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Tile Farm ami Household.
Table of Weights and Measures
Ihiaheh. Lbt. Bushels. Lbs.
iVlieat GO Clue Grass Seed...l4
Shelled com 5G Buckwheat 52
Corn in the car 70 Dried peaches 88
l’eas GO Dried apples 21
Rye 5G Onion 57
Oats 82 Salt 50
Wadoy .. 47 Stone coal 88
Irish Potatoes 68 Malt 40
Sweet Potatoes 55 Bran 20
White Beans 58 Turnips 55
Castor Beans ...46 Plastering Hair 8
.’’lover Seed 60 Unslacked Lime...Bo
Timothy Seed 46 Corn Meal 47
Flax Seed.... 50 Fine Salt 54
llemp Seed 44 Ground Peas 28
Insect* Injurious to Wheat.
Insects injurious to wheat are more
or less numerous in all parts of the
country. Unfortunately, however, the
greater portion of these pests are of
small size, and therefore readily escape
notice until their numbers have increased
to such an extent as to cause serious
losses to the farmer or dealers iu this
grain.
Some kinds confine their ravages to
the wheat plant while it is qui;e small,
as, for instance, fly ( Cccidomyia destruc
tor), which deposits its eggs in the
wheat plant during the autumn where
another brood of the same attacks it
again in the Spring, the grubs boring
into the center of the stalk and causing
it to wither and die. This terrible pest
of our wheat fields was first observed
on Staten Island in 1776, and from this
point it appears to have spread over the
country, sometimes increasing to such
an extent as to compel farmers to aban
don wheat culture entirely tor a number
of years in succession, and over a wide
range of territory, then again disappear
ing, probably through the agency of
parasitic enemies. It is only a few
years since the great wheat growing re
gions of Central New York were devas
tated by this insect, and it will doubt
less appear again in the same localities,
so that the farmer must be on the alert.
Another species of the same genus,
known as the “ wheat midge ” (C&cydo
myia tritlci ), is also quite common in
many localities, and we have before us
two heads of wheat, received from Mr.
W. C. Littleton, of Tippecanoe county,
Ind., which contain the pupa) of this
pest. The habit of this last named
species is quite different from the for
mer, the female depositing her egtis in
the heads of wheat while it is in blos
som. The eggs hatch in eight to ten
days, the maggots feeding upon the pol
len, also sucking the juices of the young,
soft kernels and causing them to shrivel.
After reaching maturity the grubs de
scend to the ground, forming minute
thin cocoons within which they pass the
winter, appearing again in time to at
tack the wheat when in bloom. 'These
cecydomyias are very small two-winged
flies, but they have natural enemies in
still more minute species of four-winged
flies belonging to the genus Platygastcs.
Were it not for the latter we fear our
farmers would soon have to abandon
wheat culture altogether; but as the
midge increases, its natural enemy also
has an opportunity of multiplying; oc
casionally, however, the wheat destroy
ers appear to get the advantage for a
few years at least, but their enemies
soon become strong enough in numbers
to overpower and destroy them.
There is still another insect which is
sometimes very injurious to growing
wheat. It is generally referred to as
the “joint worm/’ from the appearance
of the maggots in cr near the joints on
the stems of the wheat. When abun
dant, great numbers of the wheat stalks
die and break down soon after the heads
appear. The name of the species which
attack wheat is Eurytoma hordei—Har
ris.
Another species attacks rye in a sims
ilar manner ; another barley ; and as
the pupae of all of them remain in the
dry straw during the Winter, the best
method of checking their ravages is to
burn over the 3tubole in the Fall, and
see that all the straw from which the
grain is threshed is either fed out to
stock or rotted down in the barn yard
before warm weather in the following
Spring.
A Iter wh jat is threshed and put awaj
in the bins it is not safe from the at
tacks of insects. Perhaps the most com
mon and destructive kind in this coun
try is the red grain ( Sitopyilus grand
rius.) It is a small beetle of a pitchy
red color, and attacks wheat after it is
stored, eating out the inside of the kcr*
ncl; hence it is not easily detected ex
cept by handling the grain or submit
ting it to a slight pressure, the shell
readily breaking when touched. This
weevil is sometimes numer
ous about old barns in the .Middle States,
and considerable care is neceaiary to
preserve seed wheat in good condition
for sowing. Infested barns should be
well idealised every season before new
grain is put in, even to fumigating with
burning sulphur, as well as dusting the
cracks about the bins with the same sub
stance.
A closely allied species of weevil.
Sooryzea , attacks rice as well as wheat
in the Southern Suites. It differs from
the former in having two large red spots
on each elytron, and is of a dark brown
r black color. It is generally known
as the w black weevil.” There are oth
er species of weevil, which infest wheat,
besides numerous moths and flies, and it
would be well for our farmers to pay
more attention to these pests, and not
only learn what is known of their hab
its, and how to best destroy them. The
longer such things are neglected the
more abundant they are likely to be
come, and it is quite frequently the case
that a few dollars invested iu entomo
logical works, and a few evenings spent
in reading them, would save a firmer
hundreds of dollars annually. —New
York Sun.
Onions in (lie Fail.
last year we published au article by
Peter Henderson, in which he gave the
experience of a Long Island market gar
deuer who sowed his onions in Autumn.
We gave the plan a trial in our garden
last Fall, but the sowing was not made
until the very end of September, and
tlie young plants did not ell make suffi
ci at growth to stand the severe Win.
ter, even though they were weiTcovered
Still the success, though only partial,
was sufficient tj show that this method
is worthy of consideration, and from the
amount, that came to maturity on our
bed this Summer, have no doubt that it,
will answer wherever sets are used ; but
where onions can be raised directly from
Fall sowing except for such as are
to be marketed green or very early.
The idea is to sow the seed in the Fall
at such a time as will al ow the plants to
form a bulb large enough to stand the
Winter, and yet not so large as to run
up to flower the next season ; in fact, to
raise onion sets, which instead of being
harvested, are to be left in the ground,
where they will be ready to grow as
soon as Spring opens. On Long Island
the middle of September is found to bo
the best time to sow ; further South it
( should be later, and north of that ear
lier. Success will largely depend upon
the time of sowing - , and this for any
particular locality can only be ascertained
by experiment. The covering should
not be put on until coM weather has
stopped the growth of the bulbs, and
may be, of leaves, straw, marsh, hay, or
other litter. Leaves appearing while it
is snowing will not blow about. — Amer
ican Agriculturist.
The l.arnl ©f licrne.
A correspondent writes : The mo
ment you enter the famous Liue Grass
region you hear nothing but horoe talk.
The whole section lives upon pedigrees.
The stable boys banter pedigrees in a
nomenclature of their own. The men
utter pedigrees with a volubility like
the flowing of a never-endihg stream.
Even the ladies of polite society will
chatter pedigrees, and talk as fluently
of sire and dam as if they had received
their accomplishments in the precincts
of the breeding portions of the stock
farms. Everywhere it is horse, mare,
filly, foal, gelding. The stables are
swarming with them, the streets are
alive with them, the fields are dotted
with them like the cattle on a thousand
hills; and the visitor, even though he
cauie merely to see, has a secretiveness
and obstinacy more profound than the
mysteries of the Sphinx, if he does not
buy, before he comes away, some little
equine specimen for which he lias no
earthly use. There is a certain freema
sonry or brotherly love among the horse
dealers of Kentucky. If one breeder
has nothing in the horse line to answer
your designs, he will furnish you with
a saddle horse and accompany you for
miles around the neighborhood to in
spect stock which he is sure will just
suit your fancy. Their houses are
thrown open to your entertainment.—
The rarest wine of corn and the fresh
est of mint, and the richest of Alder
ney eream and the tenderest of spring
chickens are offered with a princely gen
erosity, to feed the k flame of your horse
fever, which must uot be allayed till you
have left your money behind you on
some of the stock farms. That is the
logic of all the attentions and pedigrees
and horse enthusiasm,and it is wonderful
how the interest is kept up year after
year, and how the surplus funds of our
wealthy horse fanciers are poured, with
an increasing volume, into the coffers
of the stock-raisers of the Blue Grass
regions.
Comfort* suuS Luxuries of Farms.
There is a class farmers who are liv
ing only to grasp more acres. Their
farms can never be large enough, nor
can their workmen or themselves ever
do quite enough work. They cannot
be satisfied with the income of a farm,
nor could they be with that of any bus
iness. But those who understand that
the highest object of labor is not sim
ply to make money, but to provide the
largest amouri t of means of improvement
and innocent enjoyment the world af
fords, can make the pursuits of agricul
ture furnish more luxuries that really
contribute to our well being than other
employment requiring an equal amount
of capital. Their farms are not so large
as to make slaves of themselves and their
sous, and their wives and daughters are
not worn out with incessant drudgery.
Their blossom with flowers,
their tables are supplied with many va
rieties of well-grown delicious fruits,
their houses are mades cheerful by the
influence of books and mus'c, and a
taste for the pure and innocent enjoy
ments of life is developed in their child
ren. Here and there a farmer’s house
exemplifies all the contentment and
happiness possible to a race doomed to
labor and disappointment.— Practical
Gardener.
Who is tiie Best Farmer. —The
best farmer is ho' who raises the best
and largest crops on the smallest surface
of land at die least expense, and at the
same time annually improves his soil ;
who understands his business and at
tends to it; whose manure heap is very
large and always increasing ; whose corn
crib and smoko house are at home ; who
is surrounded by ail the necessaries
j and comforts of life ; who studies his
profession and strives to reach protec
tion in it j who keeps a strict account of
his out goes as well as his incomes, and
who knows how he stands at the end of
each season. Such a farmer, in nine
times out of ten, will succeed and not
only make farming pleasant but a prof
itable occupation Try it and see how
it is yourself, reader.— Farmer's 17/i
--dicator.
To Pi troy Weeds in Walks. —
A most efficient agent for the destruc
tion of weeds, and one that is not ex
pensive, can he made by boiling four
pounds of arsenic and eight pounds of
soda in twelve gallons of water. To ev
ery gallon of this mixture three gallons
of cold water should he added, and the
liquid carefully sprinkled over walks
while it is yet warm. It is desirable to
do this in fine weather, and when the
walks are dry so that the weeds and
weed-seed may have the full benefit of
the application. We should be certain
not to let any of the liquid fall on the
leaves or reach the roots of any plant
it is not desired to kill. In twenty-four
hours after the poison is put on the
walks every weed will he killed, and if
it once he thoroughly done, it will keep
the walks clean through the whole sea
son.— Farmers Gazette.
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It is our aim to make the WEEKLY SUN
the best family newspaper in the world. It
will be full of entertaining and appropriat
reading of every sort, but will print nothing
to offend the most scrupulous and delicate
taste. It will always contain the most in
teresting stories and romances of the day,
carefully .elected and legibly printed.
The Agricultural Department is a promi
nent feature in the WEEKL t SUN, and its
articles will always be found fresh and
useful to the farmer.
The number of men independent in poli
tics is increasing, and the WEEKLY SUN
is their paper especially. It belongs to no
party, and obeys no dictation, contending
for principle, and for the election of the
best men. It exposes the corruption that
disgraces the country and threatens the
overthrow of republican institutions,
has no fear of knaves, ard seeks no favor
from their supporters.
The markets of every kind and the fash*
ions are regularly roporfed in its columns.
The price of the WEEKLY SUN is one
dollar a year for a sheet of eight pages,
and fifty-six columns. As this barely pays
the expenses of paper and printing, we are
not able to make any discount or allow any
premium to friends who may make special
efforts to extend its circulation. Under the
new law, which requires payment of pos
tage in advance, one dollar a year, with
twenty cents the cost of prepaid postage
added, is the rate of subscription. It is not
necessary to get up a club in order to have
the WEEKLY SUN at this rate. Any one
who sends one dollar and twenty gents will
get the paper, post paid, fora year
We have no traveling agents.
THE WEEKLY SUN. —Eight pages,
fifty-six columns. Only $1.20 a year,
postage prepaid. No discounts from this rate,
THE DAILY SUN—A large four-page
fiewspapei of twenty-eight columns. Daily
circulation over 120,000. All the news tor
2 cents. Subscription, postage prepaid 55
cents a month, or $6.50 a year. To clubs
of 10 or over, a discount of 20 per cent.
Address,
“THE SUN,” New York City^
THE JAS. LEFFEiL
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