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SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS—OCTOBER 1959—PAGE 13
Clarendon County Object Of New Move
For School Reassignment
COLUMBIA, S.C.
outh Carolina’s public
schools opened the 1959-60
academic year on the traditionally
segregated basis, although the par
ents of some 78 Negro children of
Clarendon County were petition
ing to have their children reas
signed to white schools. Local
school authorities and state offi
cials joined in statements indicat
ing there would be no integration
of those schools, however. (See
“School Boards and Schoolmen.”)
Gov. Ernest F. Hollings admon
ished the press against giving ex
cessive or sensational play to segre
gation developments and said he
would refrain from comment on
such developments as much as pos
sible. (See “What They Say.”)
At month’s end, South Carolina Ne
groes were preparing for a three-day
meeting in Columbia as a testimonial
for the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.,
Montgomery bus boycott leader and ad
vocate of non-violent resistance to seg
regation. The meeting will be one of a
series under the aegis of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference. (See
“Community Action.”)
A Citizens Council in Charleston
County is drafting a statement urging
further development of housing areas
for middle class Negroes. (See “Com
munity Action.”)
School officials of all three districts
of Clarendon County were petitioned
just prior to the opening of the 1959-60
school year by Negro parents seeking
admission of their children to white
schools. At latest count, approximately
78 Negro pupils were involved in the
requests for reassignment, but no such
requests have been granted. The district
number two school board (in East Clar
endon) notified the parents of the two
Negro children seeking reassignment
that “it is impossible to grant the re
quest.” The board cited regulations,
adopted some time ago, requiring that
applications for transfer be submitted
at least 40 days before a new school
term.
ASK REASSIGNMENT
Meanwhile, the applications for reas
signment of 44 Negro children in the
Summerton district and 32 in the Man
ning district have brought no public re
action from the school boards affected.
The county superintendent of education,
however, (the Rev. L. B. McCord) said
flatly: “There will be no integrated
schools in Clarendon County.”
Lincoln C. Jenkins, Jr., the Negro
attorney in Columbia who is represent
ing the petitioning parents, told the
press in early September he did not ex
pect favorable action on the petitions
but indicated he was prepared to take
the issue further if the parents decided
to do so. He has been associated as
counsel for the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People in
other legal matters but says the NAACP
is not involved in the current effort. No
legal action, other than the filing of pe
titions, had been reported concerning
this latest Clarendon County school
matter by the end of September.
(This pending matter has no connec
tion with the Briggs v. Elliott lawsuit
which originated in the Summerton dis
trict of Clarendon County and became
one of the five suits involved in the de
segregation decisions of the U.S. Su
preme Court in 1954 and 1955. The lat
est development in the Briggs v. El
liott case was a July, 1955, ruling from
a three-judge district court at Colum
bia that the district should remove ra
cial barriers to admittance “with all de
liberate speed.” Nothing has been done
toward school integration since that
time.)
The developments in Clarendon
County came without warning and
brought admissions of surprise from
several school officials. Gov. Ernest
F. Hollings, at a Sept. 1 press confer
ence, expressed confidence “the situa
tion in Clarendon County will come out
all right” but refused to elaborate. (See
“What They Say.”)
South Carolina’s special Segregation
Committee met Sept. 8 and issued a
statement to the effect the local Clar
endon County officials “are acting en
tirely within state law and have the
matter well in hand.” Sen. L. Marion
Gressette, chairman of the committee,
indicated there was no cause for alarm
concerning possible desegregation of the
Clarendon schools.
WITHOUT INCIDENT
The Clarendon County schools opened
on schedule without incident. Negro
applicants for reassignment did not pre
sent themselves at the white schools
they seek to enter.
South Carolina law requires the shut
ting off of state aid to white schools re
quired by court decisions to accept Ne
gro students. The same law shuts off
funds in the same manner from the Ne
gro school from which a pupil is trans
ferred to a white school. The law has
not been invoked thus far, since no
court orders have actually resulted in
a transfer of pupils.
The state Educational Finance Com
mission on Sept. 10 approved a $1,641,-
000 allocation for school projects. This
brings to almost $191,166,000 the total
amounts allocated for school construc
tion and improvement since South
Carolina initiated a school equalization
and expansion program in 1951.
South Carolina public schools will
have in excess of 600,000 students en
rolled in 108 districts this year. School
officials will not have valid data on cur
rent enrollments for some time, but
their best estimates point to a total of
between 612,500 and 613,000 public
school pupils for 1959-60. Of this total,
an estimated 260,100 will be Negro and
more than 352,400 white.
NEW DISTRICT
The only new school district in the
state is one formed by referendum this
year in the lower portion of Florence
County. Since that district has no Ne
gro high school, the students of this
new district are attending high school
classes in nearby Williamsburg County.
Negro high school facilities within the
new district are expected to be avail
able for the 1960-61 school year.
A 10-year comparison of Negro en
rollment and attendance figures in
South Carolina has revealed what the
state Department of Education calls
“notable” advances. A major achieve
ment during the period was the elimi-
natfon of numerous small, inefficient
schools and their consolidation into
larger units with better facilities for
teaching.
At his Sept. 1 press conference, Gov.
Ernest F. Hollings advised the assem
bled newsmen to give straight, factual,
and non-sensational coverage to events
affecting racial segregation.
“I am not trying to tell you how to
run your business,” he volunteered,
“... but I ask that you use discretion
and keep your stories in perspective.”
The discussion arose out of questions
concerning the filing of school integra
tion petitions in Clarendon County.
(See “School Boards and Schoolmen.”)
Said the Governor:
“It will be my policy to refuse com
ment as much as possible . . . This does
not indicate any lack of interest, or any
fear, or undue concern.”
DISCOUNTS ‘RUMORS’
The governor indicated his remarks
stemmed from some displeasure over
news stories which referred to “ru
mors” and “unsubstantiated reports”
concerning developments in Clarendon
County some years ago.
Sen. Olin D. Johnston, who with Sen.
Strom Thurmond has been calling at
tention to northern racial troubles in
recent weeks, reaffirmed his position
Sept. 21 in a speech to a school group
at Orangeburg. He said:
“Our dual system of schools is the
best in the nation and the relationship
we have between the races is the envy
of those upon whom integration has
been forced ... In the face of much
unreality and great danger, there are
those in our country who favor inte
gration in our schools ... It is not good
for the white children or the colored
children. Both will lose if integration
is forced upon us ...
“Moreover, the colored teachers have
a lot to lose at the very outset of any
integration movement. They should not
permit a few imported rabble-rousers
to interfere with and stifle their means
of livelihood or the good work they are
doing for the young of their race.”
State Sen. L. Marion Gressette of
Calhoun County, chairman of South
Carolina’s special Segregation Commit
tee, had this to say on Sept. 4 before
the Greenville Kiwanis Club:
“South Carolina has acted, is now act
ing and will continue to act in good
faith in providing equal educational op
portunities as between the races. Both
white and colored have good, equal fa
cilities. This has been accomplished by
the willingness of the people to pay
their tax money for the support of the
schools.”
With respect to the latest integration
petitions in Clarendon County, Sen.
Gressette said: “You may rest assured
that we will continue to watch the situ
ation in Clarendon and elsewhere over
the state with a view to making such
recommendations to the governor and
General Assembly as may be deemed
appropriate. We do not anticipate mak
ing any additional recommendations for
the forthcoming session of the legisla
ture. The present laws on the subject
appear to us to be adequate for the
present.”
U. S. Sens. Olin D. Johnston and
Strom Thurmond called the attention
of the Senate to a New York Times re
port that a number of Negro parents in
the New York area were sending their
children South to segregated schools.
Sen. Johnston commented: “Obvious
ly, integrated schools are not providing
the so-called better education for Negro
children which the Supreme Court al
leged. ... I seriously believe that if the
Supreme Court paused for a second look
... it would not rule that integrated
schools are superior to segregated
schools. . . .”
Sen. Thurmond said: “If the people of
New York, with their relatively low
ratio of Negro to white population, find
it so difficult to operate their schools
and maintain law and order, I cannot
fathom how their political leaders can
expect the people of the South to bow
to their political demands that they ac
cept an even more mammoth mess than
their own people are willing to
stomach.”
A Southern Christian Leadership
Conference is scheduled to be held Sept.
29-Oct. 1 in Columbia. The Rev. Martin
Luther King, Jr., is to be chief speaker
at the conference, to be held at the First
Calvary Baptist Church and at Colum
bia’s Township Auditorium. Others
listed as participants include Dr. Benj
amin Mays, president of Morehouse
College, Atlanta; the Rev. C. K. Steele,
Negro leader of Tallahassee; the Rev.
Ralph D. Abernathy, of Montgomery,
Ala., an associate in the program of
non-violent resistance to segregation;
and the Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth of
Birmingham.
Local arrangements are being handled
by I. S. Leevy, Negro funeral director
of Columbia, and the Rev. Matthew D.
McCollom of Orangeburg, an NAACP
official and leader of movements against
segregation in that city. The Columbia
conference is described as a movement
for increased Negro registration, educa
tion, and participation in civic affairs.
In a letter to members of the banquet
committee, the Rev Mr King wrote:
“While T appreciate bping considered
worthy of such recognition—the real
importance of the Crusade for Citizen
ship Dinner is that it will honor and pay
tribute to the many individuals and
groups in the South who are blazing the
way toward first class citizenship for
our people. Their courage and dedica
tion will help to hasten the day when
our homeland, America, will be in truth
‘a government of the people, for the
people, and by the people.’ To work for
this day is the Christian duty and civic
responsibility of all Americans who care
about the future of our great country.”
HOUSING PROBLEM
The North Charleston Citizens Coun
cil devoted much of its Sept. 3 meeting
to a discussion of the need for suitable
subdivisions for Negro occupancy. Ed
Roberts, chairman of the council, was
quoted in these words in The News and
Courier of the following day:
“We think some adequate land areas
should be developed for middle class
Negro residents. . . . Many of our middle
class Negro citizens have no place to go.
The Citizens Council may be able to
help in some way by taking a positive
approach to this problem. We certainly
think that the Negroes should have the
opportunity to own a decent home in a
decent neighborhood, according to their
means.”
# # #
NORTH CAROLINA
Seven Districts End First Month Operation In Comparative Quiet
CHARLOTTE, N.C.
"Tk esegregated schools operated
peacefully, with minor excep
tions, in seven North Carolina
localities as schools throughout
the state ended the first month
of the 1959-60 school year.
Enrollment is estimated at
1,120,000; about 29 per cent of the
total enrollment is Negro.
The Durham school board, one
of three localities with desegre
gated schools for the first time this
fall, admitted one more Negro stu
dent to a predominantly white
school after hearing a group of ap
peals from previous transfer
denials.
The school board in Chapel Hill re
affirmed its August decision to delay
desegregation another year.
The Charlotte school board held de
segregation to a minimum—one Negro
girl in a school attended by about 1,500
white students—by denying transfer re
quests from eight students who had
appealed earlier denials.
Some of the Negro students in Yancey
County are attending a private school,
following assignment to schools in Ashe
ville which would have involved a daily
round trip of 80 miles.
Federal District Judge Edwin M.
Stanley has ruled that a two-year-old
suit involving the assignment of two
Negro students by the Druham School
Board should be dismissed because the
plaintiffs did not attempt to comply with
state liws regarding assignments.
An effort has started in federal court
to require the Greensboro School Board
to offer a systematic plan for the elimin
ation of racial discrimination in school
assignments.
In Durham, classes for 14,157 pupils
opened quietly as desegregation began.
Two Negro students entered Brogden
Junior High; two entered Carr Junior
High, and one entered Durham High
School. A sixth student, assigned to
Durham High, returned to the city from
a summer job and entered later in the
month.
The assignments were made from
among 225 transfer applications con
sidered during August by the Durham
school board.
Later in the month, the board recon
sidered 173 of the pupils whose transfer
requests had been denied.
The board admitted Jocelyn McKis-
sick, 16, to Durham High School as its
third Negro student. It then rejected all
other appeals which included: 100 for
reassignment to all-white elementary
schools, 47 to white or previously all-
white junior high schools, and 26 to
Durham High School.
The McKissick girl’s assignment was
one of two denied by the board in 1957.
It was from the decision then that the
federal court case arose against the
Durham board. This is the same case on
which Judge Stanley ruled earlier in
September. (See “Legal Action.”)
At its hearing on the 173 cases in
which transfer requests were heard on
appeal, the Durham board ruled that
unless a child’s parent or someone
standing in the place of the parent were
present the appeal would not be con
sidered.
At the beginning of the hearing, Con
rad O. Pearson, chief counsel for the
National Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People in North Caro
lina, presented papers showing he had
power of attorney for all the parents
involved.
Pearson said: “The applicants’ funda
mental objection to the assignment and
denial of the request (for reassignment)
is that the Durham City Board of Educa
tion is maintaining a school system on
the basis of race contrary to the 14th
Amendment of the United State Con
stitution.”
REQUESTS READ
A board member read all the requests
for a hearing on the transfer appeals to
be certain that any parent who wanted
to be heard would have an opportunity.
But the approximately 80 parents pres
ent chose to let Pearson speak for
them.
At the end of the hearing, the six-
member board went into a closed session
and spent two hours deliberating. It
ruled later that an appearance by coun
sel in lieu of a parent would not be
acceptable.
Commenting on the board’s decision,
Chairman Frank L. Fuller said the
board had reaffirmed its original deci
sions and “decided what we did the first
time would stand.”
During the month, two Negro schools
in Durham had bomb scares. They were
Whitted Junior High, which has 1,000
students, and Hillside School. The
scares were both anonymous telephone
calls. The first, on Sept. 4, at Whitted,
was a man’s voice. The second, at Hill
side, on Sept. 8, was a woman’s voice.
Police found nothing at either school,
and students returned to classes after
brief searches.
PRIVATE SCHOOL
In Yancey County, plans w:re made
by white and Negro citizens to provide
private education for 28 Negro pupils
pending some final decision on the
Yancey County Board of Education’s
decision to send all the students to Ashe
ville city schools.
The case had its origin last year when
a small, one-teacher school for Negroes
—the only Negro school in mountainous
Yancey County—was condemned. Last
year, the Negro students were assigned
to Asheville. Most of them made the 80-
mile round trip daily.
This summer, however, plans had not
been completed for a new Negro school
building, and most of the students (there
are fewer than 30 in the county) asked
for assignments to white schools in
Burnsville, the county seat.
The Yancey County board, however,
renewed its agreement with the Ashe
ville school board to send all the Negro
students to Asheville. A formal assign
ment to that effect was made in August.
The students, however, declined to
attend the Asheville schools. A few of
them made the trip on the county’s
school bus the first few days of school,
but the number never reached half the
28 students involved.
The Yancey school board, meanwhile,
has charged in a public statement that a
few Negro residents are trying to force
school integration against the will of the
majority of the county.
The board said repeated efforts on its
part to put in motion a plan to build a
new Negro school had been rejected by
spokesmen for the Negroes involved.
JOINT MEETING
The board said that a joint meeting in
mid-September of the board, the Yancey
County commissioners (the governing,
taxing body), some of the Negro par
ents and their attorney, Ruben Dailey
of Asheville, had resulted in a repeti
tion of the Negroes’ stand in favor of
integrated schools. It said offers of a
temporary building, of teaching at
home and of a new, modem building
were rejected.
Meanwhile, white and Negro residents
in Yancey County and Buncombe
County (County seat: Asheville) formed
the Burnsville Educational Project to
provide private instruction for the 28
Negro students.
Seven of them entered Allen High
School in Asheville, a private Negro
girls’ school operated by the Methodist
Church. Four of the seven high school
students are boys, and it was the first
time in the history of the girls’ school
that boys had attended.
In Burnsville, the same group estab
lished a class for the elementary stu
dents. They will be taught by a Negro
tutor in the basement of Griffith Meth
odist Church. The Burnsville Education
Project hopes to raise $3,500 to cover the
cost of the operation.
Attorney Dailey said earlier he expects
(See NORTH CAROLINA, Page 14)