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, ->- P^^^nJcs. of Hr. Hive*, OF VIRGINIA. • ’ In the Benttu. of th ■ 1 >'vt'h ■ < On the ilf furtherJo^r 4 td-noffhd’ f~ . I \ roM i.v.or.n. ] Mr. Ilivos coiitimiod. It ’-‘as more B"v ‘ Mr: i,:r t the hormrildc th'ca-or, mi<l tiie y iv- r", gitv of new drv ;riiic.s v.hV’i had I>-"n- 1 ed.; had f -.’.oU’ n aU luul_ =y-ti/ ‘ “ f nreintor from U'.uth <Mrch;W < amuly ui , . JJLi tin- j.f • i[)lc of a State iMigiit rrsumej h.,i ts.ofljg nerjl U )Voin*r rt nt. fend in tins lam se>i l - ,K j® ; 1 ouly bv ‘oy'pwn r icollection, but “fl oi into Ire irtoflus rynr r: ,v. uclt s- a fl have been very car.’ y prep.roc .ai.l . i‘fl sumo, under iiii own ey ’. , A [Mr. Calhoun again explained, c-uern led that if a State should resume the ] rtno power grant >d to the GeneraVU..vi rnment,j such a resu.np''on woul l on.y boa er’ icw-. couqNiet lor which the State, a.- a con would lie responsible, and not its viUzens mt i vid u ally. | ~ „ ~ .... •V.I •,.. *r* .• .-’it. o no ; R { vi r ..c t. ii, u y ; n’iuliuiu that an attempt, on i. • g of a j St ite to resii o- .ii‘ powers era’/ .. ‘it aw i i\ ■ ot-i-vr *•'. to lioß W r MOVW , v , ;ti breach thru it; • Jfj t'nt no Si a’ ■ !.a . • yflrj to rs -wi/irr xjdJ’ In other- words, no 53taj c- . al right to break the Lt v - f frifo f/ } tile < xect of sui-h an v <”> ; 1; ■ , r f . ,■ o!nga ! ion ■ i fm-entlv show • > *ri/ m tbiiy ijiiuHior, ci.*: KM Lho rt I** 1 ** -i ’.r uction of UiC'Gww. Govei ment on in w ili'.uduuls. Blit, bnfo.-o f so so, permit mo to remark here again, upon lhat coifiouiKhn •• of i t entirely dlvlinoi in their nature? ui rliu-h we have had so m ■ liv vx*e iu uie >* >uv.-o el th’s'discuK-ipn. 1 couid not hot “ SU’ e, the oilier day, the honor.d)!o S.m itoi ‘Vom K-*nlu.’- kv. (Mr. Bibb,") iu developing the prme'p.es of ’ 3ie sen.'/ *r from S. (hwoi.ua. had r.puea'o ! ta tin declaration ol’in U*p uklent •, in suup. -rcof ii pi'o])!o of a state to resume tie. powers :.fran- 1 ii • ted to the te:ier;<l (iovcrmncr.2 Aow, sir. r ’ ‘ ‘-- e JVuui *vh..s t!t.- ie 1 senator derived this right, fix irk true charm- j ter as being revolutions'-a “u ■! • i o nal. —\V!i . I.’, was the )-cl. atioti of Inde pendence*! Wa. it not a dec! >. it on of natur al, nut conventional rig It. —es revolut unary, not ofe.onstitution.i! remedies, f frem • lies not founded on or c psis! i t wifi; the ceutiim.uice of the U'*'iui;!f.tle*n hut sprluviug into existence foeui such a fmdamental violation of its gua rantees as to ii mount tnavi’ ;m! ! ;;tiuiori of Government ? Sir, ! houi lbe the lust man *o denv. or to iraoxir that sacred right of r-- sistaiu'e to oppression, widen is usns wwr yl by the Declaration of i.ndc'jx'n tone —-th a rig it ■ -f every people, v. ■ ‘ace ;■ t-. ?r Govern.neut shall prove destructive of these yewt ends for which nil Goveronivnt was in. titute 1, “to throw uds'.K'li vloyornui ?nt, and to provi.l ‘ u “A guards for their future fteciirby. But, sir, this is not the ground oa whic ; South L amiina Iris placed iierselt. Sue s ks to t irovv o -t“g“r e ~Cf r i- Tt*- nc-nl, l.ot tU oKlift-rtiw-iw it eu poses—to oil joy ils .prot.ctiou, but t> ; ljo obedience —to participate in all iu oenofiiS, but'to bear no share oi its b.irt.iens. Aud uli ■cuutr elictions are to be reconeileJ by Bio ti 1 i vdc jut ‘('oes'tvpn oi si.ite sovereiguiv. Aow, sir, 1 ‘ * ‘ bow tills s to 1 e dr ,e. The argument of the gotit.loin.ui fro nt?. Ciro b.g, that as the c tizon w w origin ally bound t > obediene * to the General Government bv the act ot his state, in its sovereign cojxiei tv, a like act of his state may release him from that obligation—that if the act of a state absol ving its citizens from obedience to a law of the United States should be a brooch of the c >ni ijtei with the othoFStates, it is tno State alone , g*-*.o am) that.there is, thence-, forward, no rig tit on B.e , ‘ *' r the G-nera? Government, to execute the law by acting on the individual citizens of th * State. Sir, this argument is|plaiuly founded on a total miscon ception of the nature of our present political system, and of the characteristic deferences between it and the articles of confederation. From tiie moment of the adoption of the pres ent Constitution, a direct relation r 1 between the Government oft’,*’ t n.t- lift, iirs wiii tiie citio-ms. The author.ix - ; ot t:: • ‘ nioii no longer et through tne sates :>y re- QuisitKHi, n c ~ unuGr the articles t ‘ confo : ri jfU but directly on persons and things by its own laws. —The great object of tne change of system was to render the Government of iha Union entirely mm-pendent c>t the action q States, in tliQ.perfc)rmance of its high constitu tional functions. For tliis purpose, it was not only invested witli the power of making laws, but of executing them by regular it : rial and executive organs, and bvthe phyih .1 fare- 1 of the country also, if need be'; for * will not bo that, atnoiv/ the powers expre-lv vested in Congress, is that of u providing for calling forth the militia to execute’ the K sos the Union.” To mark still more udequivoi’a]- ly 100 intention of the net” Constitution to puce the government/ the lotion in the ex ercise of its :> whs*, above the control of the *' ’ , !a,J w t.ues. it is expressly declared that tha “Const it i< hon and the laws’of gi 1 ’•> • - 1 . States, which shall be mad* hi pursuance j tliereof, &c., shall be the supreme law of tiie liirj'J, any thing in the Constitution or urrs oj nay Sttite to the contrary hcte’ iifotund in try’ $ - vO\V, ?;f, would not all these- characters features of tiie new Constitution be utterly ot- | faced by the doctrine of the gentleman from ! Sot’. +l < ( srolina, and should we not be brougldt it at ft;., t< the fatal weakness and ineU.ciency of the articles cf confedemtion ! ould not the Govenmieut be superseded in ifo direct and authoritative action on indivuiu ah } the vital principle of the present conhtitu- y-J^flU^r o’ f1,.,- flfcH dl tetfi, itS ... i.':.*, lllG t'.V Ti.r , vt ii-#*’ Cullfoli w. . v e :r;t a! • My, Mr. Prefoc :tt|-lteaf. the rvA'-i.i* in vraousquir t 1 manner, con: flyjlHijjfiiiCfo ce u. < #*&* 4-%. so f’ jfl ” • : f r:-..,; - H-flhm* *• • „ . ‘ f '\ ;T^^'i^-' 3 colhpr* , |Mr. Ty ! ‘s i g’ fif.7 forii so in ®x; fo# terms a 1 ‘ - vcmLi'inc • fl [ , ‘ofjjl . ir. wliiffilras peels. -a .i !i he sup *a*J%,nl the n metes of , ..jpfSf ®r Sir-JLp \u, the tw > systems • | *’ •. jpi X'irk;sa. The *ojjjjfc *2 Bl • C.csprap@ vlk’A^-. ” umogts, |4 : i'nu ; • i.,1;03 you of tlifote ' Ti ’ orq j ift, in t/r a i-.s-i#’ - 7 i Uyn, l • *’ Li-v SB -r-ssU ,v v ’Me fool ■’<<•> nr. ■ k/f.O „ • 1 II : V s y Gicfos sos con dcrat: y - I a 1 .“r-raliu:! of a. Vof foo ;-QV> ’ \V ’fo il e vex oil by the present c.on?litu * : tdo j Congrr'Aof iha U. State's. B. , puwer; too, vital power cfa wiying these pe .v ----'■- into oif *ct, was Wholly Wdftti.Vg. Ihe | tnc”g*u;’"3 of the old Cci.gr “ ’ were aJ.uresfc.-J; to tue Sta L :-', mid depended for tiioir eifect on the action of foe Utete. It was tho principlb of legislation for pclitica! comm. lities, and not for the individuals ot which th<;. utb connosed, th::t constituted the fihiical vi<-*:, and led to:the u;t.l and melancholy failure ofgie arfici w of c >nfod oration. Tho groat oH cf el toe now v ~i. ; ; was to correct Mi f;tal and feet, a, Ito extend i.hc authority of i..c Uniondijvct ■ v to tho j:crsoi.3 of ii;.lividurls. The chiler ui.ee, in this respect alone, betwqen tiie two systems, made a p rs et conlrcM running uiroagh ai] their operations and.r tilts. Gt'nUe’iv.'r! w.-vuU %> v.'?] 1 f ; their hisionc-al recollections a little c.v this subject. Us . • thiyv forgo*ton- td. at malunchoiy picfai’e of end :rras.rmeifi, numiliatioa, and distress, every where exhibited in this country, iij tiie interval between the dost of our revolutiona ry struggle and the adoption of tho present Constitution, all resulting irorn the fatal inef ficiency of the arteries of eopfoJ jg.iteoa l 1 >ar most sicieg engagements with foreign nations, us well as with our own citizens, unfuifiiled— theirs with .us consequently unperformed—the r v i gfTikxhs *if (.'enp’r-. s- iqK>n the states re*gur- I “ as th-; idh. wind” — 'vo lion-conipl'anco <f on .- B ate an exfonple for the refusal of ano ther- —uo*himerce pira vzed ior w act. cf uniform regulation—credit, nubl:-* an 1 private, exun guisf iu J indjEist ry 1 >ngu ishi ng—( v cry ti i mg, in short, tending to anarchy and confusion, and in one part of tb. ■ ‘Union the banner a,; hellion and defiance to the laws, open’/ un furled ! Fr n all ih.ts ac,t . ii-g- no. chsas \ ■>rs, v. ‘v. - cimd in fopt ioi) of ear pr-sunt Consrituff..::. tvpfod. yqV u'.-'n. Vo construing a way all jrsntal en w j “ks wfoede constitutional vigor,” pi expression offolr. Jefferson, convert it ig *Sn 1 to tha. a in.'dicient articles of confo dr. for wlfoh i‘ ■* was substituted, and th-''T'> ( f /so. ftly.ijrfanytch'’ an 1 *'f public •r i t 4va te | Jivtrass; whifea attended that 1 • t There was another observation, of nvy hohor ab T e ;• flea go -. founded as itseemsito m in the sriiw erroneous view of my systemffo om vyh ; eh in all kindness an 1 respect, iam eo\pfofed to exuross </ dissent. He adverted tori.be in stnict'iokx given to t-u fo-legat-as of the states’ in convcinion, “to revise tiie articles of coa ih-Jervtion, ” not to abolish the aftas a proper frukiepn determining the hoa of thv \ir.ma Gonstitu+idHKßut, sir, ii, appears to me, t.>t so far as tifo- * & < hanic ter of the ConsfUricifois concerned, the inqui ry is not wiiatfo ae delegates iu ec>n vent ion \v re irurtc l tfoo, but what tu y actuatey i dfi, an 1 what uie A oleos the U. bt fes gave | rhsiv assent to by tlV.v vf-oqnaiit ratiiichtion. i Tne ‘n inbers oi’ tiiq C tep.a lifoh 1 r v.i-; su;r by the Jeran-*-ou and c - v io il state of coup'*'. * ftuy have feL them ..... ■ fl w ate’ oe of fl fl ‘mmm ; s, I|H| it.: i. con venuori may luve cortonifoatci by tins or that, brourh: * i fonv member of [te Convention; but a i ;i *V ;> agriuiUy adopted by trip > i < mutation, people' x ( ’ 4 \ : ‘ ri’” project, of Luther A r * JpL,. v ; r ”u aU rs.-> or offenv cßier mc -> b te vfohri C ; fo, ,-e uU. wijch we have s vanfo t-ft . t r. - ■ <fo?.r*u-te. of that Cc*?tstifution its-1 011 :he n)vv.'Sj’jil PSlufo;j JIUi Ig 1 ‘■''>!’ j by tllo pttople of tha states at the time of its adoption; anJ-.that again, as Mr. ” r msofrw iy remarked in hi^-let ter to M: Gerrv, on (he sense in ithkh it was ex plained an { advocate dby its friends. It is in this view, that the papers of the Federalist rye entitled to greater weight, in fixing the true construction of the Constitution, than any oth er comm ntur, whatever; for if was, inrefor t’nco to tiie expkaaiioms givenby itof the new ‘jf&t rr cf pvc. :rrv*tJMMj|jflflm ?;•’- Tic uiiuu threo-Tiicut ‘tf#T-L tSMte-f I? sfi.'.-Kf it# t ifo'W. so/. :.- ‘• • ; r > •■■ r ••’■•♦ ♦■ons, it v;as distinctly admitted by he writes* i of the F' 1 Jeralist and other friends c the Consul 7 .- tution, that, the Convention ha i t fo-somo r.is pcctg, departed their insim Tdhe. .Bui still the. depart*!? o. was more in m m tn.-.n sub stance. Their atf.horiiy,''it istr ?, was ‘to revise the articles of Lontederat on, and t > r propose alterations and fur*her prov. -dons there- * m;” but tne purgpfe of that reyte- a was •:;-; pressiy declared to bn to render *• :ne F<? ; ex 1 ■ /’ .iai.aution f.Tfoaite: to Use t;r : ;f.u os-oj (%&-> j | vx,riime/s:rtftiZp&firestrciitkm of tltti Umm,” j Ihesewere the £riat objects to L't kept con- - ! ccantiy m view ay the Coavejjitoa, an a shotted | never be lost sight of Jy us in olir intorptehiJ- j ons of their work. If, to accomplish these oh- j jeets, itwasfeund necessary to propose an en- j tirely new system, the departure from the let- { ter of the. instructions in this respect, was bat [ a sacrifice ot t(>rrn w substance —a pct>ence | of the enci to the inetTr.s. Sir, the l-rent'Tl-- of the assnrubihvr of the Convention, that wuicJt was called f r • uftivef. il v(.. w..su;; c • ;;o:- v r + ■ an invitation “aa-puah ih i/p'ioT a/ rroecrn/iU. ■’ and the preservation of the I ni ihf. v Sir, nC f w ■ re not for the great sensitiver.-- i which has diificoveied of late in • ■ rnkph* \r■• iJ jpe-u-’ .c *. | .rii? f : v tA’ •of iho V- A -'ipr-cSS u:r .- r j i -iiCiituo .foiv -iSitibn was asseu.bieu, the oh - j jsctoi'i.slabo.,;; was expyessly stated to be the • cf -a naimval Govern ; i lit Very far, Mr. Bvesideiit, froth y . :y,g flat the xx ■. •••vn/'—><•'•''••.v* r: v estsbi. e-.l Ift :! 1./ C ; .. , r .... ;..: .. j -'i.y a*P.. c *c< i. w . .... .. lb -o sii., ] ■ i-jir.of -.i compliance-.vitli the'temper & iff • ‘ , pvof t e times, so fir rehbuuce the ideas g.i;d ! f l inf ur < e which, till ltdely, v/cre aniv ersaiiv if- i ! 1 linar t > the Au-.c rieua min 1, as to say that iif • h'orern.icnt has ico njtiouol t3ir, c ioug|i federal in iesbas : s bh principal relations, | ’ iv. dobs possess some national f-ateres, M those, of sir importaut character. In the very relation involved in this tiisoussieri, tbecoe/Viit nos tl o govermneat in t he execution of ils powers, fm t'Onui.notiedercl. r i he fumhmeniHl Jhitiiictioa between u federal and national government, in this reip'-ect, is, that the former operates on tile states, composing’ die cenfMeracy, hi tii.hr po litical capacities; while the latter operates di rectly on the individual citizens, in this respect, no one can deny that the present government | ms |he U. ‘.lesisulrictiy national. In there-1 preset- mu c*f the people, in the other branch j of tb..* Legislature. r e yo'mre “.r.:t is afo clearly'national; wlule in tiie representation of the s; ites in this branch, and in cider impor tant respects, particularly tile foundation on which it stands of Compact between the stat;'.- and the limited extent of its powers far special purposes, it is decided’y feaera.l. Bud. sir, on this subject .1 will or’y roil rgeaßciir.un to t m | well known number of Federalist, [tli© 20*!;j ! vvrui.uby Mr. /- ,•nhoivihf yw i : • j u thorough analysis, of the • rovernnient in mi ! its .relations; and where it is clearly vhown \ that it is neiti .or ’. holy federal nor whely nation j a), but a composition cf .oih. bir, no construe- I tion of the Coru-iitutiou can boa sound one, j or ]e-vl to results jus; in theory or safe mpruc-; tice, wiii ‘ i does not keep steadily in view j ids mixed I'fiayaotoLof .the government, and j look ds yvelf toil ■ xia:: nai os toils federal fea ture... i x have beer, led, Mr. President, into this rii grs sn • - ■ f our } *■; ! sent poll deal sy st l rd-' , je£i o- .- . ■•.’ -piucu hs S'U-.i to i lo> si- .an athr.ity, ’>et.?u,fte. f ho firmly | oeitevo’ that if t!w t!.octimes now contended for | shall previa!, compl tea subversion of on - . p’ ;: r!.o ‘ •• lo /p wd-have beer- .ected, ■ ; r hie Constitution of t!ie tl. i iStalfes. v, jre .orcnally abolished ahd tb'n arti- ‘ j cles oi Confederation again ettablished ! Is not the distinguis iing feature, the vital principle of the pfpmnt Constitution, the power which it vests,/’ the government of executing r.s liws-bY a .direct a tion on individuals J Bit j. iv is cm .ended that tlie government of t!ie. (J ----• \ion ni v, at any time, be superseded in this direct i furl on ?•.. ioid.u Is ; r the pura .••'■> of ■ eiecutfcg its laws, by the ioterpositiun of a ,-i State dj.bariug a law of the u. otites to be null ani ’Old. If tliis be so, id it not obvious, , that till mvernment of the Union is, at. once, ■ reduced, gain to that dependence on the au • thoritiel / the individual states, hi the.pcrfor i minee cf ts Constitutional functions, wuich it ’ was noti ously the ch i f object of ilia p i esmit ■ Constitit ito avoid ami remedy I Tbatji a interposition of a-emits acti “g” in r . . ,• • vr.-ixv ti:rw.i h :: tiie peog . as in the c use of fcouth Carolina, is m'uo mo avail to arrest tiie. execution <T me laws oft? e U. States, tiian an interposim u in _.ner ordiniry political capacity, is apparent ri? language of that clause of the consti tvdich asserts the supremacy of the oou n ar J laws of the U. States, “ any tiling’ Tonsdtution and laws of any State to itrStry notwithstanding. ” The consii of a State is always the act cf a State highest sovereign t apacity; and if if can no obstac e te the laws of the Union, as deciaroii. it follows tli tt naithsr thejo l} n^ e legisiativs interpositiou of a .ftiitiif lent, urikr the constitution, to i law ci the la }iirates. { - tiling Bmiisr mom wr.*uL t! W ; :f. r * ; iyt,’m * : tiie co’ miuitioA absolve the citizen from hir obligations to the Union, conclusive pr .of is Imniished by the rejection of tiie ameniaient proposed iu the cun vent km by Mr. Luther Mar tin, which was brought ta ti e view of the Be l ns. \ a Mw uays since, bv tiie honorable Se- J natur from He] .were (Mr. Ckyfon.) -Mr. I Marti", with fe express view, as he tells >is I Ot £?C'\u)f Oi iflOfr^pective states against the- elects cf their respootdbility to tiie V. .St.-it- s, win ic. i?) obedience to the authority of their own State, they should oppose the *%ws of tii# Union, s; Vnitted a proposition in : the following words, as an amendment tq the artcle in the constitution concerning treason: “ provide 1 that no act or acts done by one or j more of the states against the U. States, or, bv 1 any citizej ofany one of the U. States under the authority of any otic or more of the said P \ ‘--'.v ~ P^* % . i \ \‘- ‘/"'i r 'V'-’ ‘f ■ . \ — ■—■— Bk r ’ L ‘• : jarju, PgCSgjBBMEiLAaOtt^M lf‘7f T PVO it; onn *f , . . ■yi < ■ h. if ? i ipn it, um vm aJISiM or putished as istfeiy c- .c. s ’ ofTi; :s pi'op: -iuion, l:r, was refelf bd, r-aa tHeiih&ranes drawn from f '..‘ fxt by Mr. Mf.Hm b;o—tint :c was in* * 1 .- the const:“ntional authority of ! the Urun ever the citizens of the United States in full tl rce and erredt, whatever might be done o: e. homed by a Slat.; to the ccffttrarv. Cut imbog the new e< nstitatiuns.l theories to which ti 9 controversies of the times have, given birth, it seems to he now gravely cou "kii: ied tha’ there is no. suqh thing .as a chin t \ t'the Vtiu. I h !:;ix- hr* it k v ..'y as ac ‘ p- cf avert ivv Ucr . ‘ •I v and < ,’a ‘ w ; . p-*a * Lj*. ftt.i-lt tMJ i c,. .m •; j. ‘ilry are under my obligaticns ofohe dio ace ta me Govcrnmenc of the Union. [ .1. Tyler here Said that he had not assert e l tnii; there wan no such thing a- a citizen of j die f.h .Mate?- lie feau asked, wlio had ever j se6r a .wtL.mi of.the gov.i nmentef the United rpta-l OS : ‘p: ■ ‘••Mri, resumed. V.y honorable friend ; wi;: nerveive that this is but an evasion, not a i -if the ..'unou'iy. Wh >, sir, has ever hs. i ai. ii/M\ of the evvern tut of VhrghikxT ’ijiei'c ri;. tic. v. cith-i cos ;e l ... ... a Cmizea of the go i of i ‘ - : cates. h.mo rcUM” ofaiiagi wee, sir, iare* Metwior/ cluzcnr; m gomainent— ic is ‘oetweefi ciifkeu ard l ” vomjgn. It; is the whole body of the cdufn'r ■/ which is, with u •. the s tvcrcignt”. an ii. is to that sovereignty that"allegierice v.i.] du . *,o;V, sir, f have already shewn tiiat the j U.hSrateH, for certain do fti-*n one j : great pv:*i:* and coeiioumirv, in which the soV-! breigniy < r rko Union remdos iw<t cs the c-Ov- • ; mel-niy i ‘/ijo reftpsciiyo h ■ ...i .. • s ■ j. -jvitos, f ;, 3iT., Hi their sovoreigtj. j to! tp tl : ioni gj the *J. , ! Staiv-a ah giance is due. That there is a ! | dim ct rci uof elfjgbneo between the l >ri- : ! led lates and tee citizens es t:i ; s counLy, so \ ! lax* ns ■ i of ine U’hion are #-onceri -d, I ■is.su raamiesstfpa iiot only By w’hatis | j intrim.;all r i.v.piied in the term “citizen of trio 1.. idiots v> hich is frequently used in the Constitution, but by the fact that the Constitu tion provides for the punishment of “ treason against Me United States” Treason is es sentially the breach of the allegiance due to the sovereign power agairst which it is com mitted. There is then, a direct allegiance due ft wa the people of this country to the United States, ns citizens of the U. Si tes, to the.ex tent of the sovereignty which for special pur poses, resi les in tiie Union. We are at tiie | same time, citizens of our respective States, | ao-i as such owe ’allegiance, even to h - own ! t. : . tUe so” ext ut ahid iu •• in tue Utates To each -power c.loygdice, within the limits-of their resqiecti. h .:ovoreignties; to neither beyond. Cut, sir, it is sail that ailegiaijice and pro c lion are rrcipruval, and “that oar protection in •ail the in itA interesting rcl vtioos of life is de rived from cur respective dilates; to them our j is excivsively due. It has been jeon'eudo:: W \vi derive no protectk-n from j the ‘ -w. t xcr-pt when we are on Ihe o i cea’i of in i - |of the It':'. •’ .ft ms. were so, sti.'Tii : Wuufy-I>A, j seinet;ling, tf'itw nroefoefonth’ protec’ *.i. by ) the sa; ’y a.-:i t?; the Ui ion, where the States ! are ppm erla-a lo protect. B it. sir, is it true ; If at w-; receive no protect, ion from the United j {States, w u u v. ? remain within the limits .of t-iocowuiy J Bo (j. f ‘tes on tiie contrary orctoct us c*on opr h>-n +hc ark ft - % . •- • -J V and auu.:t !•? (t'rnr Own States, m ho c, ‘e; io Const-lm.iuc .fodureo, that no jot; - gv> ftu •►•u , n. ,> r . p-- ,y . t I v - --- • • x-upau’.-g ..? ...: y-.z:ou o’ car wetsP Is ii: not the United f u -so ’ -h. t g | though the > c. ...-judicial power, se ; a.-v us .in impart.;:; 1 of jus wee in all controversies with citizens of other States or foreigners l Is it not tiie li. S. again, i which secures to us the privileges and immu nities of citizens of the other States ! What power is it that protects ns in the enjoyment of our most vaerlimable political rights—which guarantees to us, the blessings of a “republi can form of government”—which defends us agamst the excesses of “domestic violence” and foction, as well as the calamities ofhescile “ invasion i” Is it not this same despised U ni i ted States J h ir, wherever we are, at home or abroad, on the bosom of the ocean or by the tranquil life Side. whether danger threaten us i in oar ciuil, }x>liiieal, or internal relations, the | broad vEgis oi the Union is over us and covers i us with its ample protection, let it not be said then,-that we derive no protection from the U. Ibta* *s, which might merit some small re tnra of Kiiogßnce. JSir, proud as £ am of the tale c-V'dl .-r.i cr’Virginia, gratolul a 1 ? lam Ixjr U-Uli i ixvor .'iCh that honored j if.- I or has ‘tow;; to me, I yet feel v. fa the ] &tiier of th * country, the the just pride of 1 patriotism fs exalted the mom edaapre aansive tit'* of citizecfof the U. Ufiates—that title which gives its a share in the common in heritance of giory which has desceneed to us tromour re volutionary sages, patriots, and he- < roes—that title which enables rae to claim the ] name of the K utledges, the Pinckaays, ai;u die ; Sumpters of South Carolina, of the’ ilir.Avc.Ks. j the .xaams’ and the Otis’ of all the other proud names which have iiiustr.- ted theanittls of each and all of the:4 ‘* as ifnnptri t with my te. M I have tluß, Mr. Preeidenf, reviewed the £■ vWqaefoy f.—u : :a of t:ia* new school of con rstgucml hw, which has sprung up within the hst lour or dve eVsn&l years of our wliticai highly. 1 have endeavored to show that the? have no foundation whatever in any of the cons* I tut ion, that they are direedy at war with the coiitercporarv r unders'Uanfiiig and tho expositions of its ‘founders, and that they derive n ice whatever from the prin ciples of that republican school, which I re-tstaWisir! ||g ConshtUtiOO js iti purity, ts. ter riie iempon j y perversions to which it had ] been subjected. These modern doctrines, Tdo j firmly bedeve. are in their tendency uttcrlv subversive of tiirt happy system of government, the preservation of which is nor only me sole security for liberty with us, but the last hope iof freedom, throughout the world. If in the depth c-f these convictions, I shall have fallen into a warmer tone of discussion than is my habit, it will be attributed, i trust, to its true cause, ani not to any want of proper respect /f ‘ rs or kinifrelmg towards the mombofs, one and .’ gv’.’ V • Sir, we live in times when it is a solemn tv w hich every mm owes his cotmlrv, to speak* ins opinions without disguise or equivocation, : oven at the risk of giving oficnceto some of those whom it would he ins greatest pleasure, as well us highest ambition, to content in all tiling?, i h >.ve been alren-Jy admonished, sir, that a sword is at this eminent suspended over my head, u hich may descend and sever the worthless thread of my .polific.il tSUsteneo tor the act cf public duty 1 am now perform . inn*. s*:r. if:*,. hauld he so, I aha L! ha*, cat least o-e CO:.’- -: non, tie eaiwmoubiioss- of having fallen in tire defence 01 the Constitution of my country, and of that liberty wh-cn is indissolu bly connected with it. Lir, 1 take leave to say, that there j breathes not a"man who is more ue.veted than 1 am to the maintenance of ‘the just rights of the States. It is in that faith i was brought up, and m that faith i shad continue to tne last. It is in the salutary iafiuence and pow - er of the states under distinct and organised forms of action, cud the .vise partition ofpqw-, er. established between them and the: authori- } I ties of the Union, that our system possesses | guarantees and advantages unknown : f e-y; (gather which ever exist.. J. foir, via geutio ‘“who e eiaimed to b the special cifo-JP fo-> -1 of btate rights hero, appear to Kve .no''V* more limned idea < ‘ fou_ thapvV a ; They apeak cf staf- rights as i thuyjf/ | jxciasively in-.the tight cf ooj- jGc ncr - ‘ Coveirnneu-. si-’- ‘. - ‘ j l my notice ol them, Usey i>f power oik and - ‘•’ * 1 ‘*> • unit ■ faatiis, • uti avi yjs- y ‘fo.'t. - ■* f . ..r•*•.* : V the t -,:~ J Vtttlvl. h* .• W • I —^^o j f Fua it is asked, where is lire ■’ j these riguts i info” -f l ,v.ce, thoCdhOfr.;?-’ j.ticp: ‘ vioeritly intern:led to provide, in he or-” , gffczulionof tne General'Government itself; | important securities against the encroachments !on the reserved powers of the skates, This bo | dy itself representing as it does, the states in taeii* <:o sou I and sovereign diameters, was especially intended to guard the rights of the states against invasion irom tne Federal autho rity. Lice tod as its members are by the Legis latures of the states and responsible to them, it chi ld not be doubted that they would he an imated with a watchful and jealous sensibility to the rights of their constituents. One hail of the states as .represented in this body, tlio’ embracing, as might well happen, but one fourth part of the people of the United States, have it in their power to arrest any legislative measure, which would seem to them to in fringe ueori their ;*rred powrrs. Here, then, wo have not only one security tor the rights of the states, bufc'an efficient check to tne*domination of that numeric <i majority, which lias, of late, beer* So frequently held up to the j aloo.sy and denunciation cf tiie states. r i he J'resident, alio, is elected by the “Sint sin tiioir political capacities; the votes allotted to Ouch siate.being in a compound ratio which considers fchain partly as district and cc e-:ual societies, partly as unequal members of the same society.” Being thus chosen by th * states, he cannot be supposed to be mdiherent } in their right-:, sun the Constitution lias arm-, iiliifij Will: *i r which t ? expen nice of -or ]: f in• i. . • • : . -F I 'W [- •’ j ] four years, b 3 shown may r: eiihctualiy v. iui ! dod for t .-_iv defence. ‘j iiiit, if ill the branches of the Federal leg j •isLtt.u-o, cha President, the O olicit t< e ciiid I:ouse I U-feteprcsenfdii os, so..and concur in the j sage of an unconstitutional measure, there is ! ii another reovc v.vru.n tuupne of the Gm ‘ ferti G worn oeu . ixcif. Tl; * o iiiclary, iiold *i• >- i i r odices. by an mdependom lenere, unu sworn to support tue C'ou-tituLon, may dock* o such an act of the legislative aathority null and void, and to refuse to curry it into execu tion. Whatever leaning the courts of the U. fc tales rnay be supposed to have infj.vor of the Federal authority, examples are not wantin g nor very few, of their having pronounced a gainst the validity of aeis of Congress, on t-ie gfoand of taeir imcoustitutionaKty'; nor is it j to be aoubted, that they v.uli coni uue to do so j wu .never the indciien lent an i con. ciei.iioua exercise of their judgmouLs shad requite'of | them such as anaci oikiiuy. i If all t.iese socmidoc, provided in the org j animation cf the General .b. ’runnt, its., ff, ; shoul.it'.d, it would tiion be the right, as the { duty of the states, to interpose their confer va j tire i.dluer.ee. tue federal Jedicia > i - y should have decided the acta complained cf jto be constitutional, still the si des, as sove- I rci* np • r!ice” to- h Fco hotel, would have the j right t> judge, in the las. resort, whether the j Cvmpa.ei lia •- oecn % to declare m f-liie ii -si so I run ihrm, (r opniions tloat tc 3. j acts in quest.on are uaboiistitationai, and to : iuv te tue co- j-. %a, ci e'; <'. . > ..... • in such measures as should be necesairy ani }iro per tjhher to obtain a repeal.of the oh-hnsive acts; or procure an am end;, tent of die Consti tution itself ‘l'li- -no are modes of state iu ler nc.dtica eieurly idtuin lue limits of the Cj.isti i tuition ‘Th-fre may he others, also within the j limits t? the Constitution Ia n nor prepared j to say that the statc-s might not constitutional s jy, by the exercise of tiio acknowledged leg ) -tela live powers, on subjects clearly reserved to jjifiera, oppose very serious impediments of one “t:'L or ohi'iij to Ido cxccutio.’i of nnw’F 1 • bloHteasdrc? on £He ffc cfllie ifenerai GO l /- amineuu fu ths respect, it is not easy to mark the exact limit of the rights of the states; tc us in tlie cuthe <dviic*gof Parlttment j in England, h’Ti considerations of policy may j require that they Should be left .undefined, — But one tiling is certain: a state can never, as South Carolina hi- done, directly and form ally annul a law’ of the United States, w-ith oiit an open ‘de nurture from the Colistitiftioa, and a total roptmciation of all its obligations. The moral mtejrpit&a of the gs WmcLl We Sp:-ken, Mh President, resting j on ti*e wrce'of r Jason, and appealing to public i opinion, will, tdm persuaded, found siiifi cient to redress ei ery real gri*mce in the practical operations of our system, whenever it shall be resorted to by any respectable num ber of states, tfiough short of a majority of the whole. The success ofthis constitutional re medy, does not merely depend on its intrinsic force, however great that mast bis* in every free Government —but it derives a decisive -elficacy from the knowledge of those ulterior, jjt ough dormant re.* v y > tie- 5 , v. rtih lie in uands of the state's, aosve u-t-P •ond the Car l refer, Mir, Plths9 natural ’•fonts and po.verfd means qfoftl Jcfaedva resistance which the Si ■ cs possess ia .thrr complete municipal kioas. dvdanl :ni litarv. It is in this view. Hi. m alt tha c >n temjwrarv discussion? or: “the adoption of t'lo Constitution, the state irm ruuierJs were constantly r-: fared to, as “auTordm ?, in cvzru possibifm cc/iti-Hftncy, a com pi.at a. ncumv > ‘gainst br as.oas of {he public liberfov by the j Federal chitliprity (Fed. No. I's.) They | vere to'!>•, iiy.'.y , Cly, not i.uiy th voice, Dal if accessary .the itrm of the public discontent 2h.) Ufoea hemty-es ley - - sed, thmujahhshdlfcivjlan 1 uuiuary organiea | tion. for‘\fomb:i-in >-all the rosou ees ot tiie | Community in a regular’ plan of t.'-'pcsitfonf’ “of com unicatiny with cna Enoai-i-r, uni uniting their common foioee lor the of their common liberty;” “for colic/aug tie’ public will, and 1 (reeling the pu” :r th -jg a^vau 1 ’ ‘ges and me s n she part of tee states, we' , t fv$ 1 to, foil Ci^P^ating \ -3r ,1 ,t. , aw 1.6 sir h :a reined. = care -- *hr I; folMd so iV? wi Ir. mrnh. h ‘■{ •> I Lm i** t JT . . A St, i; any -*%> - Mo • : iit f r itx : eit let $ • ••j .. - yokin'*}!ir*yrK dy for -’ ■* trkipmtc - I'./i-thfon ot t ie rights of the stafi: F Fall have'been dauge roqsly anu ijer.-'-’vcv v". Jell also desfo'Vfifoto ..a MrurW. ■ foul as au'in •• to the force and elueacy of those constitutional rem edies of which t have spoken as resting on t ! fnoiii i: “v.cnce of reason and ophdon. ;s remedy deserves to _bc so ro-tch the mom con sidered in tills connection, becausd, though extr ‘.cGnsiitytional, it is uc the same tune peaceful and complete. One half ol‘ the states wbeueV-ef fundamental inyasiousc ffeheir rights by ti e General Government shall seem +ojus pty it, may peacefully suspend its operations bv simply declinin ‘ - to perform the lunction as signed to them of electing senators, <0? in that case, th-: majority requisite to constitute a quorum -f one br nch of the Le;r ii. 1 me ill ..egrity ot the 1 * .'Vernmc t, ‘would beforentin -. “ This opinion, . th is', has beeftexpressed by the highest ja ii ial author ity in the Union. I refer to-what was said by tile dislingu'vjeh CinidMustice, of the Supreme Court; mtb3;m - ' v ” - 'iscase <r’ ( .'oherrvs.-^'• ... With all thfo a means of ui[i;>:u f : 1 act.cal control, resting*yi ; the liands of the stales, * cannot be presudlod titat their solemn reraOii straaoOshn tb cfaracter of soverignpart.es ij thecoHEtitutionfo. compact, would by loiig di reaarded by tit Govcran'ien? ot the Un ■ It Is true tf.'.t u'ei cr.the complain is P'~’ ha opposition of a sins i siatJ might r dry w.tb tuam a decisive intiuoncs. But r tne usnraa j tie a of the grievance explained cf were as ■ ri :? one, tue . , ■’ ; - growing public s nuti-Ml, :• i.i to t ; Herd/ p w i, enforce ; and vtr-JJ>d, c. 1 have show , bv {th r cemideraiK - the coueceo o. he Union must dways uii.eirteiy viol:'. Id i thus, sir, ia the treats waggle of 93 and ’O9. in relation t > the alien an i lition laws, wh.ca . fell Le ieath memo/’/ ~ o ver-ofr.ie state ? as the pioneers and orgui- of public cun in. The military efficacy es tn *. sane t. ‘'- er has already mamidsteu ) :Rei’,*aa the m'\-t one uragin* inannor, in relation to that 6 ml tom of policy which is the presadp our remonstranc.s ani cornpia r- a. iia ■ -fdve not seen in the north the legisla; of dia ne. of iSeiv Hampshire and Aew ifork, oneafu -r another, responding t t!ie arg uenlaure i > peals oi'che southern stales, a u uniting- w.ia t >ern in tieman Jng an essen: I inouihei iz% otfot:>e existing tarilll. in t . centre o i. e Union likewise, the altered t it of Pcu/ e . vania gives- assurance of an as sic ou.-i cn| . /e. of opmion already commei-i* g l .ier.F* in’ these results, due alone to nu -1 force <J ne remonstrances and appeals v. a ii.aep.l e- . cteil froDtf'the’ soutnera States, rj; hive at ,r ----tain.u n ir.iratee ot ite &pee ‘y 2- tes-? ci • H It, .. ■ -UC- . r- -■ ‘ - p.airie i. ler us contrast vvi h t‘.i:s *o chceta ’/ *• ‘i have been produced by the \ j, ont au 1 F i l opposition of Mouth Ciixoli. .. ffore v* a seen aru felt tint tiioattit;Je of up*n io SJ y\ lo tne authority ol'foeUuion^ ;o;fo ne: h, thht . tarns, is the great oijsl. ele & luc prceen e;? jastment of this di.'itractiny'huec l inf is it.tht the ohjiction. i \yj tu-oae oth wise manifesting -tirf best dis-p etious t>r y % . ticeand conciilu..:on! The Ho lor * hie-Sex.: fi from as, atiicky, *fo r -. C'i*y,) nas toifo us f. and for a long time, he cor a: terefi i.ie ;; Ij.VJJT T y ■South Circiini f hvarfoj titfe ijnion, i . ‘v’ * SBi mm ’• .. *. ‘ ; h.jv -•’ cf r : to- RB| i mi: ii lost h-pv, uiat that .Senator h\s &i last, seen catts:• oth or views, and that he now thej9l|H ticecf pamo!ding relief from tl ? aggriof^ States of the foouuj generally, on ‘icrouat or ‘ the violent an l improper proceedings of afoffo gle one of them. l< ! -o not, ccrtaiuy. pr.n ci pate in iff© in iulgenfio yvffich tha- uk” mguish e i Senator seemed to ieel for foie err* r of S Carolina, when he assimilated ner c :q ~.:i to ttatofVirpDß, iii®s m (Qjjffi, f-id of Ohio, towards the 1> ink of the U. S;ates. s>ir, lean seenot.amg-in cormnon bt ; wee-.i the cases referred to, fold the present aifotude of South Carolina. jfodr. Clay here said ht- had ifotnit *d tlr.t the act.- ofSiimh Curoli.ia were ndfoici -rore of fensive —the measures’ of the Slates i f-rred to were, inpr: *i : nle, the same, though in de gree widely di lerent—-he meant n. thing—he , felt nothing, in apology for South Carolina.] yfr. Rives continued; —-I am not disposed; Mr. rreaident, to moot these questiotus with ‘ F