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1878. /arm, (Sarbcit anb /irtsibc. Fertilizers. Concentrated fertilizers should not, under any ordinary conditions, bo applied in the autumn. The reason is that by the rapidity of the change, the active elements offood are brought almost immediately to the open mouths of plants, and thus by absorption they are stimulated to growth when growth is not desirable. A plant is not ben efited if it is fed just before agents are ready to cut it down and arrest all activity. Besides this, the appli cation of active fertilizers in the fall is attended with loss in other direc tions. Substances like nitrate of soda and potash, and chloride of potassium are quite soluble, and the liquid is apt to run away if facilities are afforded. If applied to aside hill late in autu.nn, when a glaze of ice is possible, almost a total loss may result if a brook re ceive the washings of the hills. On porous, absorptive soils, the disolved salts may sink too deep into the soil during a long winter and early spring. Our method has been to apply chem ical fertilizers to grass lands in the spring, not too early, just before growth begins. Results have been highly satisfactory in all cases. Far mers must remember never to apply nitrate of soda alone or uncombined. This salt aids greatly in the growth of the rich grasses, but if applied by itself it may do harm. Combine it always with good superphosphate, and ihen its maximum effects are seen. We are certain that this im portant fact is not well understood ; it is a fact learned by deduction and experience. No one of the active agents of plant food does well alone, save perhaps superphosphate, and this benefit is largely confined to root crops. As soon as farmers understand how to use and when to use the con centrated fertilizers as top dressings to grass lands, these will be much more extensively employed than at present —Journal of Chemistry. The Constitution of Soils. In the course of a recent lecture Professor William H. Brewer said that the soil on which we tread, and from which we obtain our sustenance, is all derived from the rocks, from decayed racks, r<r, ns x>mo ; l! them .“demor alized ” rocks. Rocks decay as truly as wood decays, and more rapidly in hot, moist climates than in temperate regions. Brazil is full of decayed rocks. Water containing carbolic acid is a powerful solvent of limestone, and even of granite. Some of the most noted caves in the world were undoubtedly caused by the action of water saturated with carbonic acid formed by the decay of vegetable mat ter in forests. Frost also aids in the decay of rocks. Cold expands water, and, as it freezes, the rocks are burst asunder, exposing a greater surface to the future action of the elements. One advantage in fall plowing is from the exposure of the fragments of rock in the soil to the action of frost in winter. We have all noticed the dif ference between sea sand and land sand, the former being smooth and rounded by the action of the water, while the latter is sharp and angular, the grains having been repeatedly cracked and broken by frost. To Keep Eggs Over Winter. The Farmer’s Advocate, London, Ontario, recently offered a prize for the best method of keeping eggs over winter. The receipt given below took the prize: Whatever excludes the air prevents the decay of the egg. What I have found to be the mowt successful meth od of doing is to place a small quan tity of salt butter in the palm of the left hand and turn the egg round in it, so that every pore of the shell is closed; then dry a sufficieut quantity of bran in an oven (be sure you have the bran well dried, or it will rust). Then pack them with the small ends down, a layer of bran and another of eggs, until your box is full; then place in a cool, dry place. If done when new laid’ they will retain the sweet milk and curd of anew laid egg for at least eio-ht or ten months. An} 7 oil will do, but salt butter never becomes rancid, and a very small quantity of butter will do a very large quantity of eggs. To insure freshness I rub them when gathered in from the nests; then pack when there is a sufficient quantity.” Why Some Farmers are Poor. The greatest agent to produce pov erty among farmers, or any other class is debt Many farmers will get a deed of a small piece of land, enough to support themselves and families, and lay by a small annual income. But that is not sufficient, They run in debt for more land ; and they become a slave to debt. They pay interest SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE. on money borrowed, which will soon consume the little property they pos sess. They often pay higher than ten per cent. Such proceedings en gender a spirit of discontent, and they lose faith in farming, sell their farms, go to town, and enter other business. In nine cases out of ten every farmer who is doing well but goes to town fails outright. Having no faith in farming, and no breadth of under standing, they buy the poorest tools and meanest stock, and drive poor teams before poorer wagons and agri cultural machinery. In the fall aud winter they feed poorly, just enough to keep their stock alive through the winter and into spring. Then it takes all summer to put on that flesh which was lost in the winter by poor shelter and bad food. They never put out fruit or shade trees on their farms. They always sell their best lambs and cattle, and keep the poorest at home. They send their children to school but little. They do not take agricul tural papers. They never give their children money for fear af making them spendthrifts. In short, they are miserable people, and would not keep money if they had it.— Columbia Republican. Worth Knowing. Farmers are frequently bothered about the proper quantity of seed re quired to sow an acre. The following table will be found convenient for reference. Of course it is intended for beginners; old farmers aro pre sumed to be posted on all such prob lems. It may be as well to say that very much depends upon the condi tion of the land. When the land is rocky, stumpy, cloddy or grassy, more seed will be required : Wheat, per acre, three-fourths to one bushel; Barley, two bushels; Oats, one to two bushels; Rye, three fourths to one bushel; Hungarian Grass, half bushel; Blue Grass, one and a half to two bushels; Millet, broad east, three-fourths to one bush el : Sugar Millet, one to two bushels; Orchard Grass, two to two and a half bushels; Red Top, two to two and a half bushels ; Clover, Red, broad cast, fifteen to twenty pounds; Clover, White, broad cast, twelve to fifteen pounds; Lucerne, broadcast, twelve to fifteen pounds : Lucerne, in drills, five to ten pounds; Red Clover, sown in tfie' ikff or Bpriiigp'on grain mixed with clover, ten pounds, and one-fourth bushel Timothy, and one bushel Red Top; or, Clover, ten bushels and one bushel Orchard Grass. What We Eat. A writer in the American Journal of Microscopy has been making some very interesting experiments to find the difference between butter and that anomolous compound which has found its way into our households, called by that euphonious name Oleomargarine. In the oleomargarine he found numer ous feathery crystals and globules. In the butter he found none ofthe feath ery crystals, but globules in plenty. He found also in the oleomargarine fragments of tissue, and very suspi cious looking cells, which may be the larval forms or eggs of “ entozoa.” Now, it is not a very comfortable feeling for one to have, after eating what he thought was butter, to dream of sundry entozoatic parasites floating about in the system, sapping the vi tality and driving you into a disso lution. Hygiene. Diverting Children. —When a child is hurt, never hush its cries. It is inexcusable barbarity ; it is repress ing its instincts ; and for this reason, if physical punishment is inflicted up on a child it is perfect brutality. A thousand times better is it to soothe by kindly stories, by explaining pic tures or by providing it with new toys. We have many a time, says a famous doctor, in our professional ex perience as to sick children, found more benefit to be derived from a beautiful or interesting toy than from a dose of physic. The greatest hu manity a mother can exhibit in res pect to her sick child is to divert it, divert it, divert it, in all pleasing -ways possible, as we ourselves, who are larger children, feel sometimes really sick when a cheerful face and much loved friend has come in, and before we know it, we have forgotten what was the matter with us. Something Worth Trying. —A new remedy for catarrh is crushed cubeb berries smoked in a pipe, emitting the smoke through the nose ; after a few trials this will be easy to do. If the nose is stopped up so that it is impos sible to breathe, one pipeful will make the head as clear as a bell. For sore throat, asthma and bronchitis, swal lowing the smoke effects immediate relief. It is the best remedy in the world for offensive breath, and will make the most foul breath pure and sweet. Sufferers from the most hor rible disease, ulcerated catarrh, will find this remedy unequaled, and a month’s use will cure the most obsti nate case. Eating the uncrushed ber ries is also good for sore throat and all bronchial complaints. After smok ing do not expose yourself to cold air for at least fifteen minutes. The ber ries are perfectly harmless, and there is no use in going to “ catarrh doc tors ” while you can procure this rem edy. They can be procured at any drug store. —Chicago Tribune. Rapid eating produces many evil results. There is not enough saliva mixed with the food ; the coarse pieces resist the action ofthe digestive fluids; the food is washed down with drinks which dilute the gastric juice, and hinders its work ; we do not appreci ate the quantity we eat until the stomach is overloaded ; failing to get the taste of our food, we thirds it in sipid, and hence use condiments which over stimulate the digestive organs. In these various ways the appetite is depraved, the stomach vexed, and the foundations of dyspepsia laid. The quantity aud quality of food required vary with the habits and ago of each individual. The diet of a child should be largely vegetable, and more abundant than that of an aged person. A sedentary occupation re quires less food than out door life. One accustomed to manual labor, on entering school, should practice self denial until his system becomes fiited to the new order of things. He should not, however, fall into the opposite error. We read of great men who have lived on bread and water, and the conscientious student sometimes thinks that, to be great, he, too must starve himself. On the contrary, the greatest workers are the greatest eat ers. A powerful engine needs a cor responding furnace. Only we should be careful not to use more fuel than is needed to run the machine. Our Resources. We are indebted to the kindness of Mr. M urdoch, Secretary ofthe Charles ton Bagging Company, for a speci men of Jute, grown by a gentleman of Abbeville, this season. Mr. Mur doch says it is a fine sample, superior to anv imported artick- 'The sample is more than five feet long, the fibre fine, glossy, and very strong. The lower part, near the butt, is the part used for bagging; the finer portion of the fibre is used for bags of better quality, and for mixing with flax, cot ton or other staples. Jute can be grown in every portion of the State. It requires nothing like the labor and expense demanded by cotton. The process of rotting and preparing is simple, and the cultiva tion is confined to about four months. The stockholders of the Charleston Bagging Company, at its last meet ing, (a few days since), resolved to increase their stock, and fill the build ing with machinery. This is an evi dence that there is money in Jute, and we hail the introduction of every new feature in agriculture that will draw the mind from cotton, as prom ising. (D Intoni. Died in Graniteville, S. C., October 6th, 1878, Mrs. Mary A. Harlden, in the 22nd year of her age. She was the daughter of Mr. George and Mrs. M. C. West, the oldest members of our community, and of the Methodist Church in this place. The pastors who have served this work will read ily call to mind this excellent Chris tian family. Mary, the subject of this memoir, was in early girlhood an earnest and punctual Sunday-school scholar, with a remarkably sweet voice and winning manners. In child hood, while her heart -was yet tender, she consecrated herself to the service of her Saviour, maintaining her Chris tian consistency to the close of life. Her death, which was sudden and un expected, occurred just one year after her marriage. Unconscious for the most part until death released her spirit, she was incapable of giving a dying testimony as to her readiness to “ depart and be with Christ.” But though this would have been gratify ingto herstricken husband and friends, yet it was not necessary. Her beau tifully consistent Christian life was a sufficient guarantee to them of her safety, and they are satisfied of her felicity. “ Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.” J. A. M. James C. Porter was born August 17th, 1806, and died in Marion County, S. C., November 4th, 1878. Brother Porter had been a member ofthe M. E. Church, South, fe about sixteen years. He was a charitable man. We never knew him to speak evil of any one. He delighted greatly in having the preacher at his house, and was ever ready to the utmost of his ability to minister unto his comfort and welfare. His religious experi ence was never what he desired it to be ; but his last illness seemed to bring him nearer unto God, and, it is hoped, worked out for him a far more exceed ing and eternal weight of glory. Ho said if he died he would go safely, and if he lived it would be to glorify God. S. J. H. Mr. John Wilbanks was born in Spartanburg County, S. C., Decem ber 6th, 1786, and died within four miles of where he was born, Novem ber 11th, 1878, in peace. He had been a member of the Methodist Church for many years, and died in the communion of the Methodist Pro testant Church. He was very kindly cared for by his children in his de clining years, receiving from them unremitted attentions. Avery large concourse of relatives and friends at tended his burial services at Belmont Church. Wm. W. M. A Letter from H. B. Pickenpack. Charleston,July 12, 1878. Holman Pad Company: On the 4th day 7 of the present month, through the earnest solicitations of many friends, I called at your office and pur chased one of your Pads, prior to which time I had a scrofulous affec tion on the left side of my neck, which had been emitting matter for three years, and was until I used y'our rem edies. I had taken almost everything for its cure, but all to no purpose. Since wearing your Pad it has thor oughly 7 healed. 1 have also been af fected with partial paralysis, to such an extent that my friends thought 1 was about to be paralyzed ; but, thank God, by His aid and the useofyour Pad and Plasters, and Baths, I am feeling like myself again. Am using the Pad, and shall continue to have one as long as I live. Again I say God bless the Holman Liver Pad Company, and to all suffering humanity, try 7 the Hol man Pad. H. B. Pickenpack. We have tried the Holman Pad, and recommend it to all: James B. Low, Atlanta, Ga.; Ilenry Harris, Falkland, N. C.; T. F. Mc- Manus, 16 King street, Charleston, S. -Xi,v-Cj)nt ain A O Stone, Ciuwieslon, S. C.; O. M. Terry, Commission Mer chant, Charleston, S. C ; Mrs. Bolger, Charleston, S. C.; Merritt Rossou, Gore’s Creek, N. C.; Mrs. Jenkins, Charleston, S. C.; Dr. D. A. Loomis, late of Electric College, St. Louis ; Dr. T. L. Rivers, St. Charles, Mo.; Rev. Issue Pierson, American Board of Missions, North China ; Rev. H. Hen kee, Logan, O.; J. B. Raboleau, Drug gist, St. Louis, Mo., And 500,000 More. Office King and Market sts., Charleston, S. C. Send for Dr. D. W. Fairchild’s lec ture, free. Letters answered prompt ly. FITZMORRIS & FOSTER, Managers. Ornamental Hair Work. WIGS, BRAIDS, CURLS, FRIZES, &c., On hand and made to Order. A full as sortment of TOILET AIi'IICEES, German and French COLOGNES, Lubin’s, Coudray’s and Atkinson’s EXTRACTS, TOILET SOAPS, And TOILET POWDERS. A fine assortment of English and French HAIR, TOOTH, and NAIL BRUSHES, DRESSING, TUCK and FINE COMBS, POCKET BOOKS, FANS, and a general assortment of Fancy Goods. M. L. ASHTON, 313 King Street, Nearly opposite Society Street. August 6-6 mo NIPSON & RAHMING, Wholesale and Retail Dealers in BOOTS, SHOES, TRUNKS, BAGS, ETC., 233 Kiog street, near Market street, CHARLESTON, S. C. Agent for Thomas R. Evans' celebrated ANA TOMICAL BOOTS and SHOES, easiest and best fitting in the world. Also, for Miles and Son, Monroe, Smaltz A Cos. and other celebrated Makers of Philadelphia and other cities. N. B.—Particular attention given to filling or ders, ail goods guaranteed as represented. T. S. NIPSON. Nov. 16-6 mos J. C. RAHMING. LANDRETH’S Old Established Seed House. I have received a Large Supply of Improved Yellow Ruta Baga, Early Dutch, Red Top, Large Globe, Amber Globe, Norfolk, and other Turnips. Also, Early and Late Cabbages, Cauliflower, etc. House Furnishing Seed supplied to trade at Low Prices. WM. J. MILLER, August 6-4 mo Sign of Plough, 353 King Street. J. S. TERRY & CO., Successor to Tebrt A Nolkb, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN STRAWBERRIES, ICE, PEACHES, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC FRUITS, APPLES, POTATOES, FISH, GAME AND PICKED POULTRY. Cash in advance or city acceptance. Nov. 2-3 mo Market St., Charleston S. C. GET THE BEST AND THE CHEAPEST. REYNOLDS’ READERS! Adopted by the State Board of Education of South Carolina. NO MORE EXPENSIVE CHANGES OF BOOKS ! These Books once purchased by a Parent will be good for Five Years. THE NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION IS NOW READY! reynolelTreaders, IN FIVE WELL GRADED NUMBERS. For Introductory and Exchange Prices, address the Publishers. READ WHAT THE BEST TEACHERS OF OUR STATE SAY OF them; State of South Carolina. Office of State Superintendent of Education, Columbia, September sth 1878. Messrs. Walker, Evans A Cogswell: Gentlemen : It gives me pleasure to inform you that REYNOLDS’ READERS and COPY BOOKS have been placed upon the list of books adopted for the use of the public schools in this State. Very respectfully, HUGH S. THOMPSON, State Sup't Education. From School Commissioner, Union County, S. C. Jonesvillb, S. C. Sept. 19th, 1878. Messrs. Walker, Evans A Cogswell: Dear Sirs: lain truly rejoiced that we have a State Board who seem disposed to encourage Southern publications. Our schools have been flooded with Northern books, many of which are very obnoxious to our poople. We must have books of our own, which are in accordance with tho tastes of the South. Let me congratulate you in securing the patron age for Reynolds’ Readers and Copy Books. Respectfully, A. A. JAMES. From Henry P. Archer , Principal Bennett Public School , and Member State Board of Education. Charleston, S. C., October Ist, 1878. Having carefully examined Reynolds' Series of Readers, as published by Messrs. Walker, Evans A Cogswell, I do not hesitate to say that in point of literary merit, typographical beauty, and me chanical execution, they are admirably adapted to the wants of our County Public Schools. They reflect the sentiments of authors “to the manor born,” and, as an encouragement to honest enterprise and native talent, should be placed at once in the hands of every child in tho State. Fi’om some Prominent School Commissioners in South Carolina. “We, the County School Commissioners of South Carolina, have examined Prof. Reynolds' Series of Readers, published by Duftie A Chap man, of Columbia, S. C., and believe that they aro admirably adapted to the purpose for which they are designed; and have no hepitancy in re commending them to the Private Schools of this State. “A. A. JAMES, Union County. “ R. LA THAN, York. “J. E. DUNLOP, Marion. “W. BERLEY, Lexington. “ R. H. REID, Spartanburg. “ W. SUMMER, Newberry. “ W. J. WHITE, Lancaster. “R. PORCHER Ouonee. “I). F. BRADLEY, Pickens. “W. H. IIAYNIE, Anderson. “ T. E. LUCAS, Darlington. “ J. T. WALSH, Horry” Fi‘om J. P. Pritchard, A. M., Rector Cokesbury Conference School. Cokesbury, S. C., Aug. 27th, 1878. I take pleasure in recommending the Reynolds’ Series to all who are interested or engaged in the instruction of the young. I used the Series three years in the Lowndesville Academy, and was very much pleased with the books. I shall introduce them as soon as practicable into our School. They certainly are among the very beat, if not the very best, that I have ever used. Very respectfully, J. P. PRITCHARD, Rector Cokesbury Conference School. REYNOLDS’ PWARY READER, OR PICTORIAL PRIMER! The cheapest and best Primer offered to the young children of South Carolina, designed as an introduction to the Readers. Office State Superintendent Education. Columbia, S. C., Sept. 28, 1878. Messrs. Walker, Evans A Cogswell : Gentlemen: In reply to your letter of the 27th, I have to say that I regard Reynolds’ Primer as introductory to the Readers, and that therefore it is included in the list of text books adopted by the State Board of Education. Very respectfully, HUGH S. THOMPSON, State Superintendent Education. One copy each of the Five Readers and the Primer will be sent to Teachers or School Officers, for examination, with a view to introduction, free of postage, on receipt of ONE DOLLAR. REYNOLDS 7 * BOOKS. We beg to announce, that the Copy Books are being revised by several of the best teachers of the State, and that new and very fine plates are being prepared for the improved edition we propose issuing. All this has caused necessary delay, and they will not be ready before November Ist. Teachers desiring to introduce them will be furnished specimen copies from tho first numbers, if they will forward their names and enclose Fifty Cents. WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, PUBLISHERS, October 12 CHARLESTON, S. C. Carriage and Harness Emporium. WE KEEP THE LARGEST STOCK IN THE South, and build to order fine custom work. Ruggies, no top, $85.00 to $200.00; Buggies wi h top, $150.00 to $400.00. All styles Pony PLaetons Cabrio lets, Victoria-, Cabs, Kockaways, Coaches, Farnr and Spring Wagons. 193 Meeting, Southwest cornet Wentworth street,Charleston,S. C. August (-4mo LEONARD CHAPIN. Order your Apples, Potatoes and Onions, BANANAS, ORANGES, LEMONS. NUTS, Ac., From HENRY BAYER, Importer and Wholesale Dealer, Paul, Welch * Co.’s Old Stand, September 13-3 mo 215 East Bay, Charleaton, S. C 7