in Egypt; saving of labor—frcm the symplicity or the press the whole of the pressing can be managed by one man, who with a lever, regu lates the working of the press, in the place of tbe number of men required to work the or dinary pumps, press, and gearing in Egypt, and finally, the saving of fuel is estimated at oue fourtb, in consequence of the arrangements of the working part of the press and pumps and steam power to work the press being combined iu one machine. Cotton in Florida —A lata letter from Lake City, Fla., to the Savaunah Herald, furnishes the following information con cerning the cotton trade in Florida : The residents ot Jacksonville are complain ing of the sndfien diminution ot trade from the country for the past week, and are apprehen sive that it is receding from its maximum height f or the present season, as, perhaps, two thirds of the cotton in the hands of the farmers of tLe State at the close of hostili ties have pissed into the channels of com merce fer exportation, ot bales on hand the Ist of April last was estimated at 20,000, and 12,000, it is confidently asserted, have been sold, leav ing still in the hands of the farmers B*ooo bales for market. Much the larger portion of that which is j yet in the hands of the producers, will not be I sold until February and March next, for the reason that it is believed that the scale of : prices will be greatly advanced by that period. It is also stated that at least two-thirds of the | S.OOO bales are he'd by the planters of Middle Honda. v. ho have expressed their determina j tion to ship it to Savannah as soon as the re pairs tn the Gulf road are completed, and the connection is established bsjween that road and the one spanning the peninsula from Jack | sonville to St. Marks, an event which, will j transpire before the Ist of December next. The phamiet of Dr, \\ m. Elder upon the re sources of the United States, with others of like character, having been translated into i German and lound their way into Germany, ! numerous applications fruin capitalists in that country for copies fur circulation are being re i reived at the Treasury Department. At the re quest ot French hauliers the same publications are to be translated into French, for circulation 1 in that country. [Frcm the Federal Union ] ALABAMA DISGRACED, Messrs. Editors : When a man gets his neighbor's corn, or meat, or flour, or cloth, or other commodity on a credit, and ' gives his note for payment at a future day, and after wards puts las property out of his hands, ot is gudty of other fraudulent practice, or takes advantage of a technicality of law to avoid the payment of this just debt, we say, and say truly, that ha is not honest, and in our transac tions we will avoid him, and refuse to credit him, we will add enough to the price of the ar t’cle sold, to justify us in running the risk of loosing tho debt by some dishonest trick of his. A State is a whole people, or large number of persons united in one body politic, for the protection and defence of the rights of all. In other words, it is a large number of persons acting in a corporate capacity as one person.— That which is dishonest >n one person, or ten, or one hundred, is equally dishonest in the whole number who compose the State If, then it is dishonest and disreputable in one person to fake advantage of a legal technicality to avoid (he payment of a just debt, it is equally dishonest and disreputable in the whole peo ple of a State to do thee same unworthy deed. The man who will do it is not worthy of con fidence or credit,:but is disgraced, and justly so. The people cf a State who will do ft, while many of them may be honest, are, as a people, disgraced, unworthy of credit in future, and deserve the scorn and rebuke of all honest men and comrounties, till they' undo the foul deed, and resume and pay the honest debt for which they got value received. 1 regret that these remarks are applicable, if the reports in the papers are correct, to the hitherto proud State of Alabama. • During the late war in which her people engaged with remarkable unanimity, and her sons distin guished themselves ou so many hard foughl fields, by their intrepid valor, it was an honor anywhere for a man to say, lam an Alabam ian. Even in the Northern States, the an nouncement, would have extorted respect. But while these brave men were fighting and making so many sacrifices in defence of the cause espoused by their State, their families at home were suffering for the necessarits of life, and they were many times enduriug the greatest hardships for want of comfortable clothing, or wholesome food. In this condi tion of things, the State of Alabama stepped forward, as a corporate body, or whole people, and said these suffering wives and children of soldiers shall have bread ; and these, our gal laut sous in the field, shall have clothing, and we will pledge the whole wealth of the State that those who furnish these necessaries, and the money needed to pay the expenses of the State, shall have it repaid to them. This whole people, whose faith bad always been sacred, offered their bonds in tho market for such things as they needed, with tha solemn pledge under the broad seal of the State, that the bonds should be redeemed. Trusting to the good faith of a people, whose honor had never been tarnished, persona who had the ability advanced the money, and took the bonds or notes of the State. How humilia ting it will always be in future, to a proud spirited honest citizen ot Alabama, to tell the balance. The Convention ot that State lately solemnly determined upon a mere legal tech nicality, to repudiate the debt, and ordained that it shall never be paid. A State cannot be sued without her consent aud compelled by law to pay her just debts, as a private indi vidual can be The Convention of Alabama knew that fact, and relying, no doubt upon that legal technicality; did the disgraceful deed. 1 am unacquainted with the members of that Convention, but I will venture tbe assertion that two-thirds of them never exposed then dear lives in battle in tho late contest, while their fellow citizens, most of‘whom had but little pioperty at stake, were fighting the bat tles. These gentlemen, who, no doubt, belong to the richer class, were at home speculating or making money, much of which is probably invested in land and other good property. If the honest debt of Alabama is paid, the pro perty of those who grew lien during the war must be taxed for that purpose. For every man of sens a knows that the poor pay but a small fraction cf the tax. It is paid mainly by the, rich who aro often tbe least patriotic, and the least willing to pay. What will the honest brave soldiers of Alabama say of this shameful act? The answer is easy. A brave man is generally honest, aud an honest man is always willing to pay a just debt as soon as he is able. If the question were submitted to a vote of the gallant soldiers of Alabama to morrow, I doubt not they would say, by overwhelming odds, the debt shall be paid. The honor of the State shall not be tarnished. It was in fact contracted for the benefit, in a great meas ure of themselves and their families, while they were hnzzardieg their lives for their State, and they would not allow the rich Spec ulators who own the property, to avoid pay ment by repudiation Who, in luture, will credit the State of Ala bama ? Who, within (he next half century, with open, unjust repudiation upon her record, will give fifty cents in the dollar for any bond she may Issue ? Capitalists will naturally say, a people who have once repudiated, are not to be trusted, till they tiaye again assumed and paid the debt. She will lose more in her fi nancial transactions in half a century by waut of credit, than tho whole amount she has re pudiated, How different the course of South Carolina, whose people, whatever may have been their political errors, have always kept public faith as sacred as virgin purity. Her Convention has mot, acted, and adjourned, and we hear not a word about repudiation. In fu ture when South Carolina borrows money at five or s’x per cent., Alabama will have to pay ten, indeed she can borrow at all. Even Mississippi, which onco repudiated, has set a far better example. The Convention there left the question of the public debt to the Leg islature ; and I am informed, it is said by lead ing men there, that they intend to pay it, no matter what it costs, as they have suffered enough already by repudiation. It is reported that the Convention of Ala bama attempts to shield itself behind the pre text that the Government of the United States requires that the debt be repudiated. It is a sufficient reply, to say the State debt is a matter with which that Government has not, and cannot have, any thing to do. The peo ple of the United States cannot, in any event, be called on to pav any ;part of it, and they have no just concern about it. Again, it must be remembered, that neither the Msssissippi nor the South Carolina Convention repudiated arty part of the State debt, and still wo see it announced that the President approves the action of both these conventions. President Johnson is a man of too much sound practical sense and statesmanship, and with all, too good a State rights man, to interfere in any such matter,' or to make any such requirement of any State. He will leave that, as he has the question of negro suffrage, to the respective States where it properly belongs. It may be pleaded as an excuse for the had faith of Alabama, that she had issued part of her bonds, and treasui y notes, when the cur rency was depreciated, and that she did re ceive gold value for them. If so, this may have been a just reason for scaling them down to go’d value, but none for repudiating them entereiy. lam not i repared to say that this icaling process may not be just. The rule in that case would be for the State to pay in gold, as much as she got in gold value, for the notes or bonds when issued : what may since have been their market value, whether above or below, that being immaterial to her. If she got one hundred cents in the hollar in gold value, let her pay that : if seventy-five, or fifty cents, let her pay that. This would be honest and equitable, but repudiation is neither equitable, honest nor honorable, but a disgrace and a reproach to any people guilty of it Georgia [from Charleston Courier.l 'illi ».V HKNAL lIEVEHE IMPORTANT 00' R ESPONDKNCE. Collector's 0it.0,-., i S, Internal Revenue, « Second District, South Carolina, > Charleston, October 13, 1865 ) To the Editors of the Courier.: In reply to a 1 ;tter to the Commissioner of In ternal Revenue, in reference to the stamping of documents made prior to the establishment of this District, which under the law required stamps, the following lias been received at this office. Respectfully, your obedient servant, Frederick A. Sawyer, Collector. Treasury Department, ) Office of Internal, Revenue, Washington, September, 15, 1865.) Siu —Your letter of the 22i ult, has beeu received. Iu reply I have to say, that Section 153. Act of June 30 h, 1864, provides that, if any person w’abes to use or record any instru ment signed or issued before that time, but not stamped, such person, his agent or attorney may affix the stamp thereon,” in the presence of “the Court register or recorder.” In relation to the remission of penalties by Collectors, I can only say, that inasmuch as the amendment of Match 2, 1865, to Section 158, Act of 1865, grants power to Collectors to remit penalties in the cases or the instruments therein referred to, only when such instruments —being unstamped -shall be brought to them “within twelve calender months, after the making or issuing” thereof; it must be held that such grant of power should be confined to the limits of the time therein mentioned. It may be proper to add, however, that con sider i»g the anomalous state of affairs which has existed at the South for more than four years, it is not unreasonable to suppose that Congress will adopt, measures looking to the relief of those who are entitled to it, in this matter of penalties to which you refer. Very respectfully, William Orton, Commissioner. F. A. Sawyer, Esq., Collector, Charleston, S. C. Hot Summers —ln 1132, the earth opened, and rivers and springs disappeared, in Alsace The Rhine was dried up. Ia 1152, the heal was so great that eggs were cooked iu the sand In 1100, at the battle of Bela, a grfeat number of soldiers died from the heat. In 1276 and 1277, in France, au absolute failue of the crops of grass and oats occurred. In 1303 and 1304, the Seine, the Loire, the Rhine, the Danube, were passed over dry-footed. In 1393 and 1394. great numbers of animals fell dead, and the crops were scorched up. In 1440, the he it was excessive. In 1538, 1539, 1540* 1541, the rivers were almost dried up. In 1550, there was a great drought all over Eu rope. Iu 1616, tho heat was overwhelming in France, Italy and the Neitherlands. In 1646, there were fifty-eight consecutive days of ex cessive beat. Iu 1678, excessive heat. The same wa3 the case in the first three years of the eighteenth century. ' In 1748, it did not rain once from the month of April to the month of Octobej. The crops were burned up, und the theatres were closed by the decro iof the lieutenant of Police. Tho thermometer marked 35 degrees Reaumui— -113 of Fahrenheit-. In gardens which were watered, fruit trees flowered twice. In 1722 and 1724, the beat was extreme. In 1747, the summer was- very hot and dry, which absolute ly caicined the crops. During seven months, norainfeli. In 1748, 1754, 1760, 1767, 1778, and 1788, the heat was excessive. Iu 1811, the year of tho celebrated comet the summer was very warm, aud the wine de licious, even at Susenes. Iu ISIB, the theartrea in France and Great Britain remained closed, for nearly a month, owing to the heat. In 1836, the" Sene was almost dried up. In 1850, in the month of Juno, on the second appear ance of the cholera, the thermometer marked 22 degrees centigrade. The highest temper ature which mfln can support for a certain time varies from 40 to 45 degrees—lo 4to 113 Fahrenheit. Frequent accidents occur, how ever, at a less elevated temperature. Lamobiciere. —Gen. De Lamoriciers is dead. He was one of the famous band of French soldiers who made Algeria a province of the Empire. Born at Nantes in 1806, of parents in the upper ranks of life, he received a military education aud in 1830 left for the scene in which, as !ha ' opponent of Abd-el- Kader, he greatly distinguished himself- He retired in 1847, and during that period his military, advancement was greater than that ot any soldier in modern times. In the short space of seven years ho was promoted suc cessively to be major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of Zouaves, and to this day is spoken of by the old soldiers in the most celebrated French legions as the organiser ol a portion of the French army to whose bravery the Arabs were at length obliged to succumb. At the siege of coustanstine he greatly distinguished himself, aud a handful of men led by him de cided the terrible conflict. In 1844 he was made commander of the Legion of Honor, and the following year was made governor general and commander-in chief of the whole colony. He served with brilliant suscers in eighteen campaigns in Africa. In 1848 the Kevolution broke out in Paris, and during the disturbances his horse was shot dead, and himself nearly sacrificed to the fury of the people. He owed his life entirely to the devotion of a few men who had served UDder him in Algeria. During the Republic he was elected a representative of the people, and ad hered by his votes and interest to the Demo cratic party. On the memorable 2nd of De cember, 1862, he was arrested by the new Government and sent to the fortress of Ham. When liberated he refused to take the oath of allegiance, and was banished from France. His subsequent career in Italy, at the head of the Pipe's army, is fresh in everybody’s mem ory. Had he joined in supporting the present dynasty in France, there can be no doubt that he might have lisen to the highest honors ; but be always expressed his belie! that he would live to see tho extinction of that dynas ty, and'tke restoration either of the Republic or the Orleans family,—a belief that has not been realized ” Attempt in E-cape of Dr. ajued. —The prisoners at the Tortugas are allowed the liber ty of the island except on the day of a vessel’s departure. At night they are expected to sleep within the fait. The night previous to the return of the T. A hcott, Dr. Mudd slept outside the fort, in a shed and the next mor ning he quietly walked on board the steamer, disappeared Into the lowest deck and tent a fireman for Qrarteimaster Kelly. This was the last that was seen of him. Soon after he was missed at the lort, and an officer and squad was sent down to search the vessel. On the very bottom of the vessel lay a plat form resting on t .vo cross beams ; the officer thurst his sworu under one side, and the col ored soldier inserted a b ijonet under the other, she roar of pain that immediately rose told that both sword and bayonet had reached their mark ; ihe platform was raised and Dr. Mudd arose and returned to his status of a captive prisoner. He was immediately taken, to the fort and the tnumb sciewß applied to him, and under the prtsure of pain, he ac knowledged that Kelly, with wbera he had formed an acquaintance within a few days, I had agreed to help him to escape on the ! promise of receiving Mold's gold watch. Kelly was thereupon marched to the fort, a drum-head court" martial held, and be was sentenced to six years imprisonment and bard labor in the Tortugas. The vessel then sailed without Mudd or Kelly, and the papers were forwarded to Washington for confirmation. The Grand Trunk Railway earned, _ for the week ending September 23, $154,495 against $134,495 for the same week last year, an in crease ot $19,999. VOL. LXXIV.—-NEW SERIES VOL. XXIV NO. 44. T5sK SONGS OF OLD. The songs of old. how deej "" Lies iu tbe oid, Once eaag by those Vi. sxus of hope long passed i\ ot>sie o’er the heart.so tone And memory asks : oh, where a 4 .. Who sweetly sung the songs ot old ? Where are they T Some in silence sleep . Beneath the mournful yew tree's gloom ? Others within the boundless deco Have eaTJy found au ocean’ ‘b ; Dim are the eyes that gently an, Tho orrne ware heart ties still aud cold, And hushed for f. fiever gone, The vmce that snug the songs of old. Where are they ? On some foreign strand For many a weary day they roam ; Cheerless they tread the stranger’s laud From friends afar, afar from home, Do they not long to join once more The joyous dance, the social throng, And mingle, as in days of yore, Their voices in the olden song ? Fondly the heart stiil loves to linger Amid the ruins of the past, Tracing with fancy’s fairy finger Visions too beautiful to last; Bring to momory’s eye again The long lost friends, the cherished ones, Waking the past with some sad strain, Some well -remembered olden song. The Congressional Oath. —The following {« the oath which every member of Congress, on taking his seat in that body, is required to take : An ad to prescribe an oa'h of office and for other purposes Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Ameri ca in Congress assembled, That hereafter every person elected or appointed to any office of nonor or profit under the government of the United States, either in the civil, military or naval departments «f the public service, ex cepting the President of the United States, shall* before entering upon the duties of such office, ad before being entitled to any of the salary or other emoluments thereof, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: “I, A B, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since 1 have been a citizen there of ; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto ; that I have neither sought nor accepted, nor attempted to exercise (he functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pre tended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, au thority, power or constitution within the Uni ted States, hostile or inimical thereto. And Ido further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the constitution of the United Sta.es against ail enemies, foreign and domestic ; that I will boar true faith and al hgimee to the same ; that I take this obliga tion freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of office on which lam about to enter, so help me God ; which Baid oalh so taken aud signed, shall be preserved among the files of the court house, of congress, or department to which the Baid office may appertain. And any person who shall falsely take the said oath shall be guilty of perjury, and, on*conviction, iu addition to penalties now prescribed for that offense, shall be deprived of his office and rendered incapa ble forever after of holding any office or place under the United States. Approved July 2, 1862. Josh Billinos in the Editorial Cheer.— Havin au hour ov lime yesterda, that want spoke for, i dropt into the santimony ov ‘‘The Dala Pokeedau ” The good looking edditurs ov the consarn waz both ‘‘non est on bano ibus,” and i sunk into a ezi cheer, jist as ctlm iy as a moss kiyered bucket sinks into a well on a hot da. On the tabil beboar me la a pile of manskript,, and i sed to myself, “go in Josh and replito contributors.” - ‘sLines tu a sleeping infant. Bi Alice,” re ceived. Tha are tender, dredful tender, almost tu tender to keep thru this hot spM ; yu hav talons ov the highest order, but yu must kross your t’s or yu kaut sukoeed iu potri; goood Bi Alice! ceived aud kontentk noted. Thar iz only one truble with this nroducksion, which time will korrect, and that iz, “won’t do at all for our colums,” respectfully declined (on the part ov the editors, by J. B ,on account of its length and thickness.) “The sea, the ioaiin’ sea.” A sublime standzas, worth at least 7 dollars, intended undoubtedy for the Atlantic Monthly, and sent tu us bi mistake ; we wud like to accept it, but dassant (nr sere folks would say we Btole it. “Will you Kiss me dearest,” Bi Mary Ann— Acksepted. We take all them kind ov chances. The potri ant first rate, but we expect the kiesinr kant be beat, till then fair Maid ajew. “A gealogikal synopsorum ov the heavenly spears,” Bi Paul Vernon—Will appear in our next issu. This writer has attacked a subject ov great diffikity, with the biggest kind ov energee and has suckceedtd ; his thesis is ad mirable, his argyment is cius, and hiz stile ; z camphene. Wesa “Mount Veruon !on eagil wings, beyond tho kiouJs, and paint your Daim rite over the top ov the door that leads to glory. Mount Vernon mi boy !” We pre dict grea£ popularity lor this writer if he aint kat uph by frost. Coal Under Olympus. —A discovery of con siderable importance to the steam shipping and coal trade has jnst been made at the foot of Mount Olympus, thirty miles from Salonica. It appears that the Viceroy of Egypt having been informed that coal was to be found in the neighborhood of the classic mount, at once gave instructions for the striking of the stra tum. The work was carrie i on successfully, and the result is that a>ter reserving for the Steam Company Az’sie of Alexandria its full requirements of cord,’ the Viceroy proposes throwing open to all nations the delivery of this luel, which can be furnished at the rate of ten francs per British ton, a figure below the present cost of coal ia any depot along or around the Mediterranean seaboard. The im portance of this uitcovery cannot be too highly estimated, being the first coal discovery upon the Mediterranean, a sea where steam navi gation is daily increasing. Secretary Harlan, of the Interior Department, is anxiously endeavoring to inaugurate certain reforms in that department. Saturday he ad dressed a circular to the several heads of bu reaus, in which he enjoins upon those officials h:s determination to exaci as much labor and attention to the business of the government from every officer and employee in die depart ment as if they were woiking m the secretary s "wS “leLte ao.l paid bj him out of bis ... , x. Bimum has written a letter to the Round Table, defending himself from its critl (rtrms, and the paper renews its attack by call in" the showman the representative of a class which is “a cross between the traditional stage Yankee, a canting moralist, and a practiced sharper. ’ ’ E S. Hoimes, Deputy Commissioner of In ternal Revenue, at Washington, has written ihe collector of the Indianapolis District that the receipt given by one railroad company to another for goods in transit is subject to a stamp duty, of two cents, and any writing or maik that serves as a receipt Kmust have a s amp. j COMMERCIAL. tinclr nail Marot.- October 13. PORTED EXPRESSLY FOP OUR IMCLB A SENTINEL ’ BY O. W. PHILLIPS, J«.j The provision market during the first half of past week was quite animated, and prices seemed to tend upwards, but during the lat ter half it relapsed into a state of lethergy, and prices of all articles are lower, with but little disposition to operate on the part of buyers. Tho stock in the west is light, but tho high prices cheeks consumption. Hogs for the new season are also offered lower, aud the faith iu short crop is fast dis appearing, our best and strongest packers pre fer to wait the result of prices on the opening season, than to go in now. The auimal is now offered at sll gross for November and first half December aud for all December SIOJ, or uett sl4 and SI3.J, per November and De cern ner show a waut of confidence iu later deliveries. Mfps Pork— lias declined to $35 and is dull at this price. Larue orders could probably be fi led at a shale lea:—.-ay S34J or perhaps 34J for choice city. Prime Mess —Can be had at s3o*to s3l. Rumps — in very light supply and are helff at $lB to $25 as iu quality. Lard -The old stock is about exhausted, and the few sales made are at 29c, new is of fered at 25c. for November, and 23c. for De cember, delivery. Green Meats -Are offered at 15, 17 and 18|c. delivered first half November, but there . seems to be but little disposition to operate until the time comes. Bulk .Meats —Aro quiet at 18 and 19c, for shou'ders. and sides loose. Smoked Meats— Are also lower, and shoulders sides and clear sides are offered at 19}, 21£ and 24i packed, but buyers of round lolb contend for lower figures, which have been acceded to in some casts, a large number of small orders from the South are being filled at these prices. Whiskey -Firm at $226 Exports —Exports for the week were 703 tis lard, 109 kegs do, 317 bhds bacon and bulk, 92 tis, 2110 bbls pork, and 20 boxes ; Freights —havo advanced to 70, 75, 80 and 85 all rail to Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston, and there is talk of still fur ther advances, but I doubt if all the loads will consent to such advances. Exchange plenty and dull at 1-10 discount par buying ; currency scarce. CtiurU-Htou CoUou Market—October 13 [REPORTER EXPRESS FOR CHRONICLE & SENTINEL BY WILLIS & CUI.-OLM ] Ou Tuesday and Wednesday middling to good middling cotton was sold hero at from 46 to 50c, but the market yesterday was very excited, prices continuing to go up, and during the forenoon some 280 bales of strict middling was sold at 53c ■ and small lots of strict mid dling to good middling at 54c per lb. tho sales of the day footing up some 400—bales the market being buoyant at its clese. We heard of no tiansactions yesterday in the lower grades, and we quote : Middling 51a52 ; strict middling to godd middling 53a54. Ska Islands.— Small lots of this class of cotton have been sold during the week, and we quote common maiuß to fiae sea islands at 80ca$ 1 25 per pouud. Cotton Receipts and Exports —Amount of sea island leceived from September 1, to Octo ber, 11,.845 bales; uplands 12,839'bales. Export ed from September 1, to October, 12. Sea is land 816 bales ; uplands 10,483 bales. COTTON QUOTATIONS. Nashville, October 11. Prices leaped up yesterday from 42c to 50c, with still an upward tendency. Holders are not disposed to sell, aud bang back under the impressiou of a further advance- Cotton from Georgia and other points below continue to come in freely. The receipts of the new crop, as yet, are light. The sudden advance will induce our merchants to hold their cotton un til the market settles. New Orleans, Octob r 11. Cotton is active. Sales of fifteen hundred bales middling at 52@53c. Baltimore, October 12. Cotton is Belling at 58a59c. Macon, October 14.^ The amount of cotton offered for the last three days of the week has not beeu equal to the demand On Wednesday tho price for middling reached forty cents ; and these figures ruled throughout the remainder of the week. By this time, however, most that was on the market had been bought up, aud holders re fused to sell at these figures. The number of buyers is considerably in excess of sellers. — Heavy orders have been received within the last few days from the Western markets. The shipments of the week have somewhat exceed ed the receipts, and tho stock on hand is daily decreasing We have heard of none selling at a higher figure than mentioned, and dealers express the opinion that there will not be much more Gone until the move ments in the Northern markers produce a de cline or au advance in present prices here. Louisville, October 13. Cotton in active request, sales of middling 50a52c. Columbus October 14. The cotton market during the week has been very active. Good cotton has been universal ly sought for. The highest price we have heard of is 40c. G >od middlings readily brought that price, though poorer grades were seeking purchasers Between 35 and 40c, compiised a majority of the sales for the past four days. The stock of cotton on hand is 6,777 bales. Nashville, October 15. Cotton market active. Prices 48a5IJc. Sales about 300 bales. mas*— Atlanta October 17. We here of transactions at 40 cents for good middling ; and it a quality ranking above that grade was thrown upouthe market, it would bring even a ffigher figure. Wo quote from to 42 cente, and a brisk demand. Small lots from the country continue to arrive. Crop lots” per sample find ready purchasers. TOBACCO QUOTATIONS- St. Louis October, 9. The sales of leaf tobacco at the four action warehouses are fight, but prices appeared to be fully sustained. The samples of the new crop which have been received indicate a very great improvement in the leaf, and bids fair to excel aDy grown before in this State. Cincinnati, October, 11: There has been lo change in the tobacco maiket. There is a good demand, and full prices are obtained We quote : Ohio Seed Leaf —Fillers, per lb, 3i4c ; me dium wrappers, CalO ; fine wrappers, 16a20 ; selections, 25c. Virginia and Southern Kestucky Manufac turing Leaf— Common lugs, 6iloc ; medium leaf, 15a17c ; fine leaf, 25a30c, selections, 40aG0c. , , Mason County —Lug3, 8,a12c ; good leaf, 13a14c ; fiue leaf, 18a25c ; bright leaf, 30a45. Manufactured —ss, 8s and 10s, dirk, 65a 75c • dogbrigbt, Soeasl 00 ; bright pounds, 80c«$I 00 ; fine do, $1 15al 30 ; Kentucky six twißt 20a45c, for old. New York Prices Southern tstoeki-Oetober 11- 3 Virginia sizes 72; Missouri sixes Pacific road issue, 78. Missourijsixes 77^.