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f^.c.y.y'rnrjTV. BRAZIL AM) roIOVGAL. An extract from a private letter from Lisbon of December 14, re published in Paris from a London paper, contains soine interesting in elligence of the affairs ol Portugal particularly with reference to its relations with Bray.il. Ihe revo lution which took place in the lat ter country a few years since, was of such a half way character as to involve no verv decided disavow al of European principles ; and the writer of this letter very reasona bly remarks, that if an attempt is made to recover any of the South American countrirs, Brazil will he the first to feel the power of the united sovereigns. The following is a brief re-ca pitulation of the principal events which have occurred in Brazil with in the few past years. In Novem ber 1 807, the late Queen of Portu gal embarked for Brazil with her court, intending to establish in America that authority which the house of Braganza was supposed to have lost forever in Portugal. Ihe changes which immediately suc ceeded this measure seemed to promise the greatest security to that extensive colony ; for the pres ence of royalty served as a central point, about which all the provin ces were consolidated far more ef fectually than they had been under the viceroys. The court of appeal was changed into a court of revis ion; the supreme tribunals ofjus tice, police and administration were instituted under the same form and with the same powers as those of Lisbon ; and Brazil from that moment ceased to be a colony. The ports were opened to all nations ; and in 1810 the Brazilian govern ment concluded several private commercial treaties. In 1815 the country was erected into a king dom, which the inhabitants expec ted would be permanent. Things remained quiet under the reign of John 6th, until near the end of the year 1820, when the news of the revolution in Portugal arrived and found him surrounded bv Portu guese troops, well inclined to adopt a similar course. Pernambuca came forward promptly for a rev olution ; and on the 26th of Janu ary 1821, the king, with a good grace, swore to the constitution pro claimed in Portugal, whatever it might be. In April following he accepted of an invitation from the Cortes,and returned to I.isbon leav ing his son Dsn Pedro regent ol Brazil with great powers. He had succeeded to his govern ment in unfavorable times. The country was agitated by political discussions, and the finances were in a very unsatisfactory situation ; and to render himself popular the king reduced his private expenses and went to live in the countrv.— Two parties now existed in the country : one for the ancient insti tutions and the other for funda mental, improvement. Os these the latter was far more numerous and was kept in agitation hy the division of Brazil into numerous provinces by the Cortes at Lisbon, for the purpose of keeping it more securely in their power. The Bra zilians were all in favor of remain ing united with Portugal, but the constitutionalists were resolved to be retained on an equal footing with the Portuguese, and this final ly produced the revolution. Pla cards were posted up in the streets in October 1821, proposing to pro claim the Prince, Emperor, but without anv serious effect. In De cember, orders arrived, for the for mation of a junta of government, and for the return of the prince who immediately began to prepare for his departure ; but the Brazil ian troops became so much exaspe lated, that they assembled and drew up remonstrances to the au thorities, which induced the Cortes to suspend the order relating to the prince, and to propose the division of the country into two parts, each under the direction of the Portu guese ministry. But this did not satisfy the Brazilians, who still persisted in demanding a central gov eminent. On the loth of May 1822, the prince was proclaimed perpetual defender of Brazil; and his coun cil was formed ofprocuraJoics nam ed by the different provinces. This council, at its first session, declared itself incompetent for legislation and recommended to the prince the convocation of a constituent and legislative assembly which meas ure was adopted in June, and nul lified bv the Cortes in September, who at the same time ordered the return of the Prince Regent within four months, under pain of losing his right to the crown. About nine months after this, the Cortes ceas ed to exist nt Lisbon, the Prince remained in Brazil under the title of Emperor, and bis authority was at length recognized in every part of the country. When the news of this counter-revolution in Por tugal and the reinstatement of the king, was received at Rio Janeiro, it seemed to meet with an unfa vourable regard from the Emperor who treated the messengers quite roughly, because they brought or ders instead of mere instructions; yet he received some of the des patches which they brought from the king. This last measure shook the confidence of the Brazilians in the designs of the prince, for they were disposed to assert their inde pendence ; yet the legislative con stituent, assemblv proceeded in their first session with the discus sion of anew constitution,'and at our last dates from Europe, it was feared it would be finallv accepted. Such a prospect was very gloomy to the Portuguese government. — They were ignorant of the effect produced by the messengers to Rio Janeiro; and the frequency of their meetings indicated the agita tion of their minds. The latter to which we are indebted for the sub stance of our remarks, concludes by expressing a decided opinion that the Brazilians will demand an acknowledgement of their indepen dence ; and that Portugal has nothing to expect from them, unless perhaps some more advantageous commercial relations than will be granted to other nations. In a postcript, however the writer be travs some change of opinion, and mentions that, although a question has been started whether the prince has not forfeited his claim to the throne, some persons entertain a belief that be lias been playing a double game all this time, and se cretly obeying his father by accom modating himself to circumstances. The news which has readied us from Rio Janeiro a few days ago, tend ed to confirm this suspicion ; for the emperor, in contradiction to the repub lican principles which he has so often pretended to encourage, had just sur rounded the legislative chamber with a large body of troops and dissolved the assembly as well as put an end to the discussion and all hopes of the new constitution. The Portuguese party had gained great influence ; and it seems by no means improbable that the next ship from Brazil may bring the news of her having returned under the yoke of her absolute king. [Since the above was in type, we have been supplied by the politeness of Copt. Mott, of the Tuscaloosa, arrived yesterday from Rio'Janeiro, with pa pers from that city to the 20th of No vember. Judging from their contents as well as from the situation of affairs as reported by Capt. M. it would seem that the fears entertained in Lisbon concerning Brazil had sufficient foun dation. The papers speak boldly of the hostile intentions of Portugal, and seem to have been little intimidated bv her threatening posture. We ob serve ,i very spirited article on the ‘vi tniious measures which ouidit to be ta ken against the injurious pretensions of the Portuguese ministry,’ in which the necessity of preparing a sufficient army, repairing and garrisoning some of the old forts, and erecting new ones on commanding points along the coasts is strongly urged. But this was im mediately followed by an account of the dissolution oftbe assembly,and the fate of the country still appears very doubtful.J Spontaneous Combustion. —Many curious factß relative to spontaneous combustion have occurred, but we be lieve the articles in which the follow ing case originated, have not hereto fore been known to create it. They were a quantity of hops well dried, and pressed into a homespun bag, which was laid upon a pile of Cotton seed. When the fire was discovered, both were nearly reduced to ashes by the gradual heat, and on removing them, they burst into a blaze. By what circumstances the tire was pro duced, or in which, or by the combina tion of the different articles, is left to the speculation of the curious. Milton (X C.) Gaztltt. Jl double conversion —-William Uav nohls was at first a Protestant of the Church of England ; and his brother. Dr. John Raynotds was trained up in Poperv, bevond (lie seas. Yil. tarn, out of* an honest ‘/.cal* to reduce his brother to his church, made a journey to him —when in a conference between them, it fell out that John, being over come by his brother’s arguments, re turned into England, where lie became one of the most risrid sort of English Protestants; and /Lilliani being con vinced bv the reasons of his brother John, staid beyond the seas, and be came a very violent and virulent Pa li ist. ‘j'D'ji'jtiirj-vf. Extract of a letter from a gen tleman of Salem, dated at Cadiz January 27—“ Cadiz is now com pletely under the control of Fran ce and in a commercial point of view is nothing, Spain, indeed as we be lieve, has fallen to rise no more. — The formadable batteries of this proud city are now stripped and harmless, and its inhabitants are nerveless under the bayonets of the French soldiery. Two ships from New-York and ourselves arc all the Americans to be numbered in this spacious bay, where a lew years ago, seldom less than forty sail could be counted atone tune. — No business is now doing or likely to be done here very soon. A Spanish 64 gun ship and a brig have sailed on a secret expedition, from all we can learn they are to be join ed by a French squadron at the Ca naries and then to proceed to Lima with troops to endeavour to restore that country to the old order of things, the despotism of legitima cy.” A letter of the 18th January pub lished in the Charleston Courier, from the Chairman of the Greek Committee in England gives a view of the benefits afforded the Greeks by subscriptions in that country —“ The accounts which the Com mittee have received lately from Morea, are very encouraging and that they trust that in the ensuing campaign, a very powerful assis tance will be afforded to the Greeks in the stores which the subscrip tion of last year amounting to near ly 7000/. enabled them to send. — These consisted of printing press es types, surgical instruments med icines and hospital stores, two brigades ofguus for mountain ser vice, ammunition, materials for forming a complete labatory for the manufacture of rockets, spheri cal case shot, and every species of destructive fire works. The com mittee sent with these articles,eight men (artificers) and a very intelli gent fire-master, to direct and in struct. —Two surgeons have been sent, and four German engineer of ficers.” Emigration of %9rtizavs.- —An in teresting conversation took place late ly in the British Parliament between Mr. Hume and Mr. Huskisson on a motion made by the former to appoint a committee on the law restraining, exportation of machinery and the em igration of artisans. Mr. Hume con tended that the existing laws could not be defended now that government had encouraged emigration to the Cape of Good Hope, ami other places, and per mitted the richer classes to live abroad drawing their whole income from the United Kingdom. As related to the exportation of machinery it was well known that it was at present expor ted, and he thought it would open a vast field and afford a great profit to industry, if parliament adopted such measures as would enable the coun try to become openly and avowedly the manufacturer of machinery for all the world. Mr. Huskisson said that he concurred in the motion but he wished it to be understood, that he held himself at. liberty, on every part of this subject, to form his opin ion upon the evidence which might be hereafter submitted to the committee. He acknowledged that in much of the general reasoning of Mr. Hume, he fully concurred. On the first head of proposed inquiry which related to the granting permission to artisans to go abroad, he must confess that lie enter tained but little doubt. Every man was entitled to carry that talent which nature had given him, and those ac quirements w hich his diligence had at tained, to any market in which he w as likely to obtain the highest remunera tion, unless it could be shown that there was some paramount and over whelming necessity against it. The present laws led to nothing else but perjury, as any man might now go a broad who chooses to swallow the cus tom-house oath. It was not just, be cause the severe penalities it contain ed prevented those artisans who had failed in turning their acquirements to advantage abroad from returning back to their native country. lie knew that, at this very moment, there were manv manufactories in kranee, in which not. merely the workmen, but also the masters who employed them were British born subjects, who would be glad to return home it they could. With regard to the free exportation of machinery, public opinion was more divided; but for his own part lie had no hesitation in stating, that in ge neral he concurred in the opinions which the honorable member had ex pressed upon it: and he would further observe that if it were determined to permit the emigration of artisans, it would be more difficult than ever to prevent the exportation of machinery as the machinery was in general their invention. —The motion for a commit tee being put and carried, Mr. Hume proposed 21 gentlemen, who were ap pointed to form said committee. Eve. East. From Peru. —Caracas papers re ceived at N. York, contain accounts from Bogota of the 20th and 23d January which state “ that the re volt of Riva Arguero, from the constituted authorities of Peru had terminated ; that when on the eve of being attacked by the army, be was delivered up to the Liberator and president by bis own troops ; and that he has since been sent to San Bias, in Mexico. More than four thousand soldiers have been added to the army of the Repub lic by this event, independent of 2500 who had arrived at Callao from Chili. Bolivar is then ena bled to turn his undivided attention to the campaign. In Upper Peru, three columns, commanded by General St. Cruz , Colonels l.anz and Urdimenca , keep the enemy in check. Bermuda nvd Governor Lumlerj. By the British Packet,we have recei ved the Bermuda Gazette to the 20th of March inclusive. Our readers are not strangers to the difficulties that have existed in that colony, for years past, in cousequence of the conduct of Sir “W illiam I.umely the Governor, and the disagreements between him and the House of Assembly. Last year the Knight was ordered home to render an account of his stewardship but contrary to the wishes of the peo ple of Bermuda he was sent back with directions to resume bis official du ties. But the storm was broken out afresh. The Gazette informs us that a series of resolves, declaratory of va rious acts of misgovernment and un just domination of Governor Lumely’s administration, of his attempted in vasions upon the rights and privileges of the people, were passed by the House of Assembly, on the 13th ulti mo ; a copv of which, togethei with a Message more fully explanatory o f their views was presented to His Ex cellency early in the week. In con sequence of these prvceedings, Sir Will iam desired the attendance of the members at the Council Chamber on Thursday, the 18th of March, when he voci ferated a speech and then pro rogued the Colonial Parliament to the first day of the ensuing month,at w hich time it will probably of course be either further prorogued ordisolved. At the conclusion of their resolves, the As sembly say— “ Thus met in their very first step, with unexplained difficulties and fresh denials of their inherent and never be fore questioned rights, accompanied with an erroneous relation of facts as applies to the late Treasurer’s Ac counts, highly censuring the Reports of Committees of former Houses of Assembly thereon—for the House to proceed to business would be to ex pose themselves to a renewal of that course of systematic encroachment and reproach which was experienced by the late House of Assembly;—and from the experience which lias been had of his Excellency’s disposition, and the recent disclosure ol his views, it would be an undertaking utterly hopeless, for the lloase to attempt to proceed in that cordial and confiding co-operation with him, so necessary to mature the important concerns of the Colony ; and, therefore under these trving circumstances, the only alter native left to the House, and the com munity at large, is patiently to wait until our revered Sovereign shall be graciously pleased to grant them re lief.” Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Laguuyra , to liis friend in Haiti in ore, dated .March 3d. “ 11, Irvine arrived here four days ago from Curacoa, after a confinement of sixteen months. lie was liberated by a direct order from the king of Holland, without trial, inasmuch us lie had not directly or indirectly violated any laws of Holland/’ Anew steam boat is about to be launched at Cincinnati, Ohio, cal led the Celedonia, which, W posed, will be invulnerable t ' b s v sawyers and other obstruct the navigation of the \vester° nS ln ters. Besides being Un , n “' 3 - strong in the bows, she i s Prr ' SU f with a snag room, so that q and her bows be perforated, no a ° lild will accrue to the the partition between the hold is strong and impenetrably water. ‘ u }‘ Statistics. —The following is a comparative view of the Population, Revenue and Debt of the principal modern states : Populat' n. Revenue, j Public Debt. France 2i>,tMH),(HiO 36,000,000 184,500,000/ . tustria - - - 28,000,000 12,500,000 73,0n0,00<:/ Spain, in Europe 17,000,000 6,500.000 13-7,0 >O,OOO/ (Great Britain, in . Europe, Ash, kc. - - - - - 68,000,000 50,000,000 801,000,000/ J .V cthertands, \ V ;th Colonies 6,000,000 7.000,000 145, 000,000/ Prussia - - - - 11,000,000 7, 000, 000 | 28,000,000/ Russia, with Po- I land - - - 52,000,000 14,.>00,000 / 50.4 >O,OOO/ T’nitrd •States - 12, 000,000 5.500,000 I l!<.i>oo,oo<>/ - - - - 0,000,u00 J 2,!><>>,/ i •>,>•.•/ I'ut-A r r/ in I'Zit- 111 jop - - - I ?V500,000 / * / - - From (lie New-York Advocate. Extract of a letter from ‘ Slab Tain: .Mr. Editor. —l generally contrive to get into the Post-Office, every mail day, in eider to look over the papers and find how matters and things are going on. I used to believe everv thing I saw in the papers wlien I took but one—now that l can look over half a dozen, bang me if I know what to believe. I thought that the <|ues tion about President was settled to a certainty, and that Crawford was the man who would be selected by the democracy of the country—but every Editor seems to have a snug little candidate for himself, and they print letters from all parts of the continent to show that their man must be Pres ident. 1 here must be some meaning in this,some charm in these letter-, and so I determined to write too. “A letter from Slab-Town,” sounds s| most as well as a letter from Albany or Washington, and I intend to give, you some important intelligence. The following is the “result of repeated enquiries on the subject of the presi dential candidates,” I have shewnit to twenty people and they all swear they guess it is pretty nearly correct. I should first tell you, however, that our whole town contains but two fam ilies, 01 rather but one, as the Pod master is an old bachelor and livesm a little log hut by himself, so that lie may’ be said to lie “ himself alone.’ He’s an old buck of the Revolution, volunteered in the late war, and is dead for Crawford. I shall give Crawford my support too, as I believe, under present circumstances, he is the saf est and most prudent man we can se lect. My oldest son, who can man age a plough with any man in the coun try, and who by the way takes after me, says lie’ll vote as I do. The next oldest, who has just left college, in sists that Adams shall have his vote lie mutters something about justemd tenacem, which I can't understand; says he is industrious, and what fa Bob is more than all, that he is a di smal schollar. Jim, my pet boy, hur rahs for Jackson, and lisps out “tk Greek warrior forever!” The you * rogue hung up one of my fattest pift and insisted upon it that he was tried by martial law. Sally, who is a lid on the shady side of thirty, says thd she hears Mr. Clay is very genteel, she is sure he must make a good Pres ident. Becky, just turned of fifteen, declares that young Mr. Calhoun must be the best President, because he is so young. She wonders if he ‘ married. From all this the folio"ir is the state of the vote in Slab-In" 11 ’ Crawford, Adams, ----- 1 Clay, 1 Calhoun, | Jackson. ----- ‘ Respectfully, llans Van Kj.* l ''’ P. K. I have said nothing about poor wife, as she died last fall 0 * dumb ague. If you publish this, put my name in print; but only “ from a respectable gentleman Slab-Town.” Amrrican Genius. —A corresp l -’ dent of the National states that “by information ‘ tained at the Patent OlHce, it jV pears that nearly a thousand 0 lars have been received for p granted within this month; •’ Mr. Gilbert Brewster, who six weeks lately examining d ,e rious models, declared, d int aid received at that’ office, m amining attentively the maclm’ ,’ has enabled him to perfect sj 131 art of spinning wool, that h* reduced the price of spinning one’ cent per pound. It has 1