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14
WAKING OF BIG BELLS.
■T
An Industry In Which American
Founders Excel.
• ““ I
CHIMES FOR CHURCH SPIRES.
Many of Oar Famous Ctiurchgoinfr Bell*
Come From Abroad, but .Fuat ad Good
One* Are Made Here—Some Detail* of
Their Manufacture.
The churchgoing bell long ago ceased
to be a necessity, but there are yet no
signs that it is becoming obsolete. On
the contrary, the bell founders seem to
be just as busy as Over, for every now
and then a new set of chimes is ordered
by some prosperous church. Only a
short time ago a chime of 19 bells was
hung in the belfry of St. Patrick’s ca
thedral, New York. They were import
ed from Savoy, Italy, at a cost of over
<12,000.
The most famous bell makers are prob
ably those of various European coun
tries who dispute honors with each oth
er, but in the United States there are
bellmakers who can make just as big
and just as good bellsas anybody. In fact
the largest bell on this continent was
cast only a year ago in Cincinnati, and
in Baltimore is the McShane bell foun
dry, where bells of great size are made
for churches all over the world.
Possibly it was due to the unique
character of the industry, but my first
visit to a big bell foundry left a lasting
and vivid impression on my mind. The
exterior was prosaic enough, with its
bare brick walls and infrequent, smoky,
dingy windows. The first glimpse of
the interior was uninteresting too. But
when after passing through the big
and comfortable offices and the barren
pattern room I stepped into the great
Toom where the monarchs of sound real
■ Ts- noise into beiiur I realized that it
1 mJe!
1 ‘ witl
i
I Mb 11
? Bl ilB
IN THE CASTING PIT.
was”no ordinary workshop. Over in one
corner the dim daylight was streaked
with flashes of gorgeous color and grimy
men worked about blazing pots. It
reminded me of- one of the scenes from
Irving’s “Faust” —that one in which
Mephistopheles takes the wicked doctor
on a little underground scouting trip.
But there was really nothing super
natural about either the pots or the men.
The latter were the bellmakers and the
blazing pots were the crucibles in which
the bell metal was being prepared.
There is a certain fascination about an
iron furnace, and there is no denying
that a stream of molten metal has a sort
of savage, terrifying beauty all its own,
but boiling copper has far greater
charms. When a crucible lid was lifted,
a flood of rainbow tinted light streamed
up into the semidarkness. Orange, vio
let, rose pink and bright green of the
most delicate and vivid hues danced
above the bubbling metal. It was dis
tinctly weird and impressively beauti
ful.
MONTHLY
SUFFERING.
*T*houßands of
women are
troubled at virile?
monthly inter
vals with pains
in the head,
back, breasts,
shoulders,sides
hips and limbs.
But they need
not suffer. aR|
These pains are symptoms of
dangerous derangements that
can be corrected. The men
strual function should operate
painlessly.
WineW
makes menstruation painless,
and regular. It puts the deli
cate menstrual organs in condi
tion to do their work properly.
And that stops all this pain.
Why will any woman suffer
month after month when Wine
of Cardui will relieve her? It
costs fi.oo at the drug store.
Why don’t you get a bottle
to-day?
For advice, in cases requiring
special directions, address, giv
ling symptoms, “The Ladies*
Advisory Department,” The '
Chattanooga Medicine Co.,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Ur*. ROZENA LEWIS,
of Oenayllle, Texa«. :
“Iwhi troubled at monthly Interval* |
with terrible paint In my head and beck, K
but have bean tntlrely ralitvta by Wins 1
oi Cardui."
In spite of frequent denials the popu- J
lar notion still survives that more or
less silver ip used in making bell metal.
As a matter of fact copper and tin are
put into the metal pots when a bell is
to be made, the alloy being arranged ac
cording to the ideas' of the particular
smelting master who has charge of the
work. Four parts of copper to one of tin
is an average ratio, and, although this
is modified in a hundred ways, the pro
portions are never radically changed.
Small quantities of silver are, it is true,
sometimes used, but only as a matter of
sentiment when contributed by individ
uals or societies interested in the bell.
The bell founders themselves never buy
any silver for such a purpose, and they
are amazed at the dense ignorance dis
played by people whose first question
j. 1 .
POLISHING A BIG BELL.
about bellmaking is, “How much silver
do you put in?” I have reason to know
this because that was the gist of my
first query.
Should silver be used in any large
quantity proportionately to the other
metals it would not * * sweeten the tone, ’ ’
according to the tradition, but would
injure it. Lead is sometimes used in
small quantities to soften the tone and
silver might answer as a substitute in
this case, but it would not do nearly so
well as the baser metal. Zinc, which is
sometimes added to the copper and tin,
lends a shrill, piercing quality to the
tone.
But it is not so much the -material as
the shape and size of the bell which
determines its tone. The Chinese make
barrel shaped bells, but bellmakers of
most, other countries follow approxi
mately the rule observed by the German
bell founders. According to this rule the
thickness of the sound bow, where the
clapper strikes the bell, which is the
thickest part, shall be taken as a unit.
Then the height would be 12 times this,
the diameter of the mouth 15 and the
diameter of the top just half as much.
Thus if the bell were to be a foot
thick, at the sound bow it would be 12
feet in height, 15 feet across the mouth
and 7 feet through the top. A sym
metrical clapper would be one-fortieth
the weight of the whole bell.
Os course these proportions are not
strictly adhered to, for ea.h individual
bell founder has his own idea as to how
they should be modified. These he
guards with as much secrecy as does
the designer of a racing yacht his mod
el. upon the dimen
sions. a full sized section is drawn on
paper, and from-th is half section board
molds are made whose edges represent
the contour of the outer and inner sur
faces
All big bells are cast in pits dug in
the floor of the foundry In the,center
of the pit a pile of brickwork is built
up, space being left in this for a fire to
be built. Over the bricks is laid fire
clay until the inside mold, swung on a
pivot from the top, shows that it just
renreseuts the inside of the bell. This
3
_ —jILZ-JL I s 3 Oj
BOUND FOR THE BFT.FHY.
is the core. Alter its .su'rlace'has been
smoothed and prepared a fire is lighted
inside the brickwork and the clay hard
ened.
The cope, the other half of the mold,
is prepared by lining a shell of iron
sheeting with fire day molded so that
its inside surface corresponds to the out
side of the bell. The cope is next low
ered into the pit so that the space be
tween it and the core is just the size of
the bell to be cast. Now the earth is
packed tightly around the exterior of
the cope and the pit completely filled,
an opening having been left, of course,
through which the molten alloy can be
run.
The metal for big bells is never cast
in one big furnace, but in several small
ones, and the copper and tin are melted
separately because nothing would be
left of the latter if it should be subjected
to the intense heat of the copper cruci
bles. “Soup” is the term the founders
apply to the bell metal, and it requires
a nice judgment to know when the soup
is ready for the casting. Little chan
nels of clay are laid along the floor, and
through these the golden stream finds
its way into the mold. Bell casting used
to be a perilous business, as the mold
sometimes burst and scattered liquid
death far and wide. Nowadays, such ac
cidents are avoided by the use of the
sheet iron covering over the cope, but
even with this precaution an explosion
is possible.
About the ringing of big bells a great
deal of poor verse and Dome really beau
tiful poetry has been written,-but so far
as I know the only poet who baa sung
HOME TBIBDNE SUNDAY. NOVEMBER 28,
the song of the bell founder was Schiller.
Every German schoolboy is supposed to
be able tu repeat the whole of “Die
Glocke.” It. is rather a Jong poem in
which he goes into the details of the
work.
Whether or not they all really do
learn it I don’t know. If they do. they
should be a nation of bellmakers, for
nothing seems to be omitted. Schiller
evidently recognized the danger of the
critical point in the operation, for he
writes:
Let the casting be begun 1
Traced already is' the breach, > ,
Yet before we let it run
Heaven’s protecting aid beseech.
Let- the plug now fly!
May God’s help be night
In the mold all smoking rush.
Fire blown billows with fierce gush.
Bells of large size must be left to cool
for several days in the mold, the larger
the bell, the longer the time. But at
last the earth is shoveled out of the
pit, the iron shell of the cope removed
and the clay skin of the mold broken.
By means of a ponderous crane the great
bell is lifted out of the pit It is then
smoothed and polished and hung in the
tuning room. If it is part of a chime,
its tone must not only be pure, but of
such a pitch as to harmonize with the
rest. So accurately do bell founders
know just what dimensions will produce
a certain tone that sometimes a set of a
dozen bells come from the molds each
with the exact tone needed. These are
called “maiden chimes” and are consid
ered of much more value than those
whose tone must be altered by chipping
and planing.
As to the technical terms used in de
scribing the various parts of a bell, the
sharp edge of the open mouth is known
as the rim; the spreading part above,
where the clapper strikes, the “sound
bow; 1 ’ the narrowest part, still higher
up, the “waist;” the sudden bend at
the top, the “shoulder, ” and the han
dles, the “canons.”
About the various ways of ringing
bells, -about change ringing and the
playing of “bob majors” and “triple
bob cators” and the like, there is much
that is interesting; but, as Kipling says,
“that’s another story.”
Sewell Ford.
Uses of the Lemon,
From the Boston Traveler.
Juiee of the lemon is one of the bes
and safest drinks for any person, wheth
er in health or not. It is suitable for
all stomach diseases, liver complaints
inflamation of the bowels and fevers.
Lemon is used intermittent fevers,
It will alleviate and finally cure coughs
and colds, and heal diseased lungs, if
taken hot. Its uses are manifold and
the more we employ it internally, the
better we shall find ourselves. Lemon
juice is anti-febrile, a doctor in Borne is
trying it experimentally in malarial
fever with great success, and thinks it
will in time supersede quinine.
MOZLEY’S LEMON ELIXIR
Its Wonderful Effect on Liver,
Bowels, Kidneys.
A pleasant Lemon drink, thnt posi
tively cures all billiousness, constipa
tion, indigestion, sick and nervous head
ache, kidney disease, dizziness, loss of
appetite, debility sleeplessness, fevers,
chills, pain in tbd back, palpitation of
the heart, and ail other diseases caused
by disordered liver, stomach and kid
neys, the firsa great cause of all fatal
diseases 50c and $1 per bottle, sold by
druggists. H. Mozlky, M. D. Atlanta.
Ga.
A Banker Writes.
From experience in my family. Dr.
H. Moseley’s Lemon Elixir has few if
any equals, and no sueeriors in medi
cine, for the regulation of the liver
stomach and bowels.
W, H. Magness, Pres. Nat. Bank.
McMinville, Tenn.
MOZLEY’S LEMON HOT DROPS.
Cures all Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness
Sore Throat, Bronchitis, Hemorrhage,
and all throat and lung diseases. Ele
gant, reliable.
Twenty five cents at all druggists.
Prepared only by Dr. H. Mozeley, At
lanta, Ga.
The Farmer’s a haiiksgiving.
The earth is blown and skies are gray,
And the windy woods are bare,
And the first white flakes of the coming snow
Are afloat in the frosty air,
But the sparks fly up from the hickory log
On the homestead’s broad stone hearth,
And the windows shake, and the rafters ring.
To the lads’ and the lasses’ mirth.
The farmer’s face is furrowed and worn,
And his locks are thin and Phite,
But his hand is steady, his voice is clear,
And his eye is blue and bright
As he turns to look at his sweet old wife,
Who sits in her gown of gray,
With the cobweb kerchief and creamy frills
She wore on her wedding day.
He bows his head to the laden board
And the guests they are silent all.
“Thanksgiving, Lord, for the sun and rain,
And the fruit on the orchard wall.
For the silver wheat, pud the golden corn,
And the crown of a peaceful life—
The greatest blessing that thou canst give—
A true and a loving wife!”
This white haired lover he bends to kiss
Her hand in its frill of lace
And the faded rose on her wrinkled cheek
With a proud and a courtly grace.
And the snowflakes click on the window pant
And the rafters ring above,
And the angels sing at the gates of God
The words of the farmer’s love.
—T”
To Cure A Cold in One Day
Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets,
All druggists refund the money if it
fails to cure 25c, The genuine has L. B.
Q on each tablet.
PERFECT Wood
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MJL'M KXDICAL Ona***,
ITO RE CLOSED OUT AT OHCE’ ’j
AT MY STORED W
W
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V i f <1 Blaxchamd, Was. , Mar 28, 1896. Loth, La., June 19, 1836. Hava.a, N. D., Jan. 29,1896.
J, I I I \ rhysicians’ losMole, Chicago: Phyoieiaiuf InMiMc,Chicago: PhysieiaM InMiluU: '■
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PHYSICIANS* INSTITUTE, 1875 Masonic Temple, CHICAGO, ILL.