Newspaper Page Text
Factual
Southern
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SNOISIAIO SNOlilbinoDV
si i Hvae n
Vlf>«030 JO AINA
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\EWS
Objective
&
MAY, 1962
for
added,
:ies
ective
; e an)
order,
feetej
segre.
Segregation-Desegregation Status
School Districts
Negroes
Total
y «v.
Alabama 114
I Arkansas 418
Delaware 92
Dist. of Columbia.. 1
. 'Florida 67
Georgia 198
ugllt Kentucky 209
Louisiana 67
Maryland 24
Mississippi 150
Missouri 1,692
North Carolina ... 173
Oklahoma 1,232
, *' South Carolina ... 108
■ Tennessee 154
"““'Texas 1,483
- f 1 Virginia 131
arc " West Virginia .... 55
:d tin
>y re-
ovid
ce by
ancii
;choo!
fed.
bools
ig.
Lct TOTALS 6,368
ig up|
•Estimated; **1960-61; fMissouri not included
w/Negroes
Enrollment
Districts
With
& Whites
Deseg.
White
Negro
White
Negro
No.
114
0
523,303**
276,029**
0
0
0
228
10
320,204**
108,841**
54,737
13,237
151
92
92
70,249
15,917
70,249
15,917
8,540
1
1
23,462
103,806
23,462
103,806
88,881
67
5
927,331
242,097
348.209
61,883
648
196
1
641,710
303,005
59,319
48,963
8
169
141
600,000*
43,000*
432,996*
34,000*
22,058
67
1
450,000*
295,000*
38,217
56,095
12
23
23
481,276
143,879
476,473
143,879
59,729
150
0
293,600*
286,800*
0
0
0
214*
203*
760,950*
84,550*
75,000*
35,000*
173
11
787,405
332,962
130,439
60,044
203
240
195
508,750*
41,250*
295,525*
33,817*
10,555
108
0
363,768*
265,076*
0
0
0
143
17
663,065*
155,500*
225,096
74,524
1,167
890
149
1,892,044*
300,867*
805,000*
95,700*
4,000*
129
20
657,162
216,860
261,528
76,252
536
43
43
411,790*
25,000*
362,577*
25,000*
15,500*
3,047
912
10,376,069
3,240,439
3,583,827f
918,117
246,988
0
.139
53.7
85.6
.268
.003
51.3
.004
41.5
0
41.4
.061
25.6
0
.750
1.33
.247
62.0
7.6
failed ffProportion of Negroes in schools with whites
omey to total Negro enrollment.
Southern Education Reporting Service, May, 1962
‘LABAMA
Civil
ed in
uglas
Jacob
[ (R-
MONTGOMERY
HuetpoRMER Gov. James E. Folsom,
favored to lead in Alabama’s
thatiibernatorial primary May 1, did
even qualify for the runoff ac-
ing to final but unofficial re
ins.
t was the consensus of most who
wed the Folsom campaign that the
legation issue was the key to his de
al While the former governor was
** ft-pedaling the issue, former Judge
ou - r . J «orge C. Wallace boasted of his past
“I* fiance of the federal courts and pro-
1 piffled his intentions to place himself
^’ 7 the school house door” if necessary
. a, sto P a federal court order to deseg-
, . Me. He would risk jail for segrega-
j ®i he said.
Wallace vs. deGraffenried
(See A runoff was indicated between Wal-
uinf^ and State Senator Ryan deGraffen-
oulW of Tuscaloosa, who finished a bare
. or-42 votes ahead of Folsom. Paradoxi-
! th "v, deGraffenried was regarded as
[ it bind only to Folsom in his “modera-
uca"** 1 on the segregation issue. Thus de-
c*^ffenried’s 160,758 votes, added to
fW 4om’s 159,546, totaled 113,180 more
Wallace’s first-place total of
s ¥424.
n ° ! allace ’ s stron £> defiant stand on
legation may have been what put
it d
him over, but the second and third
place totals of the two candidates con
sidered most “liberal” on the question
might raise some doubt as to the overall
decisiveness of the issue. Less doubtful,
however, is that much of the anti-Fol
som vote was generated by his “soft”
segregation stand and past record. (See
below.)
Also, Attorney General MacDonald
Gallion, who campaigned on his anti
desegregation efforts against CORE and
the NAACP, finished a very poor
fourth, with only 80,307. And Birming
ham City Commissioner Eugene (Bull)
Connor, who stressed his fight for seg
regation in the state’s largest city, was
far back with only 22,800.
Pro- and Anti-Folsom
The inference seems to be that the
total vote was pro-Folsom and anti-
Folsom. Folsom lost votes because of
the segregation issue and Wallace
gained some for the same reason and
also because he seemed the man most
likely to unhorse the former governor.
Wallace retained a large bloc of loyal
supporters from the campaign four
years ago, when he finished second to
John Patterson, and he added to the
number. Certainly his personal popu
larity worked to his advantage as Fol
som’s declining popularity worked to
his disadvantage.
WALLACE
DeGRAFFENRIED
Negro voters apparently voted over
whelmingly for Folsom. At the Legion
Field Box in Birmingham, which is
more than 90 per cent Negro, Folsom
got 933 votes. Far back was deGraffen
ried with 63 votes. The remaining five
candidates got a total between them of
only nine votes. The picture was similar
elsewhere, though this was the most
clear-cut evidence of Negro voting pat
terns.
Negro candidates were successful in
several races. Seven won seats on the
Mobile County Democratic Executive
Committeee, six on the Jefferson county
committee and another is in a runoff in
(See WALLACE, Page 6)
EIGHT STATES
Legislatures Take Little
Action on Schools, Races
-he By TOM FLAKE
tbf ^Egislatures of eight Southern
^ an d border states meeting this
. have taken relatively little
er J*° n on issues involving school
or-®?egation or desegregation.
C 1 * Louisiana legislators convene
to 14 for a 60-day regular session
Ljf tel ! >ros P ec *' s for controversial pro-
and heated debates involving not
Public education but also Catholic
'b and state-chartered Tulane
e rsity.
Po states were there indications of
j, r changes in legislative desires or
Ij/Pdes toward compliance or non-
jj.Loanee with the Supreme Court’s
y k ^gation decisions. But it was in
i' \ evident that few new ap-
ji es of major consequence are in
' °n either side of the issue.
Mostly, it appeared to have become
a matter of modifications, methodology
or wait-and-see. There were obvious
tendencies to avoid “rocking the boat,”
either on the pro-segregation or anti-
segregation side.
S. C. Committee
In South Carolina, legislators re
ceived and followed a recommendation
from their special segregation commit
tee that no further segregation legisla
tion be enacted at this time. The
committee said the state “is relatively
free of agitation and disorder in the
field of education.” It added: “Our big
gest problem is educational, not social.
We should face the future in that per
spective.”
Even in Louisiana, where much of
this year’s major controversy over
(See FEW, Page 7)
Summary Price
Reduced by Half
The price of the “Statistical Sum
mary of School Segregation-Deseg
regation in the Southern and Border
States” for the 1961-62 school year
has been reduced from $1 a copy to
50 cents a copy.
The Summary is published an
nually, in November, by Southern
Education Reporting Service. It con
tains figures on enrollments by race
in public schools and colleges in the
17 Southern and border states and
the District of Columbia. The 48-
page publication also lists all laws
affecting school segregation-desegre
gation passed by the legislatures of
these states, as well as all court suits
filed and the decisions handed down
on them. Other features give facts
about desegregation of public school
teaching staffs and college faculties,
special schools and ethnic groups.
The November statistics have been
brought up-to-date, and the new fig
ures have been inserted in the Sum
mary. Copies may be ordered from
Southern Education Reporting Serv
ice, Box 6156, Acklen Station, Nash
ville 12, Tenn.
ial Schools
Increase of 13,479 Reported
In Area Since Last November
p ublic schools in the Southern and border states have 7.6 per cent
of their Negro enrollment in classes with whites, eight years after
the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling on school segregation.
A special survey conducted by the 18 Southern School News cor
respondents found that the school year will end with 246,988 Negroes
attending schools with whites, an increase of 13,479 since last Novem
ber. Schools opened last fall with 233,509 Negroes in biracial schools;
this was 7.3 per cent of the Negro enrollment then.
The Supreme Court ruled in the
n a
olsom Bid Fails; Wallace Meets
PeGraffenried in Runoff Primary
in
school segregation cases on May 17,
1954. Southern Education Reporting
Service’s “Statistical Summary” first
recorded the number of Negroes in
schools with whites in May, 1960, when
it was determined that 181,020 Negroes,
or six per cent, were in this category.
The percentage figure increased to 6.3
in November, 1960, and to 6.9 in May,
1961.
The “Statistical Summary,” now pub
lished annually in November, reports
data on developments in education aris
ing from the Supreme Court’s 1954 de
cision. Statistics and information are
listed on enrollments, teachers, col
leges, faculties, litigation, legislation,
special public schools, and ethnic
groups. This issue of Southern School
News carries tables updating statistics
from the last edition of the “Statistical
Summary’” for seven states in which
there has been significant change.
The 17-state region, plus the District
of Columbia, has a public school enroll
ment of 13,616,508, of which 23.8 per
cent is Negro. White enrollment totals
10,376,069; Negro enrollment, 3,240,439.
New Figures
The new survey found that 28.6 of
the region’s Negro students are in de
segregated districts, but only 26.9 of
these 918,117 Negroes actually attend
desegregated schools. The white enroll
ment in desegregated districts is
3,583,827, not including Missouri, where
racial information is unavailable.
The District of Columbia and the
border states of Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma and
West Virginia remain the area with the
greater portion of school desegregation,
having 97.3 per cent (240,263) of the
region’s desegregated Negro students.
However, these states and the District
of Columbia have only 14.1 per cent
of the region’s Negro enrollment, or
457,402.
The remaining 2.7 per cent (6,725) of
the Negroes attending biracial classes
are in eight states with 60.3 per cent
(1,955,132) of the region’s total Negro
enrollment. These states are Arkansas,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Vir
ginia.
Three States Segregated
Three states—Alabama, Mississippi
and South Carolina—have completely
segregated public schools. The 827,905
Negro pupils in their schools are 25.6
per cent of the region’s total Negro
enrollment.
Three border states have experi
enced an increase in the number of
Negroes in desegregated schools during
the current school year. A new survey
by the Kentucky Department of Edu
cation found 1,422 more Negroes in
schools with whites, bringing the total
to 22,058. Maryland had the greatest
growth in the number of Negroes at
tending biracial schools, an increase of
12,141 making the total 59,729. Dela
ware now has 8,540 Negroes in deseg
regated schools, an increase of 94 since
last fall.
Of the Southern states with some de
segregated schools, three experienced
decreases in the number of Negroes
in biracial schools, and three states
showed increases.
In both Little Rock and Atlanta one
Negro assigned to a desegregated school
returned to an all-Negro school. This
gave Arkansas 151 Negroes in schools
with whites; and Georgia, eight, all in
Atlanta. Revised estimates in Texas
dropped the number of Negroes in bi-
(See RACIAL, Page 5)
In This Issue
State Reports
Alabama 1
Arkansas 5
Delaware 12
District of Columbia 4
Florida 10
Georgia 16
Kentucky 18
Louisiana 2
Maryland . 14
Mississippi 9
Missouri 13
North Carolina 7
Oklahoma 17
South Carolina 13
Tennessee 8
Texas n
Virginia 19
West Virginia 16
Special Articles
The Region: Statistics 1
Legislation This Year 1
Civil Rights and Education 1
New Orleans: Church and State.. 3
New SERS Director 9
Man on the Bench 10
Races and Athletics 15
Books and the Issue 15
Impacted Area: Altus, Okla 17
Texts
Knoxville City Schools 8
Hempstead, N.Y h
CONFEREES DEBATE
How Far Must Schools Go
To Meet Court Mandate?
By JIM LEESON
WASHINGTON, D. C.
TAiscussions at the U.S. Com-
mission on Civil Rights con
ference on education returned
repeatedly to the public schools’
responsibility for the extent and
speed of desegregation.
The liveliest issue at the otherwise
quiet meetings May 3-4 was the rela
tion of the Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling
to segregated schools resulting from
natural circumstances and not from any
government action. Some speakers
argued that de facto segregation was as
harmful as de jure segregation, but
other ^conference participants answered
that “compulsory integration” was as
wrong as forced segregation.
President John F. Kennedy, in a tele
gram to the fourth annual conference,
said that efforts must be redoubled “if
constitutional rights are to be vindicated
and public education strengthened.”
“Compliance with the constitutional
mandate for school desegregation has
demanded the best efforts of many of
the school boards, administrators,
teachers and community leaders repre
sented at your conference,” the presi
dent said. His telegram concluded:
“Your assemblage can make an impor
tant contribution to the bonds of com
munication and understanding which
make such progress possible. I know of
no greater challenge facing America to
day.”
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy
appeared briefly during the first session
to say that the administration felt that
progress had been made in civil rights,
“but we have a long way to go.” “More
is required, more is necessary over the
(See CONFERENCE, Page 20)