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VOL-1
NO. 6
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News
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Objective
DECEMBER, 1964
Negroes Double Enrollment
Segregation-Desegrega tion Status
School Districts
With
Negroes
Enrollment
In Desegregated
Districts
Negroes
In Schools
With Whites
Total
& Whites
Deseg.
White
Negro
White
Negro
No
%t
Alabama
118
118
8
549,543**
293,476**
152,486**
88,952**
94
.032
Arkansas
412
228
24
333,630**
114,651**
93,072
28,943
930
.811
Florida
67
67
21
1,001,611*
246,215*
812,268*
174,522*
6,524
2.65
Georgia
196
180
11
752,620
354,850
195,598
133,888
1,337
.377
Louisiana
67
67
3
489,000*
321,000*
61,885
86,248
3,581
1.12
Mississippi
150
150
4
308,409**
295,962**
34,620**
91 Q?9**
58
.020
North Carolina
171
171
84
828,638
349,282
548,705
201,394
4,918
1.41
South Carolina
108
108
16
371,921
260,667
156,346
83,608
260
.100
Tennessee
152
141
61
724,327*
173,673*
459,162*
135,001*
9,265*
5.33
Texas
1,380
862
291
2,086,752*
344,312*
1,500,000*
225,000*
25,000*
7.26
Virginia
130
128
81
733,524**
234,176**
585,491
189,046
11,883
5.07
SOUTH
2,951
2,220
604
8,179,975
2,988,264
4,599,633
1,368,531
63,850
2.14
Delaware
78
43
43
83,325
19,497
78,346
14,484
11,267
57.8
District of Columbia
1
1
1
17,487
123,906
17,487
123,906
106,578
86.0
Kentucky
204
165
164
620,000*
56,000*
540,000*
55,900*
35,000*
62.5
Maryland
24
23
23
565,434
166,861
560,359
166,861
86,203
51.7
Missouri
1,542
212*
203*
818,000*
102,000*
NA
94,000*
44,000*
44.1
Oklahoma
1,118
242
200
542,103*
43,954*
324,981*
37,026*
13,923*
31.7
West Virginia
55
44
44
426,821*
21,000*
389,921*
21,000*
18,500*
88.1
BORDER
3,022
730
678
3,073,170
533,218
1,911,094ft
513,177
315,471
59.2
REGION
5,973
2,950
1,282
11,253,145
3,521,482
6,510,727ft
1,881,708
379,321
10.8
•Estimated • *1963-64
(-(•Missouri not included
•(Number of Negroes
in schools with whites, compared to state’s total Negro enrollment.
Southern Education Reporting Service, December, 1964
THE REGION'C*;.. &
Whites
2 Per Cent /n Negro Total
Attends Biracial Schools
T he number of Negroes attending public schools with whites almost
doubled in the 11 Southern states this fall.
The annual statistical survey by Southern Education Reporting
Service found that the South has 63,850 Negroes in desegregated class
rooms this school year, representing more than two per cent of the
area’s total Negro enrollment of almost three million. Last year, the
South’s public schools had 34,105 Negroes, or slightly over one per
cent, in classes with whites.
This year’s increase represented the largest in the South since the
original Supreme Court decisions on school segregation in 1954 and
1955. Earlier this fall, the pre-school figures and estimates available
had indicated desegregation would continue at about the same pace as
last year and would not reach the two per cent mark. However, the
official survey in November uncovered unexpected increases in Lou
isiana, Tennessee and Virginia.
For the region consisting of the 17 Southern and border states, plus
the District of Columbia, the number of Negroes in desegregated
schools increased from 315,836 for last year to 379,321 this fall. This
provided a percentage increase from 9.2 last May to 10.8 per cent in
desegregated schools this year, out of a total Negro enrollment of
3,521,482.
Every Southern state showed sharp
VIRGINIA
U. S. Appeals Court Holds Grants
Invalid as Used in Two Counties
RICHMOND
V irginia’s tuition grants pro-
' gram, as applied in Prince Ed
ward and Surry counties, is un
constitutional, the U.S. Fourth
Circuit Court of Appeals ruled
Dec. 2. (Griffin v. Prince Edward
County Board of Supervisors;
Pettaway v. Surry County School
Board.)
The court said that use of grants by
children attending private segregated
schools operated by local foundations
*akes those schools “public facilities.”
Therefore, the court declared, the
^hools come within the scope of the
upreme Court’s 1954 decision in the
Segregation Cases.
The Circuit Court’s ruling applies
^eoifically to Prince Edward and
bUrr y counties. The court did not rule
,n the constitutionality of the tuition
s^ts law itself.
the ruling seemed to say, however,
any school which accepts tuition
jf^ts money cannot discriminate, on
e basis of race, against any applicant
' t admission.
k”°nstitutionality °f the tuition grants
n Js at issue in a case to be argued
• 14 before a three-judge federal
g’tft in Richmond. (Griffin v. State
r d of Education. See below.)
h This Issue
l°nthly Reports
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pec ial Article
Region ...
Pr in(
Ce ^ward County, Va 11
In its Dec. 2 decision, the Circuit
Court said, in part:
. . In Prince Edward and in Surry,
the newly-established white schools
are nominally no part of the counties’
school systems, but they are in fact the
counties’ schools, supported by the
counties and, indeed, tailor-made to
continue their initially avowed and
persistently pursued policy of segrega
tion.”
The court said the faculties of the
private schools consist of teachers who
formerly taught in the public schools,
and that state law permits these teach
ers certain state benefits formerly
enjoyed only by public school teachers.
Continuing, the court declared:
“If such strategic maneuvers resorted
to in response to the law’s requirement,
pass muster, Prince Edward and Surry
have indeed accomplished a remarkable
feat, stultifying a decade of judicial
effort to bring about compliance with
Brown v. Board of Education. But the
label applied to these Foundation
schools cannot blind courts, or anyone
else, to the realities. It is of no im
portance whether grants are made
directly to Foundation schools or in
directly through the conduit of pupil
subventions for restricted use as
tuition fees. In the circumstances dis
closed in the present cases, there is a
transparent evasion of the Fourteenth
Amendment.”
Calls for Injunction
In remanding the cases, the appeals
tribunal said that the district court at
Richmond should enter an order en
joining the local school boards from
processing or paying tuition grants to
parents desiring to send their children
to the Foundation schools as long as
those schools remain segregated, or “to
any other segregated school that is,
in effect, an extension of the public
school system.”
In his original decision in the Prince
Edward case, District Judge Oren R.
Lewis in effect had approved use of
tuition grants in the private schools
provided the public schools were
operated on a desegregated basis.
In the Surry case, Distict Judge John
D. Butzner Jr. had enjoined use of tui
tion grants in that county “in any
school that discriminates in the admis
sion and education of pupils on the
basis race . . .”
The decision of the Circuit Court on
Dec. 2 was by unanimous action of the
five judges. (See accompanying text.)
★ ★ ★
Another Anti-Grants Suit
Argued in District Court
Whether enacted “under the banner
of ‘massive resistance’ or the more
respectable sounding ‘freedom of
choice,’ ” Virginia’s tuition grants laws
are illegal in that their purpose is to
maintain segregated schools, Negro
attorneys told a three-judge federal
court in Richmond Nov. 20. (Griffin v.
Prince Edward County School Board.)
The tuition grants program must be
declared unconstitutional, because it
violates the due process and equal pre-
tection clauses of the Fourteenth
Amendment, S. W. Tucker and Henry
L. March III said in a brief filed with
the court.
Tucker and March represent a group
of Negroes residing in nine Virginia
localities named as defendants in the
(See U.S. COURT, Page 11)
increases over last year in the number
of Negroes in schools with whites. Tex
as continues to lead in total number,
having risen from an estimated 18,000
for 1963-64 to approximately 25,000 this
year. Mississippi, which had none last
year, has 58 this year, the smallest
number of any state.
Alabama increased from 21 Negroes
in biracial schools to 94 this year. In
Arkansas, the number jumped from
362 last school year to 930 this fall.
Florida, which had 3,650 last year, now
has 6,524 Negroes in classes with whites,
and Georgia, which had only 177 last
year, now reports 1,337. Louisiana had
1,814 Negroes in desegregated schools
last year and has 3,581 this year, but
the figures for both years include Ne
groes in predominantly Negro schools
attended only by a small number of
whites.
Sharp Increases
In North Carolina, the number of
desegregated Negro students increased
to 4,918 this year, compared with 1,865
last year. The neighboring state of
South Carolina reported an increase
from nine in the previous school year
to 260 this year. Fall estimates were
unavailable in Tennessee but official
figures now show that the state in
creased sharply from 4,486 last year
to a current 9,265 Negroes in schools
with whites. Virginia estimates had
indicated that the state’s public schools
would about double the 3,721 Negroes
in desegregated schools last year, but
the final figures showed that 11,883
were involved in desegregation.
With the beginning of the new
school year, the number of desegre
gated districts in the South increased
1964-65 Summary
The latest information on the
status of desegregation in the public
schools and colleges of the Southern
and border states is provided in the
1964-65 edition of Southern Educa
tion Reporting Service’s Statistical
Summary, soon to be ready for mail
ing.
Developments for this school year,
the 11th since the U. S. Supreme
Court’s 1954 decision, are reported
for each of the 17 states, plus the
District of Columbia, that in 1954
had laws requiring racial segrega
tion in their public schools. Several
tables summarize information for
the region and give comparisons
with previous years.
The Summary is available at $1
a copy.
to 604, an increase of 159 from last
year’s 445 desegregated districts. The
continuing consolidation of school dis
tricts reduced the total number of
school districts in the South to 2,951
this year, including 2,220 that have both
races enrolled and 731 that either are
all white or all Negro in enrollment.
In the border area, where consid
erable desegregation has occurred in
previous years, the consolidation of
school districts reduced the total num
ber of desegregated districts, although
additional districts have desegregated.
The border area previously had a total
of 3,126 districts, with 771 having both
races enrolled and with 716 of these
being desegregated. This year, the same
(See NUMBER, Page 12)
WASHINGTON REPORT
Hannah Says Better Schooling
Needed to Solve Rights Issue
WASHINGTON
I mprovement and expansion of
educational opportunities for
Negroes are the key requirements
for solution of the Nation’s civil
rights problem, the chairman of
the U. S. Comission on Civil
Rights said Nov. 8.
President John A. Hannah of Michi
gan State University, who has headed
the commission since it was established
under the Civil
Rights Act of
1957, said racial
conflicts will not
be resolved “until
we raise a whole
new generation of
of Negroes” in
first-rate schools.
He said im
provement is
needed at every
educational level,
from the ele-
HANNAH
mentary classroom through the gradu
ate school.
Hannah gave his views in a panel
discussion at the annual meeting of the
Association of State Universities and
Land-Grant Colleges. Under considera
tion was a report on a survey made by
eight predominantly Negro colleges in
the seven-state region of the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
Job Qualifications
The survey found that while eco
nomic opportunities are rapidly ex
panding in the TVA area, many Negro
college graduates are failing to qualify
for available positions.
“Negro graduates,” the report said,
“have a psychological problem to over
come. When we tell our graduates they
can get a high-level job, they may not
believe us. We must convince them that
employment opportunities, other than
the traditional ones, exist for them.”
Many Negro graduates do not take
merit examinations for federal employ
ment, the study noted, although “gov
ernment agencies are among the coun
try’s biggest and least discriminating
employers.”
In the decade from 1950 to 1960, the
report pointed out, 94 per cent of the
graduates of Alcorn A&M College in
Mississippi, a Negro institution, became
teachers in their state’s school system.
Felton Clark, president of Southern
University, a Negro land-grant college
in Louisiana, said
remedial pro
grams are under
way at the eight
Negro institutions,
but that further
efforts are needed
to upgrade re
cruitment pro
grams and faculty.
“We’re weak in
tools,” Clark told
panel participants.
President Fred
(See MARSHALL, Page 2)
