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We solicit articles for this department-
The name of the writer should accom
pany the letter or article, nqt necessarily
for publication, but as an evidence of good
faith.
Questions and communications relative
to agricultural and horticultural subjects,
If addressed to Agri. Editor, Drawer N,
Milledgeville, Ga., will receive immediate
attention.
Totuteco Stems an a. Fertiliser.
Editor Morning News: I have several
tons of ground tobacco, containing, it is
claimed, 6 to 8 per cent, of potash.
I an: about to set out four acres in
strawberries. Two acres are newly cleared
hammock land, and two acres are low
pincy-woods land, near to a pond. Will
you give me your opinion of the tobacco
as a fertilizer for the plants? W. 11. C.
I’assodena, Via. ' , .
Tobacco dust or refuse has been found
to produce good results as a fertilizer.
Usually it produces better results used on
clayey or stiff soils. Not good on light
soils. A good quality of ground tobacco
stems (and stalks), besides containing tj to
8 per cent, of potash, contain 2 to 3 per
cent, of nitrogen and some little phos
phoric acid, (about half of 1 per cent.) It
is well to mix the tobacco stems with
some phosphatic fertilizer—acid phosphate
or your Florida phoaphate. A ton of to
bacco dust mixed with a ton of acid phos
phate would give a complete fertilizer, and
used on four acres would constitute a very
fair application for strawberries or any
thing else. The tobacco, of course,*needs
to become decomposed In the soil before it
can ytqld up any of its fertilizing elements.
Ajiplbd in the fall it would become suffi
ciently decomposed by spring to' do this.
Lnte Corn and Peas —Onia.
I have six acres in late torn and peas.
The ‘corn is now Just in Lite roasting ear
stage, and the peas are Just beginning
to bloom. Do you think it probable that
the crop will ripen in time for me to
sow the land in outs in November, or
would it be better not to attempt, to
sow grain before Christmas, but wait
and sow in the spring? Is it better to
turn under the peavlnee green, or wait
until they are dead. There seems to be
a difference of opinion as to this ques
tion. K. M. H.
Burke county.
We would not advise the sowing of
oats on this land this fall. Uy the time
the corn and peas have ripened it will
be' too late to get the land in proper
eondlttoh for sowing oats.
-It would be better to pick ail the peas
that mature and then let the vine die
on the land. Date In January or early
In February turn under carefully all the
vegetable matter. Then put in the oats
a little later with harrow and roller.
It is altogether unlikely that, you could
got the oats in properly before the 20th
of October, and it would be- very risky
to bow oats that, late with the soil so
light and loose, as it necessarily would
,*•<’ .with so rnuch fresh vegetable matter
on it. ,
Crops Near Atiipitha.
Alapaha, Ga., Sept. 10.—Editor Morning
Nows: I am very much interested in
your agricultural columns.
Corn are very good In this sec
tion, but cotton and rice are very short.
Baa island coton D little more than half
crop, owing to so much rain. Rice is fine
to look at, but. tho heads are no-t filled. If
wo cannot get a remedy for this rice cul
ture is at an end here. Some fields are
wholly worthless except for feed. Al, R.
Iteuetleln 1 Inietta.
Nearly every insect has its enemy, and
one of the recognized methods of fighting
insects at present is to introduce and pro
pagate the species that prey upon the
others, says the Epltomist. Farmers and
foresters should learn to recognize the par
asitic and predaceous insects and protect
instead of destroy them.
There is comoinn in the eastern states
u large, black, active beetle, called the
copper spot beetle, on account of its
markings. It preys on other insects and
is to them what a fox is to birds and small
animals. It has large, strong jaws, with
which it seizes and klls every worm or
grub its comes across. Tills beetle is eas
ily recognized, and is ont of our friends.
Another useful one is the lady beetle, of
■which there are several species. They are
about the shape of the potato beetle, of
which there are several species. They
are about the shape of the potato beetle,
and while some are nearly as large many
of them me considerably smaller. They
are a. reddish brown color, with black
spots on tho wing covers, the number of
spots varying with the species. They feed
upon the eggs and larvae of injurious in
sects. ,
There are several insects -which lay their
eggs in the flesh of another, so when the
latter goes through its transformation,
instead of coming out of its chrysalis a
perfect insect of its stweias, there ap
pear* a parasite which has been gnawing
the vitals of tin host.
In the year 1890 the forest tent caterpil
lar appeared in the greatest numbers ever
known In Maine. I saw in one place a
forest of over fifty’ acres with scarcely a
leaf, having been completely defoliated by
these larva. When driving through woods
] saw iwnuea of them crossing the road
so thick that rhe horse’s hoote and car
riage wheels killed thousands.
In the summer, after they went Into the
pupa Mate, I gathered a number of co
coons and kept Hhem in a box till they
should have time bo change from a cater
pillar to a moth. Nearly all of these
cum*’ out ichneumon or tachina files, and
so many of the moths were destroyed by
'WSSKi.. ~ ' - 1 -.-LU.
Acute I
pains require prompt relief.
The best remedy is one that
can be used immediately
and by anybody.
\ Allcock’s
Porous Plaster
meets the case exactly, for
aU sorts of pains and aches,
as sprains, strains, lameness
of the back or limbs.
ran Huy t'ienek'a v<m| obtain the
h *" ,t ptaH«r. IX.n't so J«pe<} into taking any txkar
Alkock’s Corn Shields,
Alkock’s Bunion Shields,
Hava iM equal „ a rr )i e( ao<l fw v
aad buaicHia.
Brandreth’s Pills
pnnty the ystem, and thus nmov®
thw cuusu of many diseases.
JMJ|IVER
SICK HEADACHE
Positively cured by these
Little Pills.
They also relieve Distress from Dyspepsia,
Indigestion and Too Hearty Eating. A per
fect remedy for Dizziness, Nausea, Drowsi
ness, Bad Taste in the Mouth, Coated Tongue
Pain in the Side, TQRPID LIVER. They
Regulate the Bowels. Purely Vegetable.
#mail Pill. Small Dose.
Small Price.
these parasites that they have not been
troublesome since.
The ichneumon fly can be easily recog
nized by* its long ovipositor. It extends
several times the length of the body, and I
have seen a large specie of Ichneumon
with an ovipositor six or eight inches
long. Those that destroyed the moths,
however, were a email species, with an
egg layer less than an inch in length.
The tachina is a hairy fly a little larger
than a house fly. Some of them have a
slight resemblance to a wasp. They can
easily be dlstiflguished from them, for,
being a true fly, as they have but two
wings, while, a wasp has four.
A few' springs ago I collected a number
of chrysalides of the vanessa butterfly,
This is a brown butterfly, with light yel
low edges to its wings. It is the earliest
butterfly in spring, as it passes the winter
in its perfect state, while most butterflies
are in the pupa state during the winter
and do not come forth till warm weather.
The larvae of the vanessa eat the leaves
of the elm, sometimes completely denud
ing tho trees. I put the chrysalides which
I collected in a glass-tupped box, where
I could watch them, and, lo! one day a
tiny, round hole about the size of a pin
head was gnawed through the shell and
out came a small fly. As its heels was an
other, and after it another, and so on till
more than a hundred had appeared. They
reminded me of a flock of sheep com
ing out of a barn door just large enough
to allow one to pass at a time. These little
black parasites were what we galled cal
cld flies, though they are not a true fly,
as they belong to the bee and wasp family.
They lay their eggs in the chrysalis of a
larger insect, and while they destroy one
they produce a hundred of their own
species.
These Insects are only some of those that
have come under my own observation,
but serve to show how beneficial insects
may be. I believe that these parasites are
really all that prevents our farms and
forests from being entirely overrun by
destroying hosts. As soon as any particu
lar Insect begins to increase, its parasites
increase more rapidly, and thus check it.
They hold the balance between animal
and vegetable life. A little thought will
enable us to appreciate their importance.—
F. P. Briggs, in Agricultural Epltomist.
Melilotus AJba.
Melilotus Alba Is considered only a weed
In the northwest, but In the south It Is
prized as one. of our most valuable forage
crops. It belongs to the leguminous class
of plants, and hence derives the greater
proportion of its nourishment from the
air, and the deep subsoil, where the roots
of but comparatively few plants can
reach and feed. Mowed before the plant
becomes too large and woody, the quality
of the hay is first class, and in nutritive
quality o'lid .to. any of the c’uver fam
ily. In itsfgreen .state stock are not fond
of It at first, but soon acquire a taste.
It is a rich milk and butter food. The
life of the plant is two years. The usual
plan is to mow the plant once the sec
ond year -and allow the second crop to
mature seed. These seed fall to the
r round and germinate where the condi
ions -are favorable, and thus your land
is seeded again for two years more. Seed
can be bought at from $1 to $1.50 per bush
el and a bushel will sow four* acres. It is
partial to a Hine soil, and I would not ad
vise any one to ww It on any land not
strongly impregnated with lime. It will
grow luxuriantly during the most pro
tracted drouth, due, of course, to the deep
extension of -its tap root Into the soil. It
is said to make first class hog pasture-
A commission merchant for the sale of
live stock, at New. Orleans, says the best
quality of beef he has ever received from
tills state or Alabama was made from
animals fattened on Johnson grass ana
melilotus. As an Improver of worn soil
it has np superior among leguminous
plants. Gen,. Btephen D. Lee, president
of the Mississippi A. and M. college, of
this place, has been growing it exten
sively on his farm in Nuxubee county,
Mias., and claims that when planted on
the poorest portions of the farm, land
that would only produce five to ten bush
els of corn per acre, the same land now
produces thirty or more bushels per acre.
It is a plant that is steadily growing in
favor with the farmers in the lime belts
of Mississippi and Alabama.—Ed win
Montgomery in Epltomist.
The Texas agricultural experiment staff
have demonstrated that melilotus does
exceedingly well on Texas lime soils, and
they -strongly advise Its use by farmers
of this state. Its great drouth resisting
powers and its value as a forage crop
should make it very popular in the west.
The Journal advisee its readers 10 give
this plant a thorough trial both for hog
and cattle pasture.
Poultry end Cows,
An interesting discussion has been go
ing on regarding the relative profit to bo
derived from a given number of chickens
and a given numfier of cows. While one
fancier declares that fifteen hens are more
valuable than the average cow. a stout
vaccine partisan swears by the beard of
the prophet that ho can make more money
from one cow than any man can from one
hundred hens. The result of experiments
made under varying conditions are now
yseful.
One farmer made a test with fifty chick
ens and one cow, gives a result as follows:
Value of milk sold from one cow, $144.10; in
come from fifty hens, mostly for eggs
sold, $150.81. The cost of keeping- the cow
was given at ssl, while the maintenance
of the hens cost SSO, and It was estimated
that tho value of the manure was equal
for loth. Tlie former was greatly in favor
of the hens in the matter of lessened la
bor. of care and attention, the cow requir
ing more time and far less agreeable labor.
Numerous other experiments reported, if
summarized, would probably result in the
ratio of fifty to one.
The chief value pt tho controversy has
been to show that no dairy farmer should
be without a fair ratio of poultry, and no
poultryman should fail in maintaining a
proper number of cows. For small, irri
gated farms intensively cultivated, nothing
is batter able to contribute to the family
needs than cows and poultry. As many of
each only should he kept, however.’ as
many receive the best of care and atten
tion, and pains should be taken to have
only those of the best blood and lineage.
Right here is where the small, well
watered and well-tilled land holding be
comes so potent a factor in the upbuild
ing of a higher and better civilization and
citizenship. Everything on such a farm
must l*e> of the best, and the man who tills
his few home acres as a chemist uses his
laboratory to achieve the best results
which skill and science can evoke, must
necessarily climb to loftier hlghts, and
lake his familj with him. than he who
plods tn the fruitless endeavor to cover a
large and. without any approach to scien
tific skill, either in cultivation or manage
ment.—American Poultry Journal.
Qrowtl of the Hog,
To get a quick growth on a pig, first
get the right kind of stock, then feed
plenty of various kinds of food and give
a good, roomy pen, soys the Farm and
Home. Some hog raisers have the best
stock obtainable, out they do not succeed
in getting them as large at a certain age
:is others. The most of the hogs that uro
THE WEEKLY NEWS (TWO-TIMESA-WEEK) THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 2(5, 1895.
raided in our country have enough good
blood in them to make a fast growth
if properly cared for, but we ail have so
much pushing work on the farm that we
neglect our hogs more than anything else
on the place. If we expect good results
we must do our part, and when we ao
this we will be profited by it. We often
notice in, a litter of pigs one or two small
ones and we generally know why they are
smaller than the others, because they
do not get their share of milk from the
dam. W'hen we see’ a pig that is getting
behind the rest we should manage some
way to feed it and keep it growing right
along, for just as it becomes stunted wu
w'ill find it a poor feeder. It never will
grow as fust as the others. This is why
some breeders have, an uneven lot of pigs.
After the pigs are weaned, and we be
gin to feed them, we will find the larger
ones crowding the smaller ones away from
the trough. A good idea would be to take
all the smaller ones and put them by
themselves and give them all they can eat
of various, kinds of food, such as ship
stuff, bran, corn, meal, whole wheat and
an occasional feed of oil meal. You can
not get a quick growth on a pig with
corn. They soon get tired of it, becoms
feverish, and begin to root in the grouna
for something cooling to their scorched
stomachs. The pig that has a good range
will always do better than those shut up
in small pens, no matter how you feed
them. Exercise is as.essential as good feed
in order to produce a fast growth. Do
not shut little pigs in a tight pen and con
fine them to corn, if you want to hurry
them into market. The cheapest way to
raise hogs is the quickest way.
Horticulture as a Fine Art.
As an “art that doth mend nature,”
horticulture stands Jirst, says the Horti
culturist. The work of horticulture will
not be accomplished until extensive pub
lic and private city and village parks and
attractivedy planted home grounds are
everywhere found, and ample orchards
and gardens and fruits furnish abundant
supply, so that no domestic animal will
go without shade and no child will hun
ger for fruit. This, however, is only a
part of its work. A higher phase of it
is that which ministers to man’s more
refined nature, and to the cultivation of
L h r e ., lov , e of the beautiful In the public,
well planted home grounds and public
parks well cared for minister to the
wants of our higher - nature. The an
cients held trees in profound reverence,
the Greeks even sacrificing to them. The
Japanese take as much interest in them
as though they’ were animated beings.
William Cullen Bryant’s finest creations
were written under in the presence of
the mighty oaks of Roselyn. The life
of Wadwiorth’s poetry is derived from the
mossy dplls and the tree* overhanging
the shady pools of England. Tennyson’s
chaste Ideals* are reflected from historic
lore in the shady, vine-covered nooks of
exalted horticultural surroundings, like
that of music, cannot be expressed in
word, the only difference being that white
one is heard the other is felt. Planting
can be made something more than a
mere utilitarian work. It can be made
a work of art, ministering to the eye,
the heart and the sense of beauty. We
need hardly remind visitors to the world's
fair of the effect which art expressed in
horticulture produced. While it is not
possible for everyone to surround a home
with expensive embellishments, beauti
ful surroundings can be made with the
commonest trees, plants and seeds. No
class of people are better situated for
making fine homes by planting than the
western farmers. They should not be sat
isfied with commonplace surroundings.
Planting is a home idea, and is most
successfully developed on the home
grounds. If rightly* used as a fine art, it
•an surround tffe home farm with larger
enjoyment than any other line of agri
cultural work.
.JiKlgibg' the Soil.
He is an expert farmer who can rightly
judge the soil, says the Farm Journal. It
requires long practice to determine when
the soil is just right for planting, plow
ing or cultivating. There is a physical
property or general appearance, which
reveals the time when all manipulation of
the soil should take place, but there are
no terms by which these characteristics
can be thoroughly* learned in the school
of experience,, ,We have such terms as co
hesion, adhesion and flocculation, the em
ployment of which come nearly express
ing the required conditions. There is a
general appearance that presents itself In
a bird’s-eye view, and shows at once
whether a field- or farm is in good heart.
The proper manipulation of the soil not
only Increases its yield, but hastens ma
turity. It is easy* to make a, week's differ
ence in the ripening period of corn by
different management In cultivation. Ir
regularity in cultivation always retards
grow’th and lengthens the period of ripen
ing. The poor stand that often occurs is
occasioned, not only by poor seed alone,
but by poor preparation of the seed bed as
well. The vigor with which a young crop
rises from the ground depends largely
upon the manner of contact of the seeds
with the soil and the uniformity of the
depth at which they are planted. Some
farmers work away at their soil just as
fast as they can get to it, without regard
to weather or soil conditions. Such far
mers Injure the reputation of the state by
cutting down the general average of crops.
Wind n« a Motive Power.
Tha wind nrill is a very ancient institu
tion, and has for centuries been largely
employed in the low countries of Europe.
It was by wind power that a large part of
Holland was reclaimed from the odean,
the wind mills driving huge pumps which
removed: tha water from behind the huge
dikes which had been built to exclude
ocean tides. The use of wind power in
this ocmntry has been the growth of a very
few years. A 'writer ip Review of Re
views for September says that there are
now* in the United States over 100 firms
engaged in the manufacture of wind mills.
One of these sold in a single year 20,000
wheels. Many of these are of moderate
size, adapted to use on the farm. There,
are probably at least half a million wind
mills now In use, and their annual in
crease is set down at 50,000 or more.
It is in the west that the wind mill has
been most generally used, though thou
sands of market gardeners and dairy men
in eastern states nave found it the cheap
est power for raising the water to keep
their crops growing or to water their
stock. In Texas Lt is related that a wheel
twelve feet in diameter was used to raise
from 50.000 to 100,000 gallons of wnter per
month to a hight of fifty feet. In Wiscon-
The Only One
To Stand the Test.
Rev. William Copp, whose father
was a physiciau Tor over fifty years,
in New Jersey,, and who himself
spent many years preparing for the
practice »f 'medicine, but subse
quently entered the ministry of the
M. E. Church, writes: “1 am glad
Sr
c
to testify that I have
had analyzed all the
sarsaparilla prepara
tions known in the
trade, but
AYER’S
is the only one of
them that I could
recommend as a
blocki-purifier. I have
given away hundreds of bottles of
it, as I consider it the safest as well
as the best to lie had.”—Wm. Copp,
Pastot M.
AYERS
jaWM ONLY WORLD’S FAIR
w "Sarsaparilla
When in doubt, ask for Ayer’s Pills
_ DUKE
Cigarettes
r* BIGARmESi L
jffigSY W.DukeSons
TOBACCO CDAfarfr
SMfcCKWBOR yCw
DURHAM, N.C. M-3.A. feC-y
M/LDE 'ROM
High Grade Tobacco
AND
j ABSOLUTELY pure
CMIBMWMI BMMBMtigrirJZZIXS&AwAiAJ « J I 'ZU gBMW— M
stn a wheel ten feet, in diameter raised
fifty barrels of water per day. A 16-foot
wheel in Missouri furnished sufficient pow
er to grind twenty bushels of corn per
hour. In most of Ahese cases the power
of the wheel was not continuously used,
as it might be if changed to electric power,
by the use of wind mills tp secure .the en
ergy and then by changipg , ( this to the
power of electricity the use'M the wind
mill may be made much mot’s reliable and
permanent than It can be.Jf u£ed alone.
There are always, times wfeen the wind
does not blow, out if power has been
stored such times need not occasion the
stoppage of machinery and.fjie loss that
wouJd ensye from it. . In most cases
wind power has been used: to
chinery it has been necessary to supple
ment It with power from steam. But with
improvements in storing power in the form
of electricity this reliance on steam will
no longer be necessary,; This storing of
power will be also a great gain for those
having water power which, varies in quan
tity. The excess during high water may
be used when the water is low, thug great
ly adding to the value of such power.
Fertilizer for Pear Trees.
A writer in the National Horticulturist
says that nd fruit responds sb readily to
good fertilizing as pears, and where old
varieties seem to be running out a new
lease of life is given to them by apply
ing the ground bone and potash, With
out doubt, these are the two essential con
stituents of the soil that the pear trees
exhaust, and when they can no logger
draw them from their surroundings they
refuse to produce salable fruits. After
many years of experience I can safely sav
that all of the pear trees of an old orchard
can be revived almost beyond Recognition
by the annual application of potash and
? round bone. The process 1 have • found
he most serviceable is to apply about 400
pounds of muriate of potash with 800
pounds of ground bone per acre each year.
One-half of this mixtures is applied in the
fall and the other half in the spring at
plowing time. Crimson clover seed is
sown with the fertilizer in order to give
the necessary nitrogen. This repeated
years in succession brings the orchard up
to a condition whqre excellent crqps of
pears can be depended upon every sea
son.
Lately many of our standard pears have
been degenerating, and even upon good
soil they fail to produce the paying crops
that they should. The fruits are small,
tasteles sfitul apt kuoHy ind poor
generally. Our fall fruitfe are usually pobr
and insipid, and if better pears could be
produced at this time of the year there
would be a better general demand. Our
fall and winter pears are susceptible of
higher and more delicious flavors, if we
only give thorn the right cultivation and
fertilization. The comparative difference
between the fruits of the same variety of
pears taken from the same orchard’s is
sufficient to convince one of the truth of
this remark. Not a few are so poor that
one can hardly believe that they came
from the same fetock as the other deli
cious specimens pluck' d from trees that
have been fertilized for several years.
Herein lies the difference.
It is a crying need of the times that or
chardists should get out of the old ruts,
and educate the public up to a love for
better fruits, in this way the consumption
wdll increase We eah dnly do this by
abandoning the idea that apple, pear and
other orchard frees will take care of
themselves. They will'not,' anil hever did,
properly. They peed • cultivation and fer
tilization Just as truly as do the vegetable,
grain and other' ' farm products; Fruit
growing requires as much scientific-study
as grain growing or cattle breeding, and
the sooner this is generally recognized the
better it will be for the industry.
—— ' 4—’" ■ T*
frinißon Clover.
Crimson clover was introduced in this
country several year? ago by the late Dr.
Huradine, who being a great lover of flow
ers, was attracted to this plant by its
great beauty, which is hardly exceeded
by the finest flower that adorns yard or
garden, the beautiful deep green which
may be seen all through the winter when
not entirely covered by snow, grows deep
er and brighter as spring advances, un?
til early in June, when, the flowers ap
pear, and the field changes from a deep
green to a brilliant crimson.** making a
sight to behold, and remember, at first
its value as a forage plant was not un
derstood, and as a soil restorer was un
known, and the progress of the plant
at first was rather slow, every one ad
mired its great beauty, and numerous
plots were grown for ornamental purposes,
but years elapsed before farmer's awak
ened to its value as a regular rotative
crop. Crimson clover is grown in all
parts of the union; it is gopfl, for hay; will
yield two or three tons'per ache;'is’valua
ble for seed, which it produces hr large
quantites; is good for fall and winter pas
ture, but Its greatest value is in its ability
to store up plant food argd at the same
time send down deep feed ft) g roots ih the
subsoil, and bring to the surface ele
ments of fertility that wculcj be otherwise
lost. Crimson clover is an annual, ana
must be sown in its proper season, this
extends from the first of August until
the last of October. -
Farming Without Manure.
The expenses for manure and commer
cial fertilizers keep many farmers poor
all of the time, says the American Culti
vator. A large percentage of the profits
made from the crops must go for the buy
ing of manures the following year, and
there is little encouragement for hard
work in this way. In one sense we are
using more fertilizers on our farms than
ever before in the history of agriculture,
but the tendency now is to reduce this
hs much as possible. It may not be that
we can farm without manure, but prac
tically this will be the case in the future.
Our present system of applying artificial
fertilizers to keep up the fertility of the
soli is the only method we know of to
compensate for what we take from it in
our crops.
Nature’s methods for fertilizing the soil
must be the one to adopt in order to do it
cheaply. Clover, grass, forage crops and
similar products, that fill the soil with
good plant food, must be the manure that
we will use. Many farms to-day art 1 prac
tically run without manure,, and the land
is not deteriorating in strength or value.
What one cron takes away another sup
plies. The soil is drained, but not so that
the plant food can leach awaythrough the
subsoil during winter. The soiling of
stock is practiced so that the pasture is
eaten up smoothly and not too close. The
manure from the animals falls upon, the
soil and is incorporated into the plant life.
Overstocking is never allowed. Feed that
Is needed for the animals comes from the
farm, and when this cannot supply
enough the stock is reduced. The barn
yard manure that collects in the stables
and yards is about the only fertilizer that
is used. Occasionally a piece of land is
poor, and it needs artificial fertilizers to
bring it up to the standard. But, when
It is improved to a certain point it is
self-sustaining. By a rotation of crops
the soil Is never exhausted.
Land should be growing crops' contin
ually. It is always better for it. When
not covered with vegetation the soil de
teriorates. One crop is sown before an
other: is really harvested and a really
bare field is never seen. The heavy crop
of corn or wheat that is harvested this
summer or fall is succeeded immediately
by rye, wheat or forage stock of some
kind. Before cold weather is here the rich
vegetation has produce almost enough to
return to the soil all that has bteen taken
from it. In the spring it is plowed un
der, and by the, timer the new crop is
planted the decayed vegetation is in an
available condition for plant absorption.
When our science of farming is reduced
to this principle, our bills for fertilizing
will be small. There .will always be some
land that will need fertilizing bj’ means of
lime, phosphate and bone, but most of
the farm will be run without mafiure.
But such .farming will require study and
experiment. The whole matter will be re
duced to such a business of profit and loss
that none but professional farmers can
hope to make money at it. The change in
our farming methods is leading in this
direction.
Some Garden Notes for Fall.
When the garden has been cultivated
on the intensive plan it is still supply
ing a variety of vegetables, and there
are no weeds to be seen in it. If con
ducted, as is most frequently the case,
on the extensive plan, there are more
weeds perhaps than vegetables. The
farmer s garden is usually neglected
along in May or early June, for the field
crops of corn, cotton and sweet pota
toes, and it is left to the tender mercies
ot the weeds to a great extent. It is a
very common practice to plant the va
rious vegetables and work the garden
faithfully up to May, and then leave it
■to do what it will. The few rows of col
lards are kept weeded out perhaps, but
the rest of the garden' presents rather
the aspects of a “garden gone to weeds.”
Realizing for many years what a valua
ble help the well conducted gardeti is to
the farmer’s family especially, we have
done all we could to encourage a greater
interest in maintaining it on the high
est plane possible, and keeping it in the
highest state of cultivation from October
to October. There are a few persons
in the world here and' there,. who have
no liking for a vegetable diet, but the
very large majority of people living in
the cities, as well as in the country, can
find, a very satisfactory subsistence in
an almost exclusive vegetable diet.
What may be raised in the garden with
what should be raised collaterally with
tl-ve farm garden—such as chickens,
ducks, geese, eggs, milk and
butter, pork and an occasional beef,
honey, etc., allows the farmer to live
off the “fat of the land,” if he chooses
to do so. Os course it requires energy
and vigilance, and a deep love of one’s
occupation to secure those things, but in
whatever occupation one is engaged there
are always essential qualifications for
success.
The time will come .before long in this
country when the term farming will em
brace the closet attention to all the little
side crop's, and more too than have been
enumerated above. The farmer, with the
aid of wife and children, and hired help,
will raise about everything he needs in
the way of food. The combined sur
plusage from the dozen or more side crops
will provide him in the most, if not all
the articles that he could not or did not
raise. Cotton and coi'n growing must ul
timately give way to diversified culture.
The farmer of the future must live on
and off his farm, or live a very precarious
life.
* * *
Those who have ever gardened inten
sively need not be told how far one acre
can be made to go toward the support of
an average family (five persons), that is,
an acre made rich, if not already rich,
and kept so by periodical applications of
manure and one kind or another grown on
it from the beginning of the year to the
end. What the money value of an acre
conducted on this plan will be, of course,
depends on its location and the crops
planted. Close to.large and wealthy cities
the. aggregate value of the annuaUprodflet
may. as it. often does, run up in the tlidfl
sands. Far from a good market, in the
thinly settled sections of the country,
where there is little or no opportunity to
sell or exchange any of the products,
L s X,. v ? lue , ln the maintenance
of the family, it may still run up into
the hundreds. Locality must, to a consid
erable extent, regulate the apportionment
of crops. With a market right at one’s
gate there would be large profits In those
perishable crops that it would not be
found advisable to plant when one Is
situated far from the railroad and hun
dreds of miles, perhaps, from a good mar
ket. Near the large cities, When the dis
tance to be transported is only a mile or
two, or five or six at the furthest", im
mense profits are usually secured from
such crops as strawberries, tomatoes, let
tuee English peas, cucumbers,! beans and
the like, when It would be utter folly to
plant such in localities far from market
and when labor is not plentiful. The Cul
ture of these crops, beyond the small
quantities desired for.home use, is not
to be advised. * *
The Scrap BooKl’ ' '
The Squash Bug.—The squash bug is
doing more damage than ever. H. It.
Clarke writes that last year bugs
even ate winter squashes until they all
decayed, causing a loss of the and
they are even more serious nowT We
have reports of this dread pest being
quickly, thoroughly and quite cheaply
exterminated by fumes of sulphide of
carbon, or fuma. Handpicking seems to
be the most common practiced method
of destroying the adult insect. The bugs
are rather sluggish during the cooler
hours of the day, and this is the best
time to collect them. Kerosene emul
sion will destroy the young insects, but
has little effect on the adults. Paris
green does no good because the insect
doe® not bite its food, but sucks it
through Its tube-like proboscis from be
neath the eplrdermis of the plant. The
bugs will collect under pieces of boards
during the night, and may be trapped in
this way.
Growing Celery.—Tomato Rot.—Will
celery grow just as well sown where It Is
to remain, and thinned out, as when
transplanted? Why are so many of our
tomatoes rotting this year? Js it well to
plant them on the same ground more than
one year in succession? •
Reply by T. Greiner—Celery plants when
once started in good soil, properly thinn
ed and well tilled, w.lll do as well as when
transplanted. The trouble is in getting
them started properly. It takes just as
much labor and effort to start a row of
seedlings and thus raise thousands of
plants for transplanting-into newly and
well prepared soil, as to start the same
row, containing the comparatively few
?lants it is to retain, directly from seed
’our plan simply involves too much la
bor. As to rotting of tomatoes, you will
find that they rot more freely in Wet
weather than In dry weather, more freely
where vines are close and thick than
where they make only a moderate amount
of foliage. Set the plants far,enough apart
in moderately fertile soli, and thus allow
the air to circulate freely among them,
or train them to trellis or support of some
Doctors Say;
Bilious and Intermittent Fevers
which prevail in miasmatic dis
tricts are invariably accompan
ied by derangements of the
Stomach Liver and Bowels.
The Secret of Health.
The liver is the great ’’driving
wheel” in the mechanism of
man, and when it is out of order,
the whole system becomes de
ranged and disease is the result.
Tutt’s Liver Pills
Cure all Liver Troubles.
J&OrtOLENE
|® H COOKS
[ I*. -"fa. Should remember to use only two-thirds i
* as touch Cottolene as they formerly used j
i \ lard or butter. With two-thirds the 1
' quantity they will get better results at less i
' 'tws COSt *k an Jt is posable to get with lard or !
I butter. When Cottolene is used for frying i
i articles that are to be immersed, a bit of bread should be dropped into it to ]
j asaertain if it is at the right heat. Wtrtn. the bread browns in half a minute ' >
I the Cottolene is ready. Never let Cottolene get hot enough to smoke "! !
, ? r>un Imtohami Fttm?; the frying pah should bo coll when the Cottolene is put | O . Cottolene heat, to ’ ►
tbe cooking point sooner !than lard. It never sputters when hot 1 I
! The Cottolene trade-marks are "Cottolene” and a steer’s head in cotton-plant wreath
i THE W. K. FAIRBAMK COMPANY, ST. LOUIS and CHICAGO '
kind. Change location of the plants every
year. P. Farmer.
Restoring the Wasted'Soil of the South-
American Agriculturist.—One can but ad
mire the tremendous efforts which nature
puts forth in the upland region of North
ern Virginia and other similar localities on
the South Atlantic slope, to restore the'fer
tility of the soil by reclothing the once
naked hillsides with a luxuriant growth of
young pines, as well as with deciduous
trees and plants. The fertility of the soil
was not destroyed in a- moment, nor is it
likely that it will be restored by any mira
culous process. Nature has her own way
of restoring to the earth what has been
taken from it. Tne evil effects of more
than a century of reckless cultivation can
not be remedied in a short period.
In the process of restoration, humus, or
vegetable mold, plays a most important
part. This substance is formed by the ac
tion of the air on so<id animal or vegetable
matter. The common earth wprm also aids
in bringing about the desired result. The
capacity of the soil for absorbing and re
taining moisture is largely .due •to the
amount of humus it contains. The con
stant aim should therefore be to increase
the quantity of it. This Can best be done
by plowing under green crops, or partly
feeding thfem down during the hottest
weather late in the summer. This plan if
followed by a judicious rotation of crops
as well as of fertilizers, will eventually
restore the needed elements of fertility
Flea Beetles*-The ill results of the
blight are often very greatly aggravated
by the simultaneous attacks of the flea
beetle. This is another serious enemy of
our potato crops, and just as hard to
fight. Superficial observers sometimes
confound the work of this insect with
blight. The two are easily distinguished.
The beetles puncture the leaf over its en
tire surface, as if punctured with a nee
dle. If the weather is cool and moist
and therefore favorable to growth of foil
age, and the beetles are present in mod
erate numbers only, the plant, although
deprived of some of its juices, may sur
vive, and perhaps recover entlrelv. But
if the beetles come in large numbers and
the weather is hot and dry, evaporation
from ithe punctured leaves will be so fast
that the leaf and finally the whole nlant
may entirely die down in short order I
wish that 1 were able, to point out a sdre
preventive of these beetle attacks, but T
know of none. Spraying Bordeaux mix
ture has been found to give some relief
Evidently it is disagreeable to the bee
tles, but when they are hungry they will
take their potato juice no matter how
flavored, whether with lime, tobacco dust
or tea, Bordeaux mixture, or anything
else I know of.—Exchange.
FEATURES OF THE FAIR.
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
VARIOUS BUILDINGS.
The Fine Arts Building; and What Is
to Be Seen Within Its Walls—The
Savannah and Chatham County Ex
hibit—What Is to Be Seen in the
Government Building—The Fishery
Exhibit— Matters of General
Interest.
Atlanta, Ga., Sept. 21.—This week’s ex
position will be a great deal better shofr
than that of this week’s opening*’clays.
When the turnstiles began, their long task
of counting the multitude in last Wednes
day, the management felt that they had
kept faith with the public very well, al
though the show was not completed, and
no especial apology was made for thp con
dition of things. They felt that they had
come about as near perfection as human
calculations usually result in such great
undertakings, but since the formal open
ing Qf the exposition the work of comple
tion has been pushed onward with greater
energy than .before, until, with the advent
6f tho second week, an almost complete
exposition is offered to the world.
A tour of the big show to-day, with a
hurried glance at the whole, for It takes
days to see it all properly, proved it to be
ripe for systematic handling in a newspa
per way.
As the average visitor lands on the
grounds, supposing that he arrives
through the main gates on Fourteenth
street, which sd far has proven the popu
lar route, he will turn toward the fine arts
and government building and make the
circuit of the chain In that direction as
naturally as a stick float* with
the tide. In the eager rush for
the cream, as this section appears
to be regarded by the visitor when the plan
of the exposition first bursts upon his
view, the fire and police building and the
stotebui id Ings of Georgia, Pennsylvania
and New York are left behind with but a
passing glance, to be seen better later on
as time permits.
t .T h6 arts J? *? cn the ftrst that brings
the visitor, guide book in hand, to a halt.
The classic architecture of the building
P roduce s f striking impression and
puts the mind in an amiable frame for
the treasures within. It would lake a
deal . of Bpace > ah' l the talent of a
F lnto a f W»ed descrip
tion of the fine arts display. The com
monplace visitor can only confess to afi
enthusiastic admiration for it as a col
lection of beautiful paintings, statuary
and curios, rarely seen, and always
mrn\i n £- a »s rep i°’l ec »y° n of dl - il ßht to the
mind of the beholder.
Mr. Horace Brad'y, the artist under
whose experienced direction the art
treasures were gathered, drew upon the
great galleries and studios of Europe as
well as of America. He devoted himself
enthusiastically to the task, and while
In point of mere numbers the exhibit
has been excelled, the visitors who have
seen it say that in harmony and taste It
is’the equal of any similar collection,
outside of the famous collections of Eu
rope. Some of the famous artists who
have pictures on the walls are Bridge
more, Whistler. Bosttrd, Bls
bing, and many others, while there are
expensive collections of the Century Com
pany, Harper & Bros., Keppel & Co., of
New York, Scribner’s, and a large num- I
ber from well known artists all over the '
country.
The collection of statuary from Italy
is expensive and beautiful.
In the government building, which is
the second station on the circuit, every
department of the federal government is
represented by appropriate exhibits oi
models, experiments and representation, |
The fish commission has a display of fish !
that probably attracts more general at- 1
tention than anything in tne building. It
is arranged in a highly artistic design, |
with great glass acquariums, showing fish j
of all kinds and sizes.
The executive department has portraits ;
of ail the Presidents from Washington to i
Cleveland, with photographs of the public
buildings, and a comprehensive collec- j
tion of blanks shewing the workings of i
the President’s office. The state depart- I
meat has a similar exhibit, with portraits j
of all the secretaries and a curious col- j
lection of manuscript letters from all the
great sovereigns and dignitaries of the
earth, written to-various parties In this
country on different occasions. There »»
a sac simile of the Declaration of Inde
pendence. with, portraits of the signers,
with medals, swords and other curios
presented to officials of this government byf
. foreign nations. ■
The treasury, war and navy depart
ments make most interesting displays, as
well as the interior, postoffl.ee, depart
ment of agriculture and Smithsoniam In
stitution. ,
In the exhibit of the treasury, besides
materials showing the workings of the of
fice, the evolution of bank bills, gold and
silver dollars, the one from the blank pa
per and the other from the bullion. Thera
is a life saving station, manned by a crew*
of five men on the banks of “Clara
Meer,” as well as a great searchlight, suck
as are used in the lighthouses in opera*
tion, and models of the coast survey.
The bureau of engraving and printing;
with printing press ready to turn anci
other features of that department Is also
that of the treasury exhibit, as well as
historical information enough to load al
flatboat.
The war department and navy ares
shown by a life size group of army officers
and soldiers in war, guns of all kinds and
models of the battle ships of the nation
also a regular torpedo boat belonging toi
the battleship Pennsylvania. Besides
these there is a vast amount of detail
material showing the workings o£ ths
department.
A postoffice has been established in tha
building. In addition there is an exhibit!
of that department embracing everything!
connected with the system, from a ona
cent postage stamp, and stamps of all
foreign countries, to a special delivery}
messenger on a bicycle.
The department of the interior shows
the patent office, the geological survey}
and other departments, while the agricul
tural exhibit comprises agricultural
specimens of every known kind in wax
besides some samples of products all cov
ered in glass..
The Smithsonian Institution has sent}
an extensive exhibit—enough to satlsfcrt
the most insatiable scientific mind.
Next comes the manufacturers and
liberal arts building. One half of it is
occupied with magnificent displays front
foreign countries, statuary, jewel's, fa
brics and numberless other things which)
usually bear the word "imported.” The
Palais Royal of Paris is one of the ex
tensive exhibitors, while Moscow has
sent an exquisite collection of silver to
the fair. The other half of the big build
ing is taken up with domestic exhibits of
manufacturers, togetheY with the famous
fruit display of the state o's
which is reputed to have cost SIOO,OOO.
A part of this exhibit is a perfect model oi
the Ferris wheel in operation.
The electricity building contains every
thing known to the electrical world from
an electric push button to electric loco
motives and launches,- overhead trolleys,
underground trolleys and storage bat
teries. Electric lights, electric stoves,
electric pens electric cameras, phono
graphs, kinetographs and hundreds of
other electrical wonders that the public
know little about.
In the transportation building,, which uS”
next door to the electricity, there is every
thing under the sun in the way of a vehicle
if locomotion, from a Wheelbarrow to an
electric carriage or a pair of snow shoes,
bicycle or buggy with rubber tires and
ball bearings. ”■ . )
The Savannah and Chatham county ex
hibit is also in the transportation build
ing, occupying a spacious gallery covering
4,000 square feet. The work of Installing
the exhibit has not yet been completed,
but it will be thrown open early next
week. One of the most attractive places
of the show.
It will take the visitor who comes to the
exposition to learn of the progress of
Georgia a long while to get through the
building of the Georgia Manufacturers’
Association, which flanks the transpor
tation building. It is one of the special
ties of the fair, every inch of its 20,000
square feet being covered with the pro
ducts of Georgia factories and founderies,
ranging from a parlor match to a saw
mill. The exhibits are all in position,
ready to tell the story of the onward in
dustrial march of the Empire State of tha
south.
Next ddor to this interesting building
is the unique feature of the exposition,
the negro building, which was designed
and built by negro brain and muscle, and
is filled exclusively with the handiwork
of that race, showing the wonderful ad
vancement of a people who were slave#
a quarter of a century ago.
Machinery hall, which is filled witW
ponderous engines and every manner ofi
labor-saving machine, the minerals a-rvej
forestry and agricultural buildings coni'
lilete the chain, and leaves the visitor with
the woman’s building, which stands in tha
heart of the beautiful plaza, as womant
herself is enshrined in the heart of man,
yet. to unfold its treasures. The woman’s
department, having the most delicate and.
■complex display, have not been able to
get it in shape as promptly as they had.
hoped, but they will be ready to throw
wide the portals of the monument they;
have built next week, with an invitation
to the world to come in and see ihelr
work. Unlike the others, the woman’s
building is built more like a palatial lioma
than an exhibition hall. It is divided inta
a number of large rooms, which are oc
cupied by different cities and departments.
New York City, Columbus, Ga., Connec
ticut, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachus
etts. Cincinnati, Minneapolis, Pennsyl
vania and Tennessee have rooms, while
others are devoted to education, patents
and inventions by women, a salesroom,
a kindergarten in operation, model libra
ry, fine arts, decorative art, horticulture
and agriculture, and a colonial exhibit
of over 400 rare relics, probably the most
valuable collection of the kind ever got
ten together.
The women also have a hospital rooms
where they make a model exhibit, mem
bers of the committee being on duty a#
nurses all the time.
LEMOS ELIXIR.
A Pleasnnt Lemon Drink—Regn<
Intes Hie Liver, Stomach;, Bowela
and Kidney*.
For Biliousness, Constipation and Ma
laria.
For Indigestion, Sick and Nervous Head
ache. '
For Sleeplessness, Nervous and Heart
Failure. ’ /
For Fever, Chills. Debility and Kidney
diseases, take Eempn Elixir.
For Blothehes and Pimples on the face,
•take Lemon Elixir.
Ladies, for natural and thorough organic
regulation, take Lemon Elixir.
Fifty cents and $1 hotties at Druggists.
Prepared only by Dr. H. Mozley, Atlan
ta, Ga.
A Card,
For nervous and sick headaches, Indi
gestion, biliousness and constipation (of
whieh I have been a great sufferer) I
have never found a medicine that would
give such pleasant, prompt and perman
ent relief as Dr. Mozley’s Lemon Elixir.
J, P. Sawtell, Griffin, Ga.
Publisher Morning Cali.—-ad.
—
For Over Fifty tears
Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup has been
used for children teething. It soothes ths
child, softens -.Me gums, allays all pai’i,
cures wind colic, and is the best remedy
for diarrhoea. Twenty-five cents a bot
tP<—ad. /
3