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THE SOUTHERN WORLD. OCTOBER 15,1884.
428
common Sense Farmlng-An Fa-
say.
noil
The following is the analysis and also
a calculation of the number of pounds
of each ingredient that were found to be
present in one acre of the soil taken to
the depth of one foot. For convenience
I have also included in the table an es
timate based upon accurate analyses of
the several crops, showing the number
of pounds of each of the valuable ele
ments (including lime) that would be
removed from an acre of soil by a cer
tain given yield of crop. The table also
shows how many such crops it would re
quire to entirely exhaust this particular
soil of each of its valuable elements:
M
o
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o
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Q
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a a*
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p
Crops of
Oats,
12 Bu.
3,146
1380
117
1,512
Crops of
Peas,
9 Bu.
3,944
3,223
85
11,660
CropB of
Corn,
9 Bu.
3,146
3,056
155
13,600
S.8S
|w
2,800
8,070
121
5.326
I Crops of
760 lbs.
S. Cotton
1,000
800
60
3,000
Lbs. in Acre af
Soil 1 foot
deep.
7,140
6,bl0
1,400
2,450
Analysis per
cent.
iiii
Phosphoric Acid
Potash
Nitrogen
Lime
It would appear from the table that
the owner of this land need not be
alarmed about exhausting it. But there
are other things to consider. In the
first place all the plant food shown by
analysis to exist in this acre of land is
not in an available or soluble condition
On the contrary a very small percentage
is available. If it were otherwise—if it
were all ready for the use of the crops
the yield would be immensely greater
than the amount given in the table as
fair yield. Moreover, if a large quan
tity of these elements was readily solu
ble it would be liable to be dissolved out
and carried off by heavy washing or
leaching rains. In fact much of the
strength of the land Is carried away in
rain unless suitable protection has been
provided. It is a wise provision of na
ture that the most valuable constituents
of plant food are locked up in compara
tively insoluble forms; and no amount
of leaching will carry it away—provided
the soil itself is not removed.
It will appear impossible, in view of
what has been shown, for a farmer to
absolutely exhaust such a soil as we
have been considering—to get all the
elements of plant food from it—in an or-
dinarv life time, or even in a century.
But by a continual course of cropping
he may so exhausht its available fertil
ity that the land will no longer yield
profitable crops. It is then practically
exhausted, or, as farmers generally say,
“worn out." While he is annually
taking away a portion of the available
plant food, he is also depriving the soil
of humus, or vegetable matter, and other
wise weakening and destroying the
agencies provided by nature to aid in
dissolving the unavailable food for the
use of the crops. So that in the course
of a few years—less than a short life
time—the soil may become practically
worn out, and yet, according to chemical
analysis, still contain a large store of
tbs original elements of fertility.
What then is the true policy of the
farmer ? Shall he persist in a course
that will inevitably result in an impov
erished or unproductive soil, or will he
adopt a wise, conservative, ameliorating
system that will result i.v* giving even
more abundant and annually increasing
crops than under the old plan? Of
course, any prudent and sensible man
will pursue the latter course. It is the
province of science to come to the aid of
practice just at this point.
We have'already laid the foundation
for the few suggestions which follow.
We have opened the gate to the broad
field of agricultural science and practice;
but we propose to venture in only a little
way, The time is too short and my pow
ers too limited, to explore every nook and
corner, or even to ride leisurely over the
broad domain.
In the first place we should decide to
grow such crops as naturally tend to
ameliorate the soil. In this connection
wish to impress upon you the value of
leguminous crops, such as clover, peas,
and the like, which are in themselves
renovators of the soil and .at the same
time'furnish a superior food for farm
animals. Clover and such like plants,
not only possess a peculiar power of
feeding on the constituents of the soil
that are indigestible (so to speak) by
the ordinary plants, such as the grains,
cotton, and grasses, but they flourish
luxuriantly upon such food. Tho roots
go down deep into the soil and spread
through every cubic inch of its depth,
absorbing and assimilating food that is
not available or accessible to other
plants. Not only this, but these # legu-
minous plants take nitrogen and a large
quantity of carbon from the atmosphere
These elements, taken up by the roots
from the soil and drawn from the air
above, are all stored up in the plant
itself and when the field is turned over
or the clover crop is permitted to decay
on the surface, the soil is greatly en
riched, and ready to bear remunerativ
crops of grain or cotton. Moreover, the
fermentation and decomposition of the
stems, roots, and leaves of the clover,
operates as a sort of laboratory to break
down and render soluble still more of
the inert plant food. The chief element
of value added to the soil by a luxuriant
crop of peas or clover is the nitrogen
which it draws from the atmosphere-
nitrogen for which you must pay, if you
buy it, not less than twenty cents per
pound. R.
[Correction.—In the last number, the
first word in the sixth line of second
paragraph, should have been most in
stead of moist.]
the observer what kind of weather will
most probably follow the entrance of
the moon into any of its quarters, and
that so near the truth as to be seldom or
never found to fail:
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As an instance of the way in which
women often react upon each other in
repartee, I will only quote a little con
versation which it was once my privi
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Margaret: “ I wonder you never have
been married, Kate. Of course, you’ve
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Kate: “No indeed! I could not so
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o o«
HERSCHEL'S WEATHER TA
BLE
For Foretelling tbe Weather
Throughout all tbe Luna
tions of Each Year
Forever.
This table and the accompanying re
marks are tbe result of many years’ ac
tual observation, the whole being con
stracted on a due consideration of tbe
attraction of the sun and moon in their
several positions respecting the earth
and will, by limpla inspection, show
OBSERVATIONS.
1. The nearer the time of the moon
change, first quarter, full and last quar
ter are to midnight, the fairer will be
the weather during the next seven days
2. The space for this calculation occu
pies from ten at night till two next
morning.
3. The nearer to midday or noon the
phases of the moon happens the more
foul or wet weather may be expected
during the next seven days.
4. The space for this calculation occu
pies from ten in the forenoon to two in
the afternoon. These observations refer
principally to the summer, though they
affect spring and autumn nearly in the
same ratio.
5. The moon’s change, first quarter,
full and last quarter happening during
six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from
four to ten, may be followed by fair
weather, but this is mostly dependent
on the wind as is noted in the table.
6. Though the weather, from a variety
of irregular causes, is more uncertain in
the latter part of autumn, the whole of
winter and the beginning of spring, yet
in the main the observations will apply
to those periods also.
7. To prognosticate correctly, espe
cially in those cases where tbe wind is
concerned, tbe observer should be with
in sight of a good vane, where the four
cardinal points of the heavens are cor
rectly placed.
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