Newspaper Page Text
Objective
Factual
VOL- 8, NO. >
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGI
DCC1 2 '61
SOUTHE
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i News
DECEMBER, 1961
233,509 Negroes Now in Biracial Schools
Segregation-Desegregation Status
State
School Districts
Enrollment
W/Negroes
Total & Whites Deseg. White Negro
In Desegregated
Districts
White Negro
Negroes
In Schools
With Whites
No. %ttt
Alabama
114
114
0
523,303**
276,029**
0
0
0
0
Arkansas
418
228
10
317,475f
106,731f
54,737
13,237
152
.142
Delaware
92
92
92
70,812
16,096
70,812
16,096
8,446
52.5
Dist. of Columbia
1
1
1
23,462
103,806
23,462
103,806
88,881
85.6
Florida
67
67
5
816,070
214,283
330,499*
60,372*
552
.258
Georgia
198
196
1
641,710
303,005
59,319
48,963
9
.003
Kentucky
211
172
134
600,000*
42,000*
445,000*
32,000*
20,636
49.1
Louisiana
67
67
1
450,000*
295,000*
37,123
54,292
12
.004
Maryland
24
23
23
487,500*
145,616*
482,697*
145,616*
47,588
32.7
Mississippi
151
151
0
293,600*
283,900*
0
0
0
0
Missouri
1,692
214*
201*
760,950*
84,550*
—
75,000*
35,000*
41.4
North Carolina
173
173
11
787,405
332,962
130,439
60,044
203
.061
Oklahoma
1,232
240
195
508,750*
41,250*
295,525*
33,817*
10,555
25.6
South Carolina
108
108
0
363,768*
265,076*
0
0
0
0
Tennessee
154
143
13
663,065*
155,500*
214,946
70,594
1,142
.734
Texas
1,485
643
148
1,889,851*
303,060*
1,000,000*
115,000*
4,300*
1.42
Virginia
131
129
19
657,162
216,860
252,758
73,309
533
.246
West Virginia
55
43
43
411,790
25,000*
362,577*
25,000*
15,500*
62.0
TOTALS
6,373
2,804
897 10,266,673
3,210,724
3,759,894ft
927,146
233,509
7.3
♦Estimated **1960-61 tl959-60 ttMissouri not included
tftProportion of Negroes in schools with whites to total Negro enrollment.
7
i ALABAMA
State Sponsors Study of Races
As To Intellectual Capacities
MONTGOMERY
[V. Wesley Critz George, a
”member of the faculty of the
University of North Carolina
Medical School until his retire
ment last June, has been retained
V the state of Alabama to pre
pare an anthropological study
challenging the doctrine that race
s not a factor in intellectual
capacity.
Montgomery Attorney Ralph Smith,
*hohas been designated by Gov. John
Patterson to represent him in all racial
litigation, has been
vorking with Dr.
k° r ge in pre-
Nation of the
Smith ex
plained:
it was my feel-
and one
5 are d by Gov.
^tterson that we
’•nou 1 d explore
f avenue in
J,J r efforts to pre-
* rve racial segre-
- ton. I think that many people in the
I u th sincerely believe that the mental
; n’adty of the Negro is inferior to that
a white, yet these same people think
Aw! sc * ence has proved to the contrary.
I /jyUy, scientific data supports the
iention that the white race, intellec-
^‘y, is superior to the Negro, and that
1, Point we seek to make with this
Study”
J’t'ith said he had turned to the
approach because “the rulings
| I U.S. Supreme Court have made
>. ear that it is no longer an issue of
rights or interposition but of
%
said the decision to authorize
^ce.
jVth
was made early this year and
■ George agreed in February to
w, .! the summer to the job. For his
(L he has been paid $3,000 from the
^ 0r ’s Emergency Fund—$1,000 per
^ w. The existence of the study was
m 1 Sealed until early November,
iM , a re Porter noticed the expenditure
/"decked it out.
Text Expected Soon
^° u gh draft has already been pre-
an d a final text is expected soon.
■>l Ue h said he did not know what
“le survey would prove to be in
ijr ^ cou rt actions but “we felt it was
k to let the courts and the pub-
bt that the scientific world does
\ l' 10 * instant integration is proper.
Pw^made the study for whatever
t is e h might serve and of course
hope that it will cause the
, ‘o take a new look at the situa-
K^thy study is entitled A New
W The Race Problem and con-
'V,7 t ets headed: “Are All Babies
*hPately Uniform and Equal
When They Are Bom?”; “Are There
Fundamental Differences Between the
White and Negro Races?”; “The
Mechanism of Heredity”; “Race and
Crime”; and “Genetics, Personality and
Racial Differences.”
Challenges Boas Doctrine
The study is a challenge to the “Boas
doctrine of anthropological equality,”
Smith said. A major thesis of the
George study is that, contrary to the
U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the
school cases, segregation does not have
a bad psychological effect on the Ne
gro. Dr. George and Smith comment in
the preface:
“In reaching this conclusion, the
court based its decision on theories
which have no basis in scientific fact.
These theories were rooted in the
equalitarian anthropological doctrine of
Boas, a doctrine which holds that race
and heredity play no part in an in
dividual’s learning capacity, a doctrine
which holds that all persons regardless
of ancestry or heredity have the same
learning capacity if they are given the
same environment. (It is) a doctrine
which woefully ignores the scientific
data on the subject.
“For whatever purpose it may serve,
it is the aim of this work to set the
record straight. Whatever may be the
outcome, the American public and its
courts should not be sold a scientific
hoax without at least knowing they
have bought a hoax.”
In his introduction, Smith says the
“instant integrationists” would close the
door to any further discussion of the
subject and that they contend that the
medical and legal questions have been
resolved:
“The truth is they are not resolved for
the obvious reason that the problem is
unabated with the prospects of grow-
Dr. Wesley C. George
Anthropological approach
ing worse. What has happened in reality
is that the Supreme Court has attempted
a scientific solution of the race prob
lem without having scientific evidence
before it. It invited science to enter in
but did not receive it. It attempted to
open and close the door at the same
time. Having so erred, the court will
undoubtedly one day take another look.
I was retained as a practicing attorney
to prepare for that day.”
States Rights Out
For the South, the struggle has been
taken out of the states rights arena,
Smith continued:
“Regardless of how steeped in con
stitutional principles or how popular
their advocacy at home, Southern
lawyers must now recognize that the
issue of states rights as regards the race
question has been settled, that we now
commemorate the 100th anniversary of
its settlement with cannons, and that
the courts have undertaken an ama
teurish scientific solution to the issue in
a manner which has been most nonpro
fessional, unbelievably credulous and
almost infantile on the part of the courts
and lawyers alike.
“However, what the vast majority of
lawyers and the American public gen-
(See STATES’ RIGHTS, Page 3)
SPECIAL REPORT
.3 Per Cent of Negro Pupils
Attend Classes with Whites
T he South has 7.3 per cent of its Negro enrollment attending public
schools with whites this school year, the eighth since the Supreme
Court’s 1954 ruling on school segregation.
According to the new edition of the Southern Education Reporting
Service “Statistical Summary,” the 17 Southern and border states,
plus the District of Columbia, have 233,509 Negroes in biracial schools,
an increase of 19,977 from last May.
When the Summary first recorded the number of Negroes in schools
with whites in May, 1960, six per cent of the region’s Negro public
school students were in biracial classes. The next survey in November,
1960, found 6.3 per cent of the Negro enrollment in desegregated
schools, and the 1960-61 school year ended with 6.9 per cent of the
Negroes in schools with whites.
The “Statistical Summary” reports
concisely on developments in education
arising from the U.S. Supreme Court
decision in the school segregation cases.
Data is given on enrollments, teachers,
colleges, faculties, litigation, legislation,
special public schools and ethnic
groups.
Negro students now comprise 23.8 per
cent of the region’s 13,477,397 public
school enrollment, up slightly from 23.3
per cent last May. White enrollment
numbers 10,266,673 and the Negro,
3,210,724, compared to 10,173,399 whites
and 3,088,261 Negroes at the end of the
last school year.
Surveys for the new summary found
that 28.9 per cent of the region’s Ne
groes are in desegregated districts; but
only 25.2 per cent of these 927,146 Ne
ill This Issue
State Reports
Alabama 1
Arkansas 12
Delaware 5
District of Columbia 4
Florida 3
Georgia 8
Kentucky 2
Louisiana 9
Maryland 10
Mississippi 2
Missouri 11
North Carolina 5
Oklahoma 13
South Carolina 16
Tennessee 6
Texas 14
Virginia 15
West Virginia 7
Special Articles
Status of Desegregation 1
Data and Discrimination 1
Facts on Film 4
Higher Education Report 7
Books and the Issue 10
groes actually attend desegregated
schools. The white enrollment in deseg
regated districts is 3,759,894, not includ
ing Missouri, where this figure is un
available.
Ninety-seven per cent of the South’s
desegregated Negro students, or 226,606
live in the District of Columbia and the
border states of Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma and
West Virginia. Together these states
have 14.3 per cent of the total Negro
enrollment, or 458,318.
The remaining three per cent, 6,903, of
the Negroes in biracial schools are in
eight states having 60 per cent of the
region’s Negro enrollment. Arkansas,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia
have a combined enrollment of 1,927,401.
The three segregated states—Alabama,
Mississippi and South Carolina—have
25.7 per cent of the Negro enrollment in
the region’s public schools. Their Negro
enrollment is 825,005.
Border Area
The six border states and the Dis
trict of Columbia, where 97 per cent of
the region’s school desegregation has
occurred, this year accounted for 87 per
cent of the increase in Negroes in bi
racial schools. This border area had
17,382 more Negroes in desegregated
schools. The increase of 2,595 Negroes
in biracial classes in the eight other
desegregated states amounted to 13 per
cent of the region’s overall increase of
19,977.
When school opened last year (1960-
61), the region had 14,605 more Negroes
in mixed schools than in the previous
school year (1959-60). The border area
in 1960-61 accounted for 99.6 per cent of
the increase. The other desegregated
states, then numbering seven, had a net
increase of only 60 Negroes in desegre
gated schools.
Fourteen Southern and border states,
plus the District of Columbia, have 897
(See MOST NEWLY, Page 7)
Data Specifying Races Declared
Not Necessarily Discriminatory
By JIM MILLER
DOVER, Del.
Collecting school enrollment
^ data that shows racial des
ignations is not, in itself, discrim
inatory.
That is the opinion of Dr. John G.
Parres, director of research and pub
lications, Delaware State Department
of Public Instruction.
“There is no instance in any school
in Delaware where the ‘colored’ desig
nation has been used for discrimina
tory reasons,” says Dr. Parres.
While the statutes of Delaware pro
vide that enrollment figures shall be
collected as of Sept. 30, Jan. 31 and
the last day of school, the racial break
down was added by Dr. Parres when
he was appointed to the job in 1955.
Only one or two local district super
intendents questioned his reasons when
the racial designation was requested.
“One school administrator said
‘we’re color blind’ when we requested
the statistics,” says Dr. Parres.
“That may be so,” replied Dr. Parres,
“but we must have these data for state
purposes. How else can we know the
status of desegregation in Delaware?”
Dr. Parres received the necessary
data.
“Then, and since that time, all ad
ministrators have complied 100 per
cent,” he adds.
Actually, says Dr. Parres, his divi
sion could foresee that the information
on racial desegregation would be need
ed by federal district courts, upon
which the burden fell following the
1954 Supreme Court decision.
As a matter of fact, the Delaware
data became vitally important after
Negroes sued in 1956 to enter white
schools.
Dr. Parres, among others, was put on
the witness stand during the subse
quent hearings, which led to approval
by the federal district court of grade-
a-year desegregation. But this plan
was later rejected by the Court of Ap
peals, and all Delaware schools were
opened to Negroes at all grade levels
last September.
(See RACIAL DATA, Page 5)
John G. Parres
Data not discriminatory