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212 LITERARY. WILLIA7I W. MANN, Editor. ' 1 SATURDAY, NOV. 26, 1859. The Southern Field *nd Fireside IS PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY. TEEMS —12.00 a year, invariably in advance. All Postmasters are authorized agents. 1 TRAVELING AGENT. Jons L. Stockton', of this city, is General Traveling j Agent for the Field and Fireside, and the Coxstitt- TIOXALIST. BACK NUMB EES. Persons subscribinz to the Field and Fireside can be supplied with all the back numbers. teems of adveetising. For each insertion of ten lines or less, one dollar; and i or over ten lines, at the rate of ten cents jier line. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. We do not send receipts by mail for subscriptions re- : mitted. The receipt of The Souther* Field and Fireside, after the money is remitted, will be e\i dence to each subscriber that his money has been re ceived and his name duly entered on the mail b«H>K. — —mmrn-* -—i —• Our Semi-Annual Index. if* In a few days, we shall issue, gratuitous- ; Iv, for the benefit of subscribers to The South- i hrxFiei.i) axd Fireside, the first Semi-Annual j Index, or Table of Contents, for this paper. The Index is very full, and has been prepared j with much care. The. sheet will contain valua ble supplementary matter in the Literary, Ag ricultural, Horticultural and Commercial De partments : and our advertising friends will find in it all their announcements, which are in course of regular publication, repeated in full. We would have them observe, also, that all ad vertisements in the Field and Fireside, during the first six months, are duly registed in the In dex. As we propose giving to this Supplement, con taining the Index, a circulation* far beyond that of the actual subscription list of the Field and Fireside, our business men and others will do well to improve this opportunity of invoking public attention. All cards and advertisements sent in for the Field and Fireside up to the day of putting the Index to press, will be insert ed in the sheet, gratuitously. 'Advertisements intended for insertion will he received till the 3d proximo. *lt should be borno in mlml that the Field and Fire side has a circulation larger than any paper in Georgia, vnd, probably, than any in the Southern States. i■ i TO CORRESPONDENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS. We have to acknowledge the reception, since our last, of the following favors: Memory, by Rebther. Ariadne and Bacchus, by Max Muller. An Excursion to the Falls. Look at Home, by “ James.” The Spectre, by Elsie Earnest. (Accepted.) Lines composed on a bed of sickness, by same. A Vesper Hymn, by same. Astronomy No. 2, by Lamkin. The Walk, by Rosalie. “Weep on,” by L. B. (Author’s name not sent.) Home, Mother, Heaven. G. M. must give the author’s name. To my Mother. We don't think the origin of these lines sufficiently established to admit of their publication. Evening, by Daer —not to be read till the au thor’s name is sent. The Teacher, by E. L. J. Have we been put in possession of the real name and address of the writer ? May Da}’, by Sue. (Accepted.) My Absent Friend, by L’lneonnue. (Ac cepted.) Carlos, or the Letter Returned. (Declined.) We have received also from Philadelphia the three communications from E. C. 8., and will answer our correspondent by private letter shortly. Modern Literature—its Faults, by Hix, in hand also. We pray contributors whose favors have not yet been read, to exercise patience and be as sured that we will give them our attention as soon as possibly we can. NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. We have at last had the pleasure of finding upon our table the volumes announced by us some time ago, and from the advance-sheets of which we have already extracted, for our col umns, two biographic sketches —we allude to the Bench and Bar of South Carolina , by John Belton O’Neall, L. L. D., President of Court of Appeals and the Court of Errors. The book is published by S. G. Courtenay & Co., of Charleston, S. C., and should be consid ered a valuable acquisition to all professional and private libraries. Judge O’Neall has dedi cated his work to James Louis Petio.ru, as “a friend, and the oldest and most experienced praoticing lawyer of the State,” and as a “ slight testimonial of respect for his virtues, talents, learning and benevolence.” The following is the concluding passage of the Author’s Preface; “The object of the work has been to rescue the memory of the good and great from oblivion, and to place their actions before their young countrymen, as marks by the wayside for their journey of life. If he has succeeded in his la bor of love, he will be content, and if he has failed, he can only say—it is the fault of the head, not the heart” Persons wishing to make this acquisition to their stock of interesting and valuable biograph ical works, will find the volumes for sale at the book-stores of Messrs. Richards & Son, and Messrs. Geo. A. Oates & Brother, of this city, as well as at the publishers’ in Charleston. See advertisement on our last page. We have also received— Almost a Heroine —A Romance, by the author of “ Chas. Auchester,” “ Counterparts,” &c., Ac. This book may be found at Mr. Wit. C. Barber’s, 219 Broad Street. A Lecture on Christianity and the Civil Laws, by Rev. James A. Lyon, D. D., of Columbus, Miss. soraimmii hem in - - • OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. Paris, Nov. 3, 1859. 1 The letter of Louis Napoleou to Victor Eman uel, is the standing topic of talk. If it be au thentic, and as such it is universally regarded, its importance is not overrated. It is not as yet acknowledged officially to the world as an impe rial missive. It first reached the public eye in an English translation furnished to the London Times' by the Paris correspondent of that jour nal, who received it in French from a correspon dent at Turin. Like the famous note in the Moniteur of September 9th, it is “signed all over,” and even if not written by Napoleon, is worthy of the attention it receives as the clear- j est and fullest statement we have of his pro gramme for the settlement of Italy. It is, in deed. his programme, both of the bases of dis cussion in the future Congress and of the meas- j ures for regenerating Italy. At the opening of the letter is something al- ! most like an apology: “We must now leave aside sterile regrets and illusions—it is not the ' question now whether I have done well or ill in j concluding the peace of Villafranca, but to make the treaty produce the results most favor- i able to the peace of Italy and the repose of Eu rope.” Really, this is a falling oft' from the Paris pro- . damation of last May: “Italy free from the! Alps to the Adriatic!” and from the Milan pro- ; clamation of last June: “Italians, be soldiers ; to-day, that you may lie citizens of a great coun try to-morrow.” Nothing is more natural than that the author of those documents should deprecate an indul gence in “ sterile illusions and regrets” over the falling off. And so he says: “ Let bygones be bygones ; there were difficulties in the way of making peace greater than in the way of mak ing war; there were Piedmont and tlio Italian people to be satisfied, without offending the Catholic sentiment of the Church party through out the world, [especially in my French part of the world,] and the right of sovereigns, in whom other European sovereigns [especially, my present dear friend of Austria,] take inter est. I thought then, if the Emperor of Austria would come to a frank understanding with me, we could surmount these difficulties, finally dis pose of the causes of secular antagonism bo tween our two Empires, and effect the regene ration of Italy by common agreement, without further bloodshed. The essential conditions of this regeneration are, to my thinking: 1. A confederation of several independent States, (each one of which shall adopt salutary reforms and a representative form of govern ment,) having a common flag and monetary sys tem, customs and tariff. 2. The directing, central power shall sit at Rome, and be composed of representatives chosen by the sovereigns out of a list prepared by the parliaments of their respective States; so that the Austrian influence, supposed to weigh on certain of these sovereigns, shall be counterbalanced by the elective, t. e., the na tional or popular Italian element. 3. The honorary presidency to be granted to the Pope ; so as, at once, to satisfy the religious sentiment of Catholic Europe, and by increasing his moral influence, enable him to make conces sions to the legitimate desires of his subjects. This plan of mine, [my old plan laid down at length in my famous pamphlet of last January : Napoleon III! et fltalie,'] can still be executed, notwithstanding the advanced state of the move ment in a quite different direction in Central Italy, if you, Victor Emanuel, will favor it with your iniluenco. The following important steps towards its completion are already taken: 1. Lombardy is ceded. 2. Austria has abandoned her claim to hold garrison in Plaisance, Ferrara and Commaehio. 3. The independence of Central Italy is guar antied ; that is, although the rights of the sove reigns have been reserved, foreign intervention in their favor has been formally renounced. 4. Venetia will become a purely Italian pro vince, [what I choose to call purely, you under stand, and on condition the reserved rights just spoken of become recovered rights, you under stand.] Now, it is your Majesty’s interest to help me in developing this plan to the best possible re sults ; and you must not forget that, in the Con gress which is about to meet, the position of France is already defined by my treaty engage ments. What I shall ask for, then, will be: 1. That Parma and Plaisance be annexed to, Piedmont, because they are indispensable to your State in a strategic point of view. [Yqu see, you already have won Lombardy, and you will havo this much more if you will desert the popular party, the Italian cause, the great place you occupy in the affections of the patriots, give up Garibaldi, and throw away forever your chance of being a great leader of a great cause; gain the hatred of the liberals, and change the hatred of the reaction to contempt; and finally, by depriving the progressists of a head, cause the more moderate or timid of them to fall back from the violent revolutionary effort that the more daring will then be provoked to attempt— an effort that will deprive Italy of European sympathies, that will excuse forcible repression, lead to the restoration of the Dukes, and throw Italy more than ever into the hands of my new Austrian friend, and myself—you don’t see, and I do see, perhaps.] 2. The Duchess of Parma to be placed on the throne of Modena. [The foolish old tyrant, who lately sat there and wrote abusive letters about me, is too bad to bo defended, even by Austria. He has no children. Duke Robert, of Parma, may wed his niece. By this combina tion, Austria does not lose her chance of in fluence ; Spain, the special defender of the claims of the Duchess and her son, is satisfied; and the friends of Italian Independence may be gratified by the reduction of the number of the Austro-Italian sovereigns from three to two.] 3. The Grand Duke Ferdinand, son of the late reigning Duke, to be restored to Tuscany with, perhaps, some augmentation of territory. 4. A system of rational liberty to be arranged for Italy. [Every body knows my fondness for rational liberty—liberty of the rational, mode rate, sage, arrangeable sort. If there be one thing I doat on now more than another, it is that.] 5. Austria to honestly give up a permanent cause of future trouble, and consent to the com pletion of a real Venetian nationality, by grant ing, not only a separate representation and ad ministration, but by creating an Italian army. 6. The fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera to be federal fortresses, and finally, the Confedera tion to be based on the real wants, as well as the traditional ideas of the Peninsula, such as will exclude all foreign influence, and confirm the in dependence of Italy.” Such is the substance of this important docu ment —the additions in brackets irreverent, but not altogether irrelevant, are by your corres pondent. The “plan" is ingenious, plausible. Can it be executed ? Will the people of the Center, after all that has happened, consent to a 1 restoration of the Dukes ? Will Victor Eman- uel renounce his hopes, his acquired rights to j annexation? Will he break his word, three | times solemnlv pledged,to advocate the cause of the Italians of the Centre? Will Austria con sent to a virtual renunciation of t euetia ? \Y ill Naples consent to join the Confederacy ? What are the Pope's reforms to be? Other and equally strong interrogative objections must present themselves to every mind. The chief significance of the letter, after al!, is that it defines the position of France as one of | the powers to be represented in the Congress. Folks should not forget, as they so often now-a days. and hereabout at least, seem to do, that the Emperor of France is not omnipotent—a forgetfulness, which, to do justice to his great common sense, does not affect him so much as liis adulators, and even many of his enemies. This letter is dated Oct. 20, two weeks ago. We do not as yet see that it has changed the purposes of the Italians. Garibaldi has since had an interview with Victor Ktnmannuel—with what object or result is only conjectured, not known —and is now probably returned to his head-quarters. His journey to Turin and his re ception in that capital—although he did hie best to preserve his incognito—is represented to have been one long ovation. The reactionist conspiracy lias gone so far at last, as to justify the arrest of several of its lead ers at Florence. They are members of a se cret society, whoso chief managers are suppos ed to reside at Rome, and call themselves “ de fenders of the holy apostolic Roman faith, and of the Imperial and royal house of Lorraine.” (Tuscar arch-ducal house.) It is well enough to notice here, that conspiracy, secret societies, etc., are not the specially of Red Republicans. The present government of Modena is unable to recover the political prisoners who were sent off under escort of Austrian soldiers, to the Austrian fortress of Mantua by the wretched runaway Duke of Modena. So determined was he to secure some of his pleasures of reigning in any event, that he sent them off before he saw himself at the outset of the war. More than seventy of them wore condemned by milita ry tribunals for being members of secret socie ties, and the like offences. The manner in which trials were conducted in that unhappy country, under this Dukelet’s supervision,-can only be understood in its full enormity by a pe rusal of official documents —his own numerous letters and orders among the rest—that have been recently found in his archives and publish ed by order of the present provisional govern ment. The Lynch Law of our fierce backwoods democracy, is an admirably balanced legal code in comparison with the tyrannic whimsicality of the Ducal proceeding. This little despot was as arbitrarily high and mighty as Louis XIV.. and as busy and fidgety as an old maid ; I beg pardon of old maids, the most gossiping of them, for the unfair comparison. I cannot say that the historical documents in question are as in teresting as a romance, but can safely insure to to the reader of them more than the ordinary excitement of emotions we look for in the pages of a novel. Amid pity for his victims, scorn for tlio instruments of his persecution, anger at his fearful injustice, rage at his cruelty, there breaks out involuntary laughter over the display of his absurdities. His absolute faith in his Divine right, and his utter lack of confidence that Heaven would defend its own ; his freely ex pressed contempt for Louis Napoleon aud his ever quaking fear of political conspirators at home, are brought out in wonderful contrast. — To offset all this, to offset the suffering of a whole peoplo under his sway, we are told that he was honest in his convictions (as he undoubtedly was in one sense—though when he was scared in 1849, he promised a constitu tion) a devout man, correct in private life and the like. So were Robespierre and Charles First of England, and Saint Just, and the late King of Naples. This constant presentation of a man’s private morals as a measure of the politician and statesman, reminds me always of that clerk in a country shop : a lady asks if they have any Caslimero shawls ; 1 We liave’nt any Cashmere shawls, ma’m, but we’ve got some very nice hams.’ Speaking of Italian archives—there lias re cently been discovered in those of Floreneo a volume of inedited letters of Machiavel; they are copied, but authentic, and will appear in the new edition of his works, which the provisional government has ordered to be published. A number of drawings and manuscripts of Michael Angelo have also recently been brought to light ■ there, as well as letters written to him by dis tinguished men of his time, which throw new light on the events of his life and the history of the period. The epithet “ many-sided” was in vented for the variously gifted Goethe, but the great Italian poet, painter, architect, sculptor, engineer and politician has perhaps a better claim to it. Your Paris correspondent might be expected to say something of Paris. There is not much that is new or important to say. The theatres are all well filled this bad weather with good audiences, listening to new but rather indiffer ent pieces. The Grand Opera and the Italiens are less brilliant than usual this season—l mean less brilliant on the stage, where there are no artists that carry the town by storm. The box es show abundance of fine toilettes, although it is not yet the height of the season. The Court is out of town, hunting at Compiegne, and peo ple who own chateaux or smaller houses in the country have not yet come in. A Curious Apple. —A lusus natures of an ap ple has been sent us by a gentleman of Abing don, Va., just as it had been plucked from the apple tree, in the garden of Mr. Jos. Carson, of Washington county. It resembles a human head of the long kind, such as we see in pictures of “ Old Brown.” The face thereon is a remark able feature, with eyes, Roman nose, mouth and flowing beard strangely marked thereon. We are assured by the sender that nature alone (so fruitful in her fancies) was the only artist that designed this human apple. Whether the limb on which this curiosity grew was a grafting from the “ tree of life,” or human nature, we cannot determine.— [Richmond Enquirer. Can there be a doubt that this apple is of the stock of Bob Roper’s “ apple of discord" mention ed by Doctor Waddel ? (See story of Master Mitten, chap. XIX). For the benefit of those who have not read the story of Master Mitten, we describe Roper’s apple in his own language: “ The apple of discord has been cast in among us, and if not speedily nipt in the bud, it Will in evitably explode, and shroud us in the pitchy night of anarchy and confusion, and deluge the country with fire and sword.” Sure Bob Roper was a prophet. The Virginia apple lias the head of John Brown, who brought on a 1 pitchy night of anarchy and confusion,' who if he had not been ‘ speedily nipt in the bud,' would have * deluged the country with fire and sword.' Little did Doctor Waddell think when he quoted the al>ove passage from Bob Roper’s composition (obviously a juvenile production.) that he was immortalizing Bob. ** LUNATIC ASYLUM OF GEOEGIA. Statement of appropriations in favor of this Institution from the commencement to the pres ent time, extracted from the Comptroller Gene raTs Report. The Lunatic Asylum. —The first appropriation made for this Institution was $20,000 in 1837. With this sum the Commissioners purchased land within two miles and a half South of Milledge ville, and commenced building. Since then ap priations have been made from year to year to erect buildings and enlarge the Asylum, until the appropriations for this purpose amounted to $348,200. The following are the appropriations, and the years m which they were made. 1837 $20,000 1852 $20,000 1839 5,000 1854 56,500 1840 9.000 1856 110,000 1841 10,000 1857 63,000 1845 10,000 1858 30,000 1847 700 1849 10,000 $348,200 In 1854, three thousand dollars was also ap propriated (without reversion) to purchase ser vants for the Institution. This has not yet been drawn from the treasury. During the same time two hundred and thirty-eight thousand two hun dred and fifty-seven dollars has been appropria ted to the support of the indigent or pauper pa tients, and for pay of salaries of officers, attend ants. hire of sen-ants, Ac., Ac. The following are the appropriations, viz.: 1843 for 1844 and 1845 $4,000 1845 “ 1846 and 1847 12,000 1847 1848 and 1849 23,000 1847 (to pay debts prior to 1846) 997 1849 for 1850 and 1851 24,350 1852 “ 1852 and 1853 38,000 1854 “ 1854 and 1855 38,000 1856 “ 1856 and 1847 42,090 1857 “ 1858 36,000 1858 “ 1859..- 26,800 $238,257 - • i» Election of Judges.—The Milledgeville cor respondent of the Macon Telegraph, in his letter of the 13th inst., has the following passing reference to a subject of vast importance to the people of this State: Will you not, Mr. Editor, raise the voice of warning against the future and manifold evils of our present elective judiciary system ? Is it not better that a Judge should be inde pendent of, than dependent on the caprice and passions of the people ? Would it not be better to clear the Judge office of the mephetic exhala tions constantly coming up from the dirty pool of politics ? Is it not better that we should have Judges renowned for their skill and learning in the noble science of the law, rather than to se lect them for their zeal and ability as partisans? Would it not bo better for the welfare of the State that the appointment of the Judges should be placed beyond the reach and influence of po litical ties and associations, beyond and above the penetration of popular favor, and where, from his high judicial eminence, he could and would decide the law as he finds it, without the fear of popular indignation, or the hope of popu lar favor ? Let us have some change, or our courts will soon become the mere expositions of the voice of tho strong overpowering the weak. —>»> Growth of the United States. —At the tak ing of the first census under tho Federal Con stitution, in 1790. the population of the United States amounted to three million nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven. At intervals of ten years the census has been taken regularly, and the result at each period is as follows: Census of 1790 3,929,827 Census of 1800 6,305,925 Census of 1810 7,239,514 Census of 1820 9,635,131 Census of 1830 12,866,020 Census of 1840 17,069,453 Census of 1850 23,191,876 The census will be taken again in 1860, and will show a population within the limits of the United States of more than thirty-two millions. m • 4i i Royal Oath-Book of England.—The origi nal book of the four Evangelists, upon which all the kings, from Henry I. to Edward VI., took tho coronation oath, is now in the library of a maiden lady in Eatou-square, London. It is in itianuscript, and written on vellum, the form and beauty of the letters nearly approach ing to Roman capitals. It appears to have been written and prepared for the coronation of the first-named monarch. The original binding, which is still in a perfect state, consists of two oaken boards, nearly an inch thick, fastened to gether with stout thongs of leather, and the corners defended by large bosses of brass. On the right side (as the book is opened) of the outer cover is a crucifix of brass, double gilt, which was kissed by the kings upon their in auguration ; and the whole is fastened together by a strong clasp of brass, fixed to a broad piece of leather, nailed on with two large brass pins. -4- Smoke. —Much of the smoke of grates would be consumed by the adoption of tho following plan, and fuel would be greatly economized there by. If an iron plate bo not at hand, let a piece of paper be placed at the bottom and front of the grate to the top bar but one, then put tho coals closely into it until they fill the grate, after which a little firewood should be placed above and a layer of coal over it; and tho firewood being lighted, the fire will gradually burn from the top downwards, emitting very little smoke, and the coals will be thoroughly consumed. It will not be necessary to stir the fire, and an equal quantity of coals will be found to last much long er than when the fire is kindled at tho bottom, as has heretofore been the case. This method is especially adapted for sittingrooms, where a brisk fire is not so much required as in the kitchen. —• -444- • » Value of Water-Tight Compartments.—lt is a fact worthy of note that although the colli sion last week of the steamer Edinburg with an iceberg occurred one hundred and eighty miles east of St. Johns, and two of her compartments were filled with water, the vessel was carried safely into that port by keeping the water out of her other compartments. The value of these water-tight bulkheads cannot bo too highly ap preciated by our ship owners, for by their use, unless a vessel is absolutely shattered from stem to stern, she can be kept afloat until succor ar rives or a port is reached. All of the Cunard steamships were built with these humane pre cautions, and most of the steamers of the Van derbilt and Collins lines have been altered so as to contain them. We should think that so sim ple and efficacious a measure of safety ought to be universally adopted, not only for steamers, but all sailing vessels in the passenger trade. CHESS COLUMN. James” sends us a correction of Hie pub lished statement of the position of pieces in his Problem, which appears at the head of the Chess Column F. k F., page 197 ante. The 7th position of the Blacks should be Fawn f 6, in stead off 5. We have referred to MS., and find that the compositor followed copy. This correc tion does not make us swear; but we can’t aver it would not have done so, if we had been both ering our brain for several hours over the mis stated position. Correspondents for this column should be very particular. R. S. P. t of Charles ton, already informs us “The Problem, by * James,’ if it be correctly set up, cannot be be done.” We hope to give the answer next week. It has not yet reached us. We have now a slight error of our own to correct, committed in the last nnmber (page 205). The second paragraph of Note 3 to Opening VII., ought to have appeared as Note 4, and to have been appended to move 13, the last. , We’hope that our “little friend Mattie," of Alabama, will pardon us for not abandoning, at her instance, “ that detestable Chess Column.” Let her read Franklin’s opinion of Chess, below, and the articlo on the Origin, History, and Value of Chess, commenced to-day, and learn to res pect the game a little more. Does she know that we suspect “ somebody ” with fine form, and handsome black eyes, and perhaps a curl ing moustache, whom she would like to walk or talk or ride with, is “o’er fond” sometimes—or seems to bo o’er sond —of playing chess with papa ? She will tell us, “ Christmas,” all about it—won’t she ? PROBLEM, BY E. S. P., OF CHARLESTON. POSITION. WHITE. BLACK, 1 Bishop on a 1 Knight on b 5 2 Queen “ g 1 Pawn “ e 5 3 Knight “b 2 Pawn “g 5 4 Pawn “ f 3 ....King “e 6 5 Pawn “ e 4 Bishop “ h 6 6 Knight “ f 5 Bishop “ d 7 7 King “ g 8 Pawn “e 7 Whites to play and mate in four moves. Solution to above Problem will be given next week. We give to-day, for the benefit of learners, the first of a series of End-Games, or Check- Mates, which we propose to extract from Be la Bourdonnais, with the Notes of the author They will be found interesting and instructive. MATE, NO. 1. King and One Rook against a King. (De la Bourdonnais, page 1*0.) This is a very easy mate, and is effected as follows, in the fewest possible moves: POSITION. WHITE. BLACK. King c 4 King e 6 Rook hi MOVES. 1 Rook h I—h 6f King e 6—e 7 2 King e 4—e 5 King e 7—d 7 (1) 3 Rook h 6—g 6 King d 7—c 7 4 King e s—d 5 King c 7—b 7 5 King d s—c 5 King b 7—a 7 6 King c s—b 5 King a 7—b 7 7 Rook g 6—g 7 f King b 7—c 8 8 King b s—c 6 King c B—d 8 9 Rook g 7—a 7 King d B—o 8 10 King c C—d 6 King c B—f 8 11 King d G—e G King f B—g 8 12 King o 6—f 6 King g B—h 8 13 King f 6—g G King h B—g 8 14 Rook a 7—a 8 t Mate NOTE. (1) The Whites, before giving check with the Rook, should wait till they have placed their King immediately opposite that of the Blacks. Then, the check by the Rook compels the King of the Blacks to retrograde, and the said King is thus driven to one of the border-rows of squares, where the check-mate is given. MATE, NO. 2. King and Tivo Rooks against a King and One Rook. (De la Bourdonnais, page 171.) In order to effect this check-mate, the party who has two Rooks must drive the King of the party who has but one Rook to one of the bor der-rows of squares. There, the latter is forced to submit to a mate, or to exchange rook for rook. If the exchange bo preferred, a mate is effected in the manner shown above in Mate, No. 1. Benjamin Franklin, in his “Morals of Chess," says: “ Playing at Chess is the most ancient and most universal game among men; for its origin is beyond the history of men, and it has, for numberless ages, been the amusement of all the civilized nations of Asia, the Persians, the Indi ans and the Chinese. Europe has had it above a thousand years; the Spaniards have spread it over their part of America, and it begins lately to make its appearance in these States. It is so interesting in itself, as not to need the viejjv of gain to induce engaging in it; and thence it is never played for money. Those, therefore, who have leisure for such diversions, cannot find one that is more innocent.” SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF CHESS. (From tlie Book of the First American Chess Congress.) Chess, the most venerable for its antiquity, tho most esteemed for its intellectual character, and the most universal in its extent of all those pastimes in which men of every age have been accustomed to seek rest from the fatigues of physical labor or tho weariness of mental toil, arose in India at a very early period in the his tory of the world. It is distinguished from all other sports, no less by its greater age, than by its superior excellence; for, although an amuse ment, it is separated from tho most abstruse of sciences only by a faint line of demarcation. Tho singular fascination which it has ever exer cised over its votaries, is a curious phenomenon in the history of mind. Men differing in char acter and disposition, in tastes aud pursuits, in rank and religion, in climate and race, have been charmed by tho study of its delightful ar cana. The peasants of Persia and Iceland, the warriors of the East and West, the scholars of Asia and Europe, the priests of the Moslem faith, and the ministers of a purer belief, the . monarchs of enlightened nations and the rulers of Pagan lands, have all found entertainment in its study and pleasure in its practice. Kings, in imminent danger of losing their heads and their thrones, have clung to their game of chess, undismayed by the threatened loss of honor and of life. Statesmen, at a time when their brains were busy with projects destined to result in tho overthrow of kingdoms and the emancipa tion of nations, have found leisure to engage m chess. Generals, on the evo of important and decisive battles, as if in mockery of real and sanguinary warfare, have thrown their whole souls into a bloodless contest on the checkered field. Sages have sanctioned its use as a recre ation. Learned men have devoted the earnest efforts of acute minds to the elucidation of its theory, to the elaboration of its history, and to