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[Communication ~\
To tue P ople of Georgia.
Po ITTC *L strifes have existed a-
Anongvou, tny fellow citizens, since ;
the first e fabli aliment of our pres
erf gover ment—ami with a spirit
ad ardour 100, (hat Iras rent *ut
rfrr, some of (lie nearest lies of blood
and marriage. It is natural, that
as a party rises, it should he anx
Join for strife to reuse; and as it
falls, to aggravate that strife, lo
all political contentions it is usual to
plead hard to obtain an ascendancy,
find to preserve it when obtained,
by any and every menus. For this
double purpose, there is no possible
means so effectual as consistency,
Political names have in some degree
altered, for the pu>p>se of conceal- ,
ing political character. But a re- j
eurreoee to the early ami late liisto- I
rv of political ontentio is, will sat
isfy any one that those who were
called republicans in 1800. are now ‘
called by their opponents radicals.
but s'yle themselves republicans trf
the old school, anil tin m* who wire
called federalists in 1800. ate now ‘
called by their opnoneuis. prodigals, !
but style themselves republicans of
the new school. Thu* shewing that
in name, all are republican*—al
though it i- evident that old fede
ralists have associated with ew re
publicans. and advocate the exer
cise of powers implied, and not ex
ptessed—splendid national designs
—.-tie fostering of one branch ofna
lio I industry, and neglecting ano
ther, —a large military establish
ment in time -f peace—lavish ex
pereftures for governmental display
rid practice upon the idea that a
national debt is a national blessing !
J wish lo recall the attention of the
penile of Georgia to the leading
do trines of the old school republi
cans, in the hone that they will re
turn to them (if they should unfit
have been misled) and
tea- 1 hem again ro their children,
a‘ >’ ‘:Hisfi them for iheir <<iiiiijrcn*s
Jv, those on which Mr. J (f-rsoo
found* and h's administration .f the
Am* :cao government—and coin
prei * ini. an adherer) *e f*> the
txp'escd authorities nf the - onsii
fu’M) —2d, a liberal & uniform pol
icy t* •%> liranch of national in
dustry-—avoiding; rb*trry ad mu-
D>poi zirg duties—3d, an economi
calc and horsemen! of national funds, I
for the purpose of avoiding national
taxes or national debt —4 h, a pro
portionate rxt rrise of state and fed
erated lights, to balance the powers
<of government, aid give ea h its
d"e weight and authority, without
rc-ou *e to strained cons ruction or
violent iii|di* Htson. To a very
shot and I hope d : stinct explanu
lion of these doctrines, I wish lo
ask vour attention.
I o r itirinnnl uthorities
—The people of Georgia have a on
itiluf-mi, by the letter of whit b they
ace g vetoed, il governed at all
br**aue the constitution is a written
instrument. aod has been printed
th * i may he mid anil understood \
by those w*t> are subjected oils au !
tkority If (be doctrine of learned
construction is admitted, (and that
fit implication is n* thing less) it
must he conceded also that the peo
are gov \ led hv a cohstilutioa
thev **annot read and utder?a*d.
Tbe purpose of a written law is
therefore frustrated. If he feat
ures of a t-c ,at ituf ion are not plain
enough to distinctly and readily
recognized hv those who are subjec
ted ‘o ‘licit etpre* ion, let the clay
b rt pul io the hands of the p step
that ihe?e features may he made
pr mi nent. The people of the Uni.
ted S ates have a constitution sepa
rate and distant from the several
state constitution*, bv which the
whole family of the government are ,
ontrou!ed, and to the provisions of
which they are subjected. If these
provisions are not explicit, they ‘
ought to be made s in a coostitu
lion il manner, by the advice nf
th e who are to be governed, and
according to such construction as
the people themselves shall give to ;
the doubt-’til and inexplicit provi
sions—these should not be submit
ted (o implied <outructions by mem
bers of Uongtess, by judges of j
<*ourts, by the President of the U. !
Status, oor by any less authority |
tha t is required to form anew eon- >
sli'uiiun. or to alter the old one j
2. Os ‘liberal and uniform policy
to eveiy branch of national indus
I>y. Fljv great pursuits of the V- j
meritaa people, are agriculture, j
cotnnaeroe & manufactures. These
are mutual helps to and dependent
upon ea* h other, and cannot in
deed prosper without reciprocal aid.
It is evideut that if to entourage
agricultural interests, a restrictive
duty should he imposed on com
meree and manufactures, agricul
ture must fail, if not sink under the.
burden whi* b oppresses the other
brandies of industry. Agriculture
and manufactures supply the means
of commerce. Agriculture and
commerce supply (he means of
man u I act ores. M anufactures and
commerce supply to agriculture its
principal means lo protit. One
branch of these pursuits, should
not be encouraged wiihou* a t-orres
[> nding act on betiaif of earn of the
others, ibis would he a mon po
lizing or dU<'riuiiaalmg ad —and
su b nn act is the lately adopted ta
riff hill. The illustration is plain.
The fnanufacturer derives a tempo
rar’ neot-fi* from <he arrange ment
(aod “nly temporary it ail* be) hut
what is its effe t • the b sine** of
the planter and the mescha .i? If
we impose 9ueh duties on inanufar
tur*d articles of cotton, wool,
hemp, tobacco, Ac.. us to prohioit
their importation, those nations
whose trade i* affected by i;. will, in
retaliation, impose s ti du; -s up*e
one raw ma-eciai of miN-> *, w !,
flux. hemp, tohace *, & *. as to r.r
hrl *h , ir exp mtatioi—.> nv
fhev, if you wilt not purchase oac
goods we wdl not buy yt-uc pn.un. e
—if we cao make nothi .g by mak
ing up yi ut co: tor, we will ua- buy
your f-otlon. What will b* the coo
sequence to fho-e who cultivate ot.
lo ? I hat wbi-h we can ot se| m.
sh* 1 northern maoufacttrum at his
own price* must lie ia our v
h'-nses, gradually wasting a w y,
a d if finally lost, is lost a our own
price. The business of ,?ommer<e
is lint, he-ause agri-uilture is (ram
tnelied, and cantioi gtve i; employ
ment. This subje* ?is oppressive to
me—l become in the dis
cussion i ii, u'd it must pass—
lur let it b“ reme-cbreed, this do-
Irine >f monopoly ig of the new
ooi in conformity to M .
J. ff von , doctrine of unfettered
c*’nn erce, upon principles of equi
ty a >d reciprocity,
3. Os ec n my n national expert
dilures*—The d.sbrrsemenl cf the
puklii funds, i$ a subject of interesl,
ard of Ttgiitftil interest too, to eve
ry individual citizen of the Union—*
benaute he pays k.s proportion of
the amount of taxes, and has an un
alienable right t i e qirre how that
amount is appropriated by the gov
ernmeni which receives it ; by Hie
auihon't that exacts its contribu
tion In the administration of pub
lic affair*, it is proper that a nation
should be untrammelled by faulty
commerce, and unembarrassed by
heavv debts. As among individu
als, he who is least io debt is least
io danger, so it is am> g associations
of individuals, or nations of people.
As among individuals, he who does
not engage in grand designs of inter
nal improvement wssbout having in
baud ami unemployed, the funds to
pav for them, is considered a wise,
cautious and substantial man ; so
among nations. As am • :>g 1 divid
uals, be who sq ia-id is a*d wastes
in idle or lv’.-*g, iht< pro
perty which wuuid o:lisiwtse have
amply supported himself and his fa
mily in com ‘opt, is considered a vain
aid unjust m i; so it i thought of
an extravagant governaieut. A9
among i .dividuils, he who is enga
g'd in visionary schpvmrs speoula
(tons, aad labours on subjects not
really tangible and of established
value, is always &rcto ! d to die a
bankrupt ; so is that nation, who
regardless of the value *f an even,
temperate, established aod a* relia
ble course, strikes into devious ways,
and makes a political furnace for fu
sing, fining and resorting a govern
menl of new prim iples and untried
properties, ranked s a visionary
government, whose existence will he
extinct during the lives of those
who administer it. As aroorg in
dividuals, be who is always disposed
to wrangle and fight, may always
be engaged in broils and battles, aod
19 esteemed an irritable, vexatious
and unworthy man ; so is that, na
tir.o which is disposed to be hostile,
always able to meet combatants, and
stands io the public view as a foe to
public peace and quietoess, and a
disturber of other nations* harmo
ny —(For an example of this char
acter, you may east your eye to the
‘•fast anchor’d i^le**—?he land of the
King Georges.) As among individ
uals he who gives no insults is not
likely to reeelve any 5 and ho who
supplies the inmates of his house
with mean* of defence is not likely
to have it entered aod robbed—so is
that nation which Ive 9 peaceabiy
md off rs no assault upon others’
rights, likely to be respected in its
rights by others ; and that nation
which puts into the hands of iis
people the means of defence, and
bars its posts and frontiers against
H'Siult, is not apt to he involved in
war and aggressions, tie who in a (
multitude, doubles his fi-* , draws
his knife, and o>-ks his pistol, is
bpt to irritate by Ins attitude, those
who would nm otherwise have no
tired lum —and *n a spiri* of riot and
dictation, he is apt in be doubled
upon and beaten, hv those of a hke
temper with himself Fiia sane
reuta’ k will apply to natt os of a
threatcniog *■Ammeter.
A. Os state and federated rights.-*•
On the subject of state rights f hold
the prin ; tpt** ! o he correct, mat au.
tiuveity n<n assumed by ’he general
government, nor forbidden by it. in
co <f y t> the social a;id p!ifi
cal comp 'V i, uiy be exercised'by
separate si.ties upon (heir individual
and dis’ium an uority—md that cer
tain authorities .egard.ng p*Jive,
not prohibited by, oor repugnant to,
tne inwsof general government, may
!) * excr ised the states, free fr**m
cuntroul bv the general government.
Ti exemplify my opinion on this
t, i übmt tiie foliowiug iltus
tr*?v ; >; : Tue people of Georgia are
gov; rued by ttic laws of the United
S*a e* a.u! b> the laws of tieorgia—
wherever a taw of Georgia contra
venes # r operates io contradiction to
a law of the U i(ed •states, the sa f e
la v ii, of no eff t—where there is
no law of the Union, and no consti
tutional provision ag iinst the state
law, it is fully effective, That por
tion of the people of Georgia who
reside in cities, towns and villages,
are subject to die municipal laws of
these places, which, if not in viola
tion of die laws or constitution of the
Union or Hfate, cannot ha eootroul
ed by either. Those persons who
reside on their hve a
right to frt-ik* su Ii I*W9 of p dice*
for tha government of dieir fami
lies, as shell! not conflict.wdh gen
eral or state laws, or such * anite
laws as have been received by adop
tiou as the law of the state or of
the Union. If the s ate of Georgia
bv its executive, m b acy, or civil
offl ers, eocroa he- wihoui legal
auMiovity. on the rights *>r
of a ‘y citizen, that citizen has a just
claim upon die sia<* for t elribudou
a ul * ecompecce for such encroa di
m?, Aul whatever may be th ■
rights of individuals as oon. eeed
w h the Union or a slate, su”h are
the rights of stages in connection
with, and in rea ion to the Ud*m
No state has audi u-ity to make any
taw ff.*e i g itie eights and proper
ty of a y *i‘ ; zer, whlcti sbali not be
applicable *o all i-s citizens, l \nr
has a state any authority over many
unali£ able riglrs of its citizens,
which embrace his religious and
p litical p -Miciples, his mode of
worship, or his choice of mei.—his
cmitrmt ner the edu -aiion, lab >ur,
fed and raiment, marriage and set
tlement if his family, &c. The
United Slates has no authority to
make a law affecting the rights and
property of any state, whose provi
sions do nt extend to every sectioo
of the Union—-and this law shall be
in conformity to the great constitu
tional charter of the several states,
and of the Union.
I have thus explained to you, my
fellow citizens, in a short, but I
hop** comprehensive manner, the
principal doctrines and policy of the
old republican school, under the ad
ministration of Mr. Jefferson, For
twenty-three years the affairs of our
country have gloriously prospered.
Io that time we have been ia the
“ full tide of successful experi-
I meat.” We have regulated com
mer .'e, and confirmed an extraordi
nary, uopareileiled credit with oth
\er nations. Io the exercise of the
old republican policy, we have
kept aside from and uaemharassed
by the wonderful revolutions and
turmoils of Europe—and have been
gradually, but effectually establish
ing a reputation abroad, that forms
the boast of every American citi
zen. The great questions to be
proposed to you at this time are
momentous and imposing. 4re you
desirous of a change in that policy
of government which was adopted
by Vlr. JcffVrson, aod has been pur
sued by his successors, Madison and
Monroe? Are you dissatisfied, my
fellow citizens, with that political
course which has elevated this
lion to a rank mpre enviable than
that of any other nation of the
earth? Are yon dissatisfied with
that political administration which
has maintained our credit at home
and abroad, without dishonorable
subterfuges, or the violation of any
principle of good faith towards oth
ers ? Are y**u dissatisfied with that
administration of national aft sit’*
which supports every department
of our government without recourse
to heavy taxes or oppressive im
post- ? I feel cmifideni of expressing
vour several aod unanimous opin
ions by answering ‘♦No! we have
been proud of the elevated charac
ter our couolry has acquired abroad
wo are happy to have lived in a
prosperous condition, aod to have
been freed from oppressive duties—
wo wish to have our governmental
matters administered oa the saute
principles so long as we are to live
under them-—and hope they may be
continued t<* thebenefit of our child
reo.” Then be careful, that in the
selection of an I*.dividual to preside
over the councils of our country,
you select one who is distinguished
for (he uniformity of his adhcraoce
to these established and acceptable
doctrines—for his economical yet
profitable views of national disburse
ments—.for cite promptness, li'm
ness and fairness of his general,
moral, and political character.
In discussing before you the me
rits of die several distinguished in
dividuals wh are named as eandi
daies for the Presidency of the U.
States, it i9 a! way* proper that a de
cent regard should be had for the
feelings and judgment of others.
In advocating the pretensions of any
one to an ofti e of honor and high
trust, his merits should he set forth,
and urged by every cogent reason
that can he made to hear up m the
subject. BtU it is too common in
the discussion of the current presi
dential subject, to engage io a r.und
of detca. ti*u ; to set forth the dis
qualifications of every candidate
but the one who is supported; and
ooe candidate is thus to be advanc
ed by the bold experiment ofdtsgra
ring othe’ %. By this method, our
pwii cause aod our own country is
brought into disiepu<e. When au
individual of the United Slates has |
became suflr ienUy distinguished in .
the view f his fellow-citizens, io he
held up aim>ng them as worthy of
the chief magistracy of the l nion,
he oughi. through respect to the
feelings of that portion who esteem I
him meritorious; through regard
for his political charai ter which has
acquired such distinction; and for ;
< lie honor of the cou try who counts j
him amongst her great and merito- j
rious men, to be exempt from that j
calumny which characterizes vil
lage gossiping, and ill bred detrao- i
lion. He is the property, and the
highly boasted property of the na
tion, aod the principle of moral jus
tice and national pride should shield
his charaoter aod bis feelings from
calumny. It is ridiculously u der
valning the judgments of our fellow
citizens who have esteemed any in
dividual statesman, worthy to be
chosen their President, to attempt
to debase that mao before the na
tion, for a matter of opinion only,
aod upon conjectural reasons for
such opinion. It is still more cru
el and unjust to apply (he opprobri
ous epithets of swindler, peculator
and smuggler to such a distinguish
ed mao, unsupported by actual con
vietion or upon evidence inoontro
vertible, public and acknowledged
by bis eoosiituents. Opinions should
not be imposed upon you, for mat
ters of fact—and that ao individual
retains his honors and his office, as
detraction increases against him, is
satisfactory evidence that the body
•fhis constituents are not v fluen
ced by opinion. It is highly impro
per that loal prej’ dices and per
sonal predilections should he suffer
ed to interfere to embarrass the
judgment of men, in relation to
great political measures. It is held
to be the duty of every citizen to
merge his local politics, in a con
test for general principles—and
when a great political principle is
violated or endangered, to sacrifice |
every personal prejudice in its pro
tection and defence,
ARISTIDES.
(To b* continued )
The Clarksburg Intelligencer has
called our attention to the fact, that
the Judges .f the Territory of Ar
kansas, whom we supposed to be
irresponsible to, and independent
of, the President, during the term
of tbeic service, are, by law, to hold ,
their office for four veais, nthss
sooner removed bij the President.
\\e were aware of the limitation of
the term of service of the Judges,
that is, that their commissions are
renewable every fiur years, but nef
of the latter clause. We supposed
all Judges of the United States to
stand upon the same fouling; nor jg
either of tbe above provisions of tho
law of the 15:h Congress easily to
be reconciled to the first section of
the 3d article of the Constitution,
which declares that “ The Judge*
both of the Supreme and Inferior
Courts shill hold their offi -es du
ring good behaviour ” Ihe latter*
of me provisions of the law is in di
rect conflict, i appears to us, with
the terms of the constitutional pro
vision, unless it he established that
Judges of the territorial c ourts are
noi Judges of the U -ited States,
The ouiy supposabie warrant eve
can discover for this legislution\f
Congress is the provision of the
Constitution (art. i, see. 3) which
savs that Congress shall have paw*
er to “make all needful rules and
. regulations respecting the terri
h tury or other property belonging
*♦ to the United States.”—Without
pretending to any learning t (ho
law, we should think that tbewrds
or other p operty , showing the na*
ture of me rules and regulations re
ferred to, as applying to matter
merely, wousd exclude the idea that
Congress are, by this clause, Au
thorized to govern the territories
on oilier p it ipies tu.a those of
the Constitution, in a point up<m
whi* h the C onstitution is as expli
cit as it is upon the tenure of the
Judiciary,
Leaving this discussion, howev
er, to ablttr haiius, it is proper that
we should s * far correct our former
statement as to de iare the fact that
the statute in the case limns (he ten
ure of the office of Judges of Arkan
sas to four years, r ihe pleasure of
the Presidoot.— *Ydt. Intelligencer*
|AM —— n 11* f* mam Zfc
hi K'XEivsl
Washington, Aug. zt, iB2T,
MR CRAWFORD AND THE TARIFF.
The foliovrmg are such extracts ftom Mr,
Crawford’s report to Congress, as relate tost
revision of die tariff, >o which is added a fevi*
explanatory remarks:—
Manual Report ♦ Uert, 10, tsfO.
Undnr all the cireumstanees, it ii
respectfully submitted, that the pub
lic interest requires (hat the reve
nue be augmented, or that tbe ex
penditure be diminished.
Should an increase of the revenue
be deemed expedient, a portion of
the defi it may be supplied by an ad
dition to the duties now imposed
upon various articles of foreign mer
chandize, and by a reasonable duty
upon sales at public auction; hut
it is not probable that any oiouifi a
tion of the existing tariff an super-,
sede the necessity of resorting t<*
interna! taxation, if the expenditure
is not diminished Should
deem it expedient to modify ihe pre
sent rate of duties, with a view to
ass rd that protection to our cotton*
woollen, and iron inaoulactures*
which is necessary to secure to them
the domestic market, the necessity
of respi ting to a system of internal
taxation will he augmented. It it
believed that the present is a favor
able moment for aff< tdiug t ffinenl
protectieu to that increasing and
important intere t, if it can he done
consistently with the general inter
est of he oation. The situation of
Ihe countries from whence our for
eign manufactures have been prin
cipally drawn, authorizes the ex
pectation, that, in the event of a
monopoly of the home market being
secured to our cotton and woof(ea
manufactures, a considerable por
tion of tbe manufacturing skill and
capital of those countries wiil bo
promptly transferred to the United
States, and incorporated iot* tho
domestic capital of the Union,
Should this expectation be realized,
tbe disadvantages resulting from
such a monopoly would quickly dis
appear. In tbe mean time, it i be
lieved that a system of internal tax
ation would be severely felt by the
great mass of our citizens.
Whether the revenue be augment
ed, or tbe expenditure be diminish
ed, a loan io some extent wiil be
necessary. The augmentation of
the one, or the diminution of ilm
other, cannot be effV<*ted io suffi
cient time to preveot this necessity.
As the six per cent, stock of ihe
United Slates is Minsiderably above
par, the sum required to be raised