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Test Ban Treaty Offers Hope To
World But Involves Problems
Needing Close Look By Senate
The author of this analysis
of implications of the nuclear
test ban treaty is professor of
political theory and internation
al relations at St. Joseph’s Col
lege, Philadelphia, and visiting
lecturer in the graduate school
of the University of Pennsyl
vania. He is chairman of the
Arms Control Committee of
the Catholic Association for
International Peace and an as
sociate of the Foreign Policy
Research Institute at the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania.
By James E. Dougherty
(N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE)
The limited nuclear test ban
treaty negotiated by the United
States, Great Britain and the
Soviet Union holds out great
hopes to the world, but it also
involves problems that will de
mand searching scrutiny by the
U. S. Senate before it is rati
fied.
Men everywhere will join with
His Holiness Pope Paul VI in
welcoming the treaty and hop
ing that it will prove “sin
cere and successful” and lead
to other agreements "for the
tranquility, order and peace
of the world.”
The treaty deserves ap
plause insofar as it prevents
further radioactive contamina
tion of the atmosphere. And if
it helps create a new climate
in international relations and
leads to a genuine detente be
tween this country and the So
viet Union, it will be a major
benefit to mankind.
The treaty comes soon after
the peace encyclical of the late
Pope John XXIII, Pacem in Ter
ris, in which he called for ef
forts by the major powers to
halt the arms race. Thus, one
cannot help thinking that it re
presents a kind of response by
the governments of the world
to the Pope’s appeal to “find
that point of agreement from
which it will be possible to
> commence to go forward
tpwards accords that will be
sincere, lasting and fruitful.”
President Kennedy in his tel
evision address to the nation
July 26 recognized that there
will be debate over the treaty.
It is quite natural that there
should be some controversy.
For after 17 years of effort
to achieve some kind of arms
agreement with the Soviet Un-
SIGNED TEST-BAN TREATY FOR U. S.—U. S. Secretary
of State Dean Rusk (above) was in Moscow, August 5, for
the signing of a limited nuclear test-ban treaty negotiated
by the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
The agreement bans testing in the air, outer space and under
the sea. The delegation leaders are expected to remain in
Moscow for follow-up talks with Soviet leaders, which it is
hoped will further ease the cold war tensions. This was Mr.
Rusk’s first visit to Russia and the first visit there of a
U. S. Secretary of State in 16 years.—(NC Photos)
ion, all of it fruitless except
for the 1959 treaty on the An
tarctic, it is understandable
that many Americans should
view the test ban agreement with
misgiving.
There is, however, no need to
assume that the Soviets, in de
ciding to enter this treaty at
the present time after having
rejected our offers for a sim
ilar treaty in 1959 and 1962,
are now trying to turn the stra
tegic tables on the United States.
It is beyond doubt that the So
viets could have other reasons
for entering the agreement.
They may be under real econ
omic pressure at home to cut
down on their military expendi
tures in order to raise the stan
dard of living and ensure a con
tinued satisfactory growth rate
for the Soviet economy.
They may also feel that their
current ideological and strate
gic dispute with the Peking com
munist regime warrants their
mending their fences, at least
temporarily, with the West.
Finally, there is the possi
bility that after trying for sev
eral years to overcome the
strategic superiority of the
United States, they have de
cided that this objective is out of
the question for the time being,
since it would require too large
an allocation of resources to
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military programs.
Nevertheless, the United
States would be unwise to dis
miss entirely the possibility
that the Soviets may hope to ex
ploit the test ban to reduce the
American margin of strategic
superiority which was manifes
ted at the time of the Cuban
confrontation last fall.
One reason why some people
have expressed reservations
and suspended judgement on the
treaty pending the outcome of
Senate hearings is the fact
that this agreement is rather
different from the one we have
been trying to negotiate at Gen
eva since the summer of 1948.
F or nearly five years Ameri
can diplomats at Geneva put
considerable emphasis on the
need for a comprehensive test
ban treaty, including the under
ground tests excluded from the
present agreement and accom
panied by adequate internation
al inspection.
Many treaty advocates ar
gued that one of its major bene
fits would be the establishment
of a very significant precedent
in the field of arms control and
disarmament. This precendent,
of course, was to have been the
acceptance by the Soviet
Union of international inspec
tions posts on its territory.
The limited test ban treaty
signed in Moscow, however,
seems to depart from the prin
ciple of international inspec
tion. This may or may not be
a serious matter. In any event,
it is something that should be
considered thoroughly during
the Senate hearings.
The lack of provision for in
spection in the current treaty
raises first of all a question of
security. The administration is
sure to be questioned during the
Senate hearings about the pos
sibility of the Soviets conducting
nuclear tests without being de
tected. It will also be asked
about the progress made by the
Soviets in their tests of the last
few years, with special refer
ence to their progress in the
anti-missile missile field and
in acquiring knowledge about
the effects of nuclear explos
ions on military communica
tions.
Going beyond the specifics
of this treaty, however, the ab
sence of provision for inspc-
tion raises an important and
rather worrisome question
about the future of disarmament
and arms control negotiations.
The question is whether this
partial treaty with no provision
for inspection may create an
undesirable precedent for the
writing of other partial arms
agreements by the United States
and the Soviet Union.
The relevance of this issue
is apparent when one reflects
on the repeated speculations
during the last two years that
the U. S. and the U. S. S. R.
may try to move toward some
kind of “parity” in total nuclear
missile capability. Such an
agreement would of course re
quire very rigid inspection and
control.
Another possible arms ag
reement frequently discussed
in recent years—and revived
again in connection with the
Moscow test ban treaty talks—
has been the creation of a zone
of military disengagement or
denuclearization in central Eu
rope. If such an agreement could
ever be reached, it too, would
require effective inspection and
control provisions.
Considerations such as these
were clearly on Pope John’s
mind when in Pacem in Ter
ris he spoke of the need for
“an effective method of con
trol” for any progressive and
reciprocal disarmament meas
ures.
Rather than embodying the
principle of international in
spection, the present treaty
relies on national sovereign
judgment concerning secur
ity matters. Thus, it contains
a clause which clearly per
mits any party to withdraw up
on three months' notice, if it
believes that its security is in
any way jeopardized by de
velopments related to the sub
ject matter of the treaty.
Within a democratic country
like the United States, suspic
ion that another signatory pow
er was violating the treaty might
well lead to bitter internal de
bate over whether this country
should abrogate its treaty ob
ligation and resume testing.
This and other related prob
lems arise out of the word
ing of the current treaty and
also out of the nature of mili
tary technology itself, which
cannot easily be regulated by
legal, diplomatic instruments.
Such problems will undoubtedly
be carefully weighed by the
members of the U. S. Senate.
Their debate, provided that
it is conducted with intelligence,
calmness and objectivity, can
constitute an instance of the
finest working of a democratic
deliberative assembly.
The issues before the Amer
ican people and the Senate are
of the gravest importance. They
cannot be resolved by appeals
to political slogans either by
the advocates or the opponents
of the test ban.
They call for the application
of a highly critical political
intelligence, which seeks hon
estly to strike a balance be
tween the interests of all man
kind—namely, the desires of
men for peace and their fears
of a radioactive environment—
and the security of the United
States and of all those coun
tries which throughout the post
war period have depended upon
American military strength as
the guarantor of their indepen
dence.
We should not expect too
much from the test ban. The
American press has shown a
tendency to oversell the sig
nificance of this agreement,
just as it has often over
sold the import of events in
the past.
The test ban treaty does
not mean that the cold war
has suddenly come to an end
or that the United States can
afford to relax its defensive
programs. Nor is it at all
clear that the test ban will
serve one of the cherished pur
poses of its advocates, namely
to prevent the further prolifer
ation of nuclear weapons to na
tions not yet possessing them.
Although several other coun
tries have already announced
that they will adhere to the
treaty, the two powers whose
intentions have been the object
of greatest concern to the So
viet Union and the United States
in recent years have both
stated flatly that they will re
ject the ban.
Communist China seems de
termined to acquire nuclear
capabilities with or without
Soviet assistance. France has
already acquired them without
American help and will un
doubtedly continue to develop
her “force de dissuasion” un
less the United States can some
how heal the breach which has
arisen in the Atlantic alliance
over the Anglo-American effort
to retain a virtual monopoly of
leadership with respect to nu
clear strategy.
In the face of Chinese and
French policies, no one can
say how long the new treaty,
assuming that it is ratified,
will remain operative, since
each side may come to sus
pect the other of exploiting an
ally’s testing program to ad
vance its own nuclear technol
ogy.
One of the serious problems
facing the United States in its
efforts to reach arms agree
ments with the Soviet Union
stems frorr the fears of many
Centenary
In East
Africa
NAIROBI, Kenya, (NC) — The
Holy Ghost Fathers marked the
centenary of their arrival in
East Africa with the consecra
tion of the new Holy Family
cathedral here.
Laurean Cardinal Rugambwa,
Bishop of Bukoba, Tanganyika,
assisted by Archbishop John J.
McCarthy, C. S. Sp., of Nairobi
consecrated the cathedral in
the presence of 2,000 persons
including 12 other bishops.
Among those present were:
Archbishop Guido Del Mestri,
Apostolic Delegate in Nairobi;
Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre,
C. S. Sp., Superior General of
the Holy Ghost Fathers; and
Tom Mboya, Kenya’s Minister
of Justice and Constitutional
Affairs.
During a solemn pontifical
Mass sung by Cardinal Rugamb
wa, Archbishop Del Mestri read
a letter from His Holiness Pope
Paul VI congratualting the Holy
Ghost Fathers on the opening of
the cathedral and on their cen
tenary. Archbishop McCarthy
read a Swahili-language trans
lation of the Pope’s message.
Shortly after the ceremonies
Cardinal Rugambwa departed
for the United States.
Holy Ghost missioners first
came to East Africa on June
16, 1863, when two priests and
two Brothers landed on the is
land of Zanzibar.
The next 100 years saw the
arrival of missioners from
other orders: White Fathers,
Benedictines, Mill Hill Fathers,
Capuchins, Consolata Fathers,
Verona Fathers, Passionists,
Palottines, Maryknoll Fathers,
Kiltegan Fathers and Ros-
minians.
The period from 1863 to 1963
also saw Catholicism spread all
over East Africa. Uganda is
now nearly 30 percent Catholic.
Tanganyika, 16 per cent; and
Kenya, 11.8 per cent. Zanzibar
is predominantly Muslim and
Catholics number only a little
more than 2,000 in a population
of 300,000.
East Africa now has about
4,500,000 Catholics. The area
has 6,622 Catholic schools, 16,
780 Catholic leaders, 489 Af
rican priests, 1,632 missionary
priests, 2, 207 African Sisters
and 1,376 missionary Sisters
The Catholic Hierarchy in
East Africa is made up of
a Cardinal (African) four arch
bishops ( two are African), 33
bishops (10 are African) and two
apostolic prefects.
East African leaders who are
Catholics include President Ju
lius Nyerere of Tanganyika,
former Prime Minister Bene-
dicto Kiwanuka of Uganda, and
Kenya’s Tom Mboya.
“Race Prejudice
Mocks Religion”
WICHITA, Kan., (NC)--Bi
shop Leo C. Byrne said here
radial prejudice makes a mock
ery of Catholicism which is bas
ed upon Christ’s teaching of
love of God and fellowman.
In a pastoral letter read in
all churches and chapels, the
Apostolic Administrator of the
Wichita diocese said racial dis
crimination is sinful and segre
gation is a blot on U. S. society.
“Racial prejudice is some
times directed toward the Span
ish speaking, but more often to
ward the Negro,’’ he wrote.
‘ ‘In either case, it calls for ser
ious examination of conscience
in matters of interracial
justice, as carefully as we would
examine our conscience in any
other area of our moral life.’’
Bishop Byrne asked the faith
ful to join him in prayer * 'that
the Catholic people of our dio
cese will not be guilty of racial
prejudice in any form.’’
Europeans—and these fears are
quite understandable — that
Soviet-American detente will
lead eventually to a non-ag
gression pact and perhaps to
other agreements that will cast
doubt on the American willing
ness to honor its pledge to
NATO.
While the United States is
making overtures to the So
viet Union, it should at the
same time attempt to bring
about a closer political unity
within the Atlantic alliance and
a greater consensus of the mil
itary requirements needed for
the continued defense of Europe.
The more unified the Atlan
tic community is, the more like-
it will be that the West will
be able to make continued pro
gress in its efforts to bring
about the kind of peaceful world
for which both Pope John and
Pope Paul have expressed such
an ardent desire.
The Southern Cross, August 8, 1963—PAGE 3
PROMOTE FAMILY ROSARY—Father Arnold E. Toner, C.S.C., Provincial of the Anglo-
Canadian Province of the Holy Cross Fathers, has recently sent Father William Belyea,
C.S.C., to join the band of nine other Holy Cross priests working with Father Patrick
Peyton, C.S.C., founder and promoter of the worldwide family rosary crusade. At present
Father Peyton and his group are laboring in Brazil where the Crusade has received a
warm welcome. A million and a half people attended a giant rally in Rio de Janeiro. The
picture shows Father Peyton on the left, and His Eminence Paul Emile Cardinal Leger,
Archbishop of Montreal. Father Belyea is on the right.—(NC Photos)
Situation Of Church In
China Reported Worse
ROME, (NC)—The status of
the Catholic Church in Red
China is getting worse, a mis
sion news agency has reported.
Travelers coming from Red
China speak of a general har
dening of communist opposition,
according to Fides, a news ser
vice issued here by the Sacred
Congregation for the Propaga
tion of the Faith.
Fides speaks of a two-fold
silence: Christians of the free
world know almost nothing about
the Church in China, and Chi
nese Catholics are absolutely
ignorant of religious events in
the world outside.
As far as is known, no news
paper mentioned the ecumeni
cal council or. Pope John’s
encyclical on peace, Pacem in
Terris, or the awarding of the
Balzan peace prize to Pope John
XXIII, the agency’s report said.
The death of Pope John and the
election of His Holiness Pope
Paul VI were mentioned in a
few lines. Private letters to
bishops and priests giving in
formation about the council have
brought no response.
The Church is still living but
public practice of religion var
ies greatly in different parts of
Red China, Fides said. In rural
districts where churches have
been converted to other uses,
there is hardly any public prac
tice. In some places, the faith
ful think that they can receive
the sacraments from “patriot
ic priests” without fault, while
in others they do not.
In some places, government
officials posted at church doors
take down the names of those
who enter and keep a close check
on sermons, the report said.
In Shanghai, Fides said, “pa
triotic priests,” who are a mi
nority, are in charge of
the churches, which are gener
ally deserted by Christians. The
other priests are in prison, or
in “camps for reform by la
bor” or just missing. Priests
held in work camps are forced
to perform the most menial
tasks.
Newspapers constantly harp
on "class struggle” and the
need to eliminate “bad ele
ments,” the report said.
A movement known as “Tsi-
Fan,” although not aimed
directly at Catholics, has caus
ed the arrest of many Catholic
laymen and several Religious—
including Sister Gabriel Sen
and Sister Stanislaus Chow of
the Sisters, Helpers of the Holy
Souls, and Jesuit Lay Brother
Laurence Tsao.
STATE DEPUTY BARNEY DUNSTAN, left, goes over
tentative program plans for 1963-64 with Grand Knight John
Myers, right, and Deputy Grand Knight Dick Murray, of
Patrick Walsh Council 677, Augusta.
Augusta Knights Plan
ram For 1963-64
Progi
AUGUSTA — The Knights of
Columbus in Augusta are pre
dicting that 1963-64 will be one
of the biggest years in all re
spects for their Council and
plans are currently being laid
to make these predictions be
come a reality.
Richard Murray, Deputy
Grand Knight and General pro
gram Chairman, reports a full
schedule for the first six months
of the council year. Members
will hold a CLERGY NIGHT
in September to honor the dedi
cated priests and brothers in
the Augusta area. Membership
drives are planned for the fol
lowing month along with spe
cial recognition to Mary and
for Columbus Day on the 12th.
November will be highlighted
by Mass and Communion at St.
Mary’s On The Hill followed
by an annual Memorial Service
at the Council House.
The Allstate Motor Club says
you’re following too closely if
the vehicle ahead is limiting
your view on oncoming traffic,
approaching intersections or
traffic signs. Drop further
back, particularly when follow
ing trucks, buses, trailers and
other large vehicles.
In addition to the already
scheduled activities, many pro
grams are being organized
for the fall including a big dance
and a football forum. Future
activities will also feature a
retreat in September and a Cor
porate Communion in con
nection with the Centennial
celebration of Saint Patrick’s
in Augusta.
The Augusta council also
boasts a new newspaper, which
is part of their Public Rela
tions efforts.
Father Mathias ZengSinTeh,
52, of the Shanghai diocese has
died in prison, Fides said. The
priest had been sentenced to im
prisonment and forced labor for
giving information to the “im
perialists” of Hong Kong.
A 52-year-old Carmelite nun,
Sister Marie of the Angels, was
reported to have died of exhaus
tion in the fields of a peoples’
commune near Shanghai.
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