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#2. COLLEGIALITY: the bishops and the pope Footnotes On The Council - Great Decisions BY ARCHBISHOP PAUL J. HALLINAN A cleric, who was not keeping up his theolo gical homework, asked another: “What is this collegiality all about?” His friend replied that it was the desire of the bishops to have some of the Pope’s suthority. The first, with a touch of indignation, said: "You mean, they want more than they’ve got now?” do this? Without disturbing a bishop’s respon sibility in his own diocese, it will widen his horizons (and those of his people) to the con cerns of the universal Church. Our Lord plac ed the tremendous task of His Kingdom on the Twelve Apostles—he called them, trained them, commissioned them. Together they receiv ed the Holy Spirit on Pentecost; together they heard the solemn words; "I shall be with you always.” line of men, the primacy of Peter has remained constant. That was Christ’s guarantee. Both were misinformed. The indignant one thought that bishops wished more authority over priests like himself. The friend confused things by implying that they wanted to subtract power from the pope. Both concepts are a far cry from collegiality. To Peter, Christ gave the primacy. He is the head of the Apostolic College. Each power given collectively to the Twelve, is given specially to him. He is the rock, the holder of the Keys, he is “to confirm his brothers”. But it is within the Apostolic body to which he inseparably be longs that his office is understood. So with the successors of the Apostles, the bishops- No Pope could eliminate the Episco pacy of the Church. But at historical moments, bishops have been selected by other bishops or by other means. Now, their selection and as signment is juridically the responsibility of the Holy Father. In the Western Church, the Epis copacy of the early Middle Ages became a tool of the State, and Rome stepped in to save it from its own weakness. In the Eastern Church, the emergence of strong patriarchates had its share in a like devaluation of the local bishops. Mindful of Vatican*l’s “unfinished business,” the warnings of Pius IX and Leo XIII against degrading the bishop’s role, aware of Our Lord’s plan for the College of Apostles, the Council Fathers responded to Paul’s words with a re sounding vote. Back of it stood the individual proposals submitted by hundreds of them, the great debate of 1963 and the surprising test- votes, and an excellent revised chapter in the Schema on the Church. Yet if some clerics do not g rasp what the Council Fathers were voting on last week, the laity can be pardoned for wondering about terms like “Apostalic Senate”, "Episcopal Conferences” and— “Collegiality”. It is a very vital question in the Church today. At a press panel in Rome, Bishop John Wright of Pitts burgh gave three reasons for its historic significance: (a) Chapter three on collegiality comple tes the work of the First Vatican Coun cil of 1869-70; (b) It integrates the organizational stru cture of the Church into theology pro perly so-called: It opens the possibility of "enor mous intensifcation of the life of the Church on all levels of activity.” (c) After the death of Christ, the Apostles (with Peter) administered the infant Church. They in turn commissioned others, some as assistants (like Stephen and Branabas ); others to be successors (like Timothy and Titus, Clement of Rome, Ignatius and Polycarp of Antioch). At first these men moved about freely, later they became residential Episcopoi (over-seers or bishops). Always they acted as successors (in a group) to the Apostles (as a group). Their identification-marks were three. They < had to transmit the testimony of the Apostles who had witnessed The Risen Lord. They shared in a universal apostolate, maintaining a unity of faith and love by correspondence and prayer. And they moved, as St. Cyprian of Africa said, with “only one soul and one heart”. Mutual love bound the local church around its bishop; it united the bishops to each other. When the First Vatican Council met, it was in tended to define the rightful place of Pope and Bishop—to restore the collegiality of the early Church. As everyone knows, the Council accom plished only the definition of the Pope’s position. European war closed the Sessions as the fathers hurried for their homes. The role of the bishops in modern times remained the great “unfinished business” of Vatican I. The decisive votes confirm, indeed make ex plicit, the traditional primacy of the Pope. This Is summed up In the 12th Amendment “that the College of Bishops has no authority except with the Roman pontiff, successor of St. Peter, as its head; and his power of primacy over all, both bishops and faithful, remains intact.” Only nine out of 2,205, disagreed. rities th t J la F t f herS SpeUed out » * dear-cutmajo- The familiar charts of Church government (the pyramid showing Pope, Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests and Laity) bear witness to our one -sided notion of how the Church is ad ministered. (a) the bishops are the successors of the Apostles by divine right. (b) It is the last point that will gradually touch the lives of all Catholics. Bishops will be able to act together more effectively. Energies can be pooled in many areas of the missions—the vast areas of de Christianized people as well as those who have never known Christ, mili tary personnel, university people, sailors, immigrants, migrant workers, the multitudes that Christ looked upon with compassion:—the nameless, the dispossessed, the needy and un fortunate. How will the voting of September 22, 1964 History has a habit of altering institutions. The divine element in the Church has always been true to the < dimensions, given it by Christ, — the task of teaching without error what he had taught, of sanctifying men by the means He established, and of governing them in this unity of faith and love. But the human forms, —and methods, and titles, and approaches chang ed with the centuries. Popes have been appoin ted by Christ (as Peter) and elected by the car dinals (as Paul VI). In between they have been chosen by the Roman clergy, the people, and even named by secular rulers. But through the long So did the remark of an official of a Roman congregation during the first Session—“But the Council can’t change something without the ap proval of this Congregation!” The Cardinal- Chairman had to remind him, “You forget, your Excellency, that the Council is above all congre gations.” No one has felt this need of a new description of the role of bishop more than Pope Paul. He urged it before his election; he has now directly asked the Council Fathers to con sider: Just as Christ willed that Peter and the other Apostles made up one Apostolic College, in the same way the Roman pontiff and bishops as successors of Pe ter and the other Apostles are joined together. (c) Episcopal consecration, together with the duty of Sanctifying, also confers the powers of teaching and ruling, which by their nature can be exercised only In union with the head of the College and other Bishops. AT THE COUNCI1 “The hierarchic structure of the Church itself, and consequently the origin, nature, function and power of the Episcopate, which is a major part of the hierarchy, in which with us, “the Holy Spirit has made you bish ops. . . •. to keep watch. . . . over God’s Church.” (Acts 20, 28). The ratio of negative votes on these, and other amendments, never exceeded one out of seven. Only fifty voted against (a) above. How Collegiality will be worked out; the “ser vant-character” of sacred authority; and other points on the Episcopacy will be discussed next week. Secretary Bans Change In Vote VATICAN CITY (NC)—Arch bishop Pericle Felici, general s <gPPttrr-or“tfie ecwnontca.l :doncil called a halt to a move ment among council Fathers to cut down the number of “yes- but” votes on document under debate. FATHER John King, O.M.E., of the U.S. bishops’press panel, said Father Congar had been suggesting the modification as a means of ensuring broad ma jorities of affirmative votes in the council. Such votes are known techni cally as “placet juxtamodum.” This means the document is ac ceptable but with certain chang es, which the Voter submits along with his vote. FATHER Yves Congar, 0.*P., French theologian, has suggest ed to many council Fathers that like-thinking groups of them meet outside the council hall to decide on a single change for a document. This change would be submitted by one coun cil Father only in the vote, the rest voting simply “placet,” which is an unqualified af firmative. Father Frederick R. Mc Manus, professor of canon law at the Catholic university of America, said some bishops had espoused this idea to avoid the appearance of disunity in the council. But he said this line of thought was based on a mis understanding of the principle of the “juxta modum” vote, which Is not a part of normal parliamentary or congressional procedure. Archbishop Felici told the council Fathers (Sept.28) this arrangement was against the council’s regulations. HE SAID part of the very purpose of the “juxta modum”' vote is to help insure unanimity in the final vote, in which no “juxta modum” votes are per mitted. “Juxta modum” votes are needed in the preliminary voting, he said, precisely be cause the council is not a POPE DECLARES Study Necessary VATICAN CITY (NC)—Pope Paul VI has told Scripture scholars not to depend solely on th e resources of human learning to understand the Scriptures, but also on the au thority of the Church, “the custodian and interpreter of divine revelation." But, he added, “the doctrin al orthodoxy which the Church advises and displays amid dan gerous and attractive modem exegetical explotations does not prevent study of the Bible, does not dim the glance into the most arduous and complex Biblical research, but allows the faith ful exegete to know all and to lose nothing.” with the help of the of the au thority of the Church, the in terpreter of divine revelation.” “Study and piety are at the same time the motive and end of this endeavor, and we en courage them,” the Pope said, adding that scholarship “In serts Itself into the spiritual movement which arouses in the Catholic Church not reverence for the Holy Scripture, which has never been lacking, but an interest in the exploration of the acts of religious life, to draw from it, besides the sourc es and rules for faith, the nourishment for the interior comfort which springs from a proper listening to the divine message of the holy book. simple parliament. CATHOLIC SCHOOLING UICHAKD CARDINAL CUSHING of Boston discusses Council matters with Chaldean Bishop Stephane Bello of Aleppo. Syria (Sept. 21). Cardinal Cushing spoke in Coun cil (Sept. 23) in favor of the declaration on religious free dom, saying it shows, in the words of the American Declara tion of Independence, “a decent respect for the opinions of THE POPE addressed scho lars participating in the 18th Italian Bible Week (Sept. 26). mankind.” Might Have Barred Kennedy Church authority, said the Pope, allows the scholar “to know that which ancient and modem sciences can rationally offer in the Scripture field, while at the same time it guards him from losing that which the wisdom of faith knows to be contained therein.” “ABOVE all,” he continued, “continue your application to the study and use of the Scrip ture with great speed to follow the good road, which is that indicated by the holy Church. We all know what new and im mense difficulties bar this road and how they are that much more serious and dangerous the more closely they are tied to the deve lopment of Biblical studies. CHICAGO (RNS) — A priest- editor asserted here that John F. Kennedy would not have be come President if he had re ceived his formal education in Roman Catholic schools be cause, he contended, such ins titutions train leaders for Catho lic communities and not for an American pluralistic society. Church is the “world they know.” “It is within an ecclesiastical framework that they received their education,” Father Joyce continued; “it is within a clos ed Catholic community that they were formed; and it is within the Catholic world that they are at home and at ease; it is here that their interests lie.” vorced them. The facts seem abundantly clear to me; they are not alert, contributing Ch ristians. And the ghetto i school seems to me to be the prin cipal reason.” their formal education, we are severely restricting the possi bility of their effective engage ment in that world as Chri stian adults.” The Rev. John M. Joyce, edi tor of The Oklahoma Courier, official weekly of the Oklahoma City-Tulsa diocese, maintained that Catholic schools, instead of preparing men and women to be leaders in society, seem to “divorce” them from society. Catholic schools, according to the editor, prepare men- and women for a Catholic life in a Catholic community “and there is simply no such thing.” Although graduates of Catho lic schools are “better parc- ticing Catholics,” he said, “by segregating Catholic youngs ters from their proper world throughout the long years of FATHER Joyce expressed his views in an article, “Would Cath olic Education Have Spoiled JFK?“ appearing in the October- November issue of The Critic, published here by the Thomas More Association. WARNING against separating Catholic students from the rea lity of the communities in which they live, Father Joyce said, “I don’t see how we can ex pect them to grow up into alert, contributing Christians in a world from which we have di- Bar Citizenship To Atheist Pair Father Joyce observed that the late President Kennedy re ceived his education in neith er parochial nor public schools, but in private schools “which contained students of the spec trum of religious diversity that is characteristic of our society. THE POPE reminded the Scripture scholars of two papal encyclicals on the Scriptures which, he said, are still valid and worthy of attention. They are “Providentissimus Deus” by Pope Leo XIII and “DIvino Afflante Spiritu” of Pope Pius XIL “Attempts in these studies are made from time to time to fit into the perimiter of human and personal theory the immense and mysterious field of Biblical truth to the point of depriving it of its sacred character and transcendental values. cayuga, ont. (NC)—A EXitch immigrant man and wife have been refused Canadian citizen ship because they are atheists. Greater Respect He said that “very few” Catho lics are found actively involved im, community affairs and* most of those who are have not been educated in Catholic schools, Catholic graduates, he said, “in volved themselves almost exclu sively with church groups and in church activities,” because the BERLIN (NC)— Poland’s communist government has de clared that Catholic Church leaders must show greater re spect and loyalty to the state if they hope to achieve an ac cord between Church and state similar to the one reached in Hungary. Judge W. W. Leach rejected the plea of Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Bergsma of Caledonia, Ont., and commented: “After all, this is a country founded under God.” “THROUGHOUT his school ing, John Kennedy was engaged and involved in the reality of our society to a greater extent than he would have been had he attended Catholic schools. As a result he was more a product of our society, and, consequently, more at home in it. This helped him toward a deeper sensitivity to the need of te American people.” He also called attention to the ecumenical council's Constitu tion on the Liturgy, and to the instruction of the Pontifical Biblical Commission last May. The latter document, he said, “while honoring the 'efforts of modern exegesis for better un derstanding and evaluation of the holy texts, points out both its dangers and limits, and de pends especially on the histori cal truth of the Gospels with calmness and great .clarity.” “THE SAD result of this,” he said, “is that the reality and power of these holy Scrip tures is thus rendered insub stantial, and these (exegetes) alone and by themselves make claim to constitute the sub stance of religion. “Thus they bear witness un knowingly to the providential need of living authority to pro tect and enlighten the authen tic sense of the divine book.” Theresians Now The couple have twice had their applications for citizen ship turned down because they refused to take a citizenship oath containing the phrase “so help me God.” While stressing that in criti cizing Catholic schools he was not giving “unqualified en dorsement” to public schools Father Joyce said that America “desperately needs Christian leaders,” but “we are not go ing to get them in sufficient numbers and of sufficient depth from our Catholic schools.” THE POPE told his audience he was pleased with the motives uniting them in their search for a comprehension of the Bible, with the popular and scienti fic method which directs their work, and with the spirit with which they pursue it. 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