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Volume XJ
PT BUSHED
BY PHILIP C. GUJEU.
NEW ARRANGEMENT.
As exp'Ttonce has discovered to us the'little
attention paid <o printing debt?, and the great
diffi'*slv aod expense in collecting such debts,
& as a few only can be called liberal in paying
punctually what they owe justly, to the printer;
we have, after due consideration, come to this
conclusion, that we ought sot to give credit
We arr/compclled, therefore, to adopt anew
plan.. In consecjdnceof ihis determination,
our .shall in future be,for the paper three
dollars per annum, if paid in advance—four
dollars, if paid within six months—and five
dollars if paid only at the end of the year
For advertisements, they are to be paid in ad
vance sheriff sales excepted, which are to be
paid quarterly. The above rules shall be
strictly observed, and no one need apply who
is mt ready to comply with them
Terms of Advertising, 75 cents per square
fur the first insertion, and 62 1-2 cents for
each continuation.
The subscriber returns his grateful
acknowlegments to the constituents of Wilkes
for their liberal support to him as Tax Col
lect Jf, at the late connty election ; and informs
them,.he is a candidate for the same office, on
the f*-9t Monday in January next.
JOSIAH B. HOLMES.
•ct. 4, 1824.
wr-
We are requested to announce BEN
JAMIN WOOTTEN, Esq, as a candidate at
the next election, for Tax Collector.
We are requested to announce DRURY
CUNNINGHAM, Esq. as a candidate at the
ext election, for Receiver of Tax Returns.
QT}? We are authorized *o announce SAMU
EL BROOKS, Esq as a candidate a the en
suing election, for Receiver of Tax Returns.
To the Citizens of Wilkes.
1 TENDER you my grateful ac
knowledgements for the liberal
nupport you have given me at the
last January election ; and 1 feel
conscious that the (rust reposed in
wie has been faithfully attended to.
1 now announce to you myself as
candidate again at the next election,
for Receiver of Tax Returns,
William Watkins.
Oct IS, 182*.
Governor’s Message. *
Concluded, , %
The Commissioners of the United
S. in (heir negoeiations at Ghent,
W*. scried the rights of the sovereign
ty and soil of all the Indiao country
Within their boundaries to the U. S.
a r >d consequently that the Indians
were mere tenants at will They
asserted moreover, what is undoubt
edly true, that the system adopted
by the U. S. towards the aborigines
ii more liberal and humane than that
practised by any other nation before
them. The treaty of Hopewell is
the basis of all other treaties with
Chcrokecs. Its provisions are
eonfrmed expressly by the subse
quent ones of Philadelphia in ’9*,
Teltico in ’9B, and Tellioo iu 1805.
Disregarding the stipulations of
these treaties, the U. S. acknow
ledge the fee simple to be in the In
dians. The Indians therefore may
rightfully cede aertain portions of
territory in fee simple, to private
citizens of Georgia. Georgia in the
last resort is forc'd to draw the sword
against her own flesh and blood.—
The United States will then be the
primary agent in fomenting civil
Avar between the citizens of Geor
gia ; and what will he more unnatu
ral, the citizens of Georgia resident
in the Cherokee oountry, will appeal
ko the government of the U. S. to
vindicate their supposed rights, a
gainst the assaults of their own bro
thers. Thus the U. States, by their
new doctrine, overthrow the entire
system of polity before established
in their intercourse with the Indi
ans, and will, if they persevere, re
duce Georgia to (he necessity of re
sorting for redress to measures de
pending on herself aloae.
As to the guaranties contained in
thrso treaties, Ihcy are guaranties
to the Indians of tho right of hunt
ing on the grounds alluded them as
securities against the trespasses of
the whites, who might interfere
with that use, and not guaranties of
fee simple title, blow could the
triwtics expressly from the lu
.(lm ns the tee simple in one article
and gtiara itce it to them in another!
Jf ihe V . S. have encouraged the
Che.'ik; *s to make expensive itn
prm ?!• >is n the lands of Georgia,
and *ueh improvements are assigned
as the rc4>ou for not making the re*
The Washington News.
WASHINGTON , (georgia) SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1g24.
linquishment, the U. S. are bound
in honour and justice to pay the full
value of them, and to give to the
Cherokee*, territory of their own
elsewhere, corresponding in extent
and fertility with that which they
abandon. The government of Ge
orgia solemnly disavows any intent
ion to do the least itijustiue to the
Cherokees. On the contrary it
would respect their rights, as it
would those of any other people, and
will contribute its full quota at ail
times, as it has done in past times,
to civilize, improve and perpetuate,
a raoe of men of great nobicuess of
spirit, and with whom she has gen
erally lived on terms of peace and
friendship, but it can scarcely be
expected by the Cherokees them
selves, that obvious and indisputable
rights of citizens of Georgia, should
be yielded to any interests of theirs
W.bethor real or imaginary,
government of the U* States
have thought proper to state aa ac
count current with the state of Geor
gia. la this account Georgia is char
ged with an aggregate of $7,735,2*3
made up of the following items, viz.
$1,250,000 under the articles of a
greement and cession— $ 958,95*
paid in extinguishment of Indian
claim*- $ 1,2**,137 for 995,310
acres of Arkansas land at the mini
mum price of $1 25--A SL2B*, 131
paid to the Yazoo claimant*. It is
perfectly fair and qnite consistent
with usage, that Georgia, on kor
part, should state an account also;
and taking the rule adopted by the
United States government, viz. the
present minimum price of the public
lands, the acoouat would stand thus
--80,000,000 acres ceded to th* U.
S. at $1 25 per acre, $ 100,000,000
—•from which deducting tho above
amount charged to Georgia by the
U. S., will leave a nett bala&ae of
$ 92,26*,757, gratuitously present
ed by Georgia to the U 3. It will be
recollected however, that from the
date of the contract with Georgia iu
1802, until the 2*th day of April.
1820, the minimum price of the pub
lic laud*, had been fixed at $ 2 per
acre, and when it is considered that
between the two periods no lands
were sold for less, and large quanti
ties were sold for more, the account
can thus be stated—-80,000,009 at
$2 per aero, $160,000,000; making
the same allowance for Arkansas
lands exchanged with tho Cberkees,
and giving credit to the U. 8. for
$ 1,990,620, instead of $ t,2**,137,
the balance due to Georgia would
be £t5L,518,27*. The whole reve
nue of the United States would not
pay it in seven years;—to pay it
•nc year would involve tho mass of
the population of tho Union in dis
tress. The interest would have en
abled Georgia to dispense with tax
es, to educate all her oitizens at the
public expense, to have armed and
equipped her militia, to have made a
garden of the face of the oountry—
intersected every where by turnpikes
and canals and studded with the mo
numents of art. Foregoing these
advantages for the beneGi of the U.
S. Georgia would have bean the last
to remind the U. S. that sacrifices
had been made on their account, if
the federal government postponing
the rights and interests of Georgia,
to the snaginary rights of the Indi
ans, had not forced upon her a com
parison of what she is, with what
she alight have been.
But it eannot even be conjectured
upon wbat grounds Georgia has been
charged with the amount paid to
the Yazoo olaimauts. Gcrgia was
not consulted iu the compromise
with those claimants. She never
therefore gave her assent to the
compromise. On the cootrary, so
far as the could, she did, by her
delegation io Cougres* re*ist it.—
Georgia, so long as she remained
a moral agent could cover asseut.
The act was, in effect aad substance,
a formal decree of the highest au
thorities known to the constitution
of die United States, in perpetual
testimony of the reward which a
waits those who shall in future time
successfully bribe ami corrupt tbc
representatives of (he people to sell
their country; and as iu this case
it was the Legislature of Georgia
which had been so bribed and cor
rupted, it could not be expected by
the United States that her assent
ever could be given. It w<>ald have
equally reasonable, if the U.
States bad surrendered the entire
oountry to the claimants, and char
ged Georgia with the value of it.
Notimo was lost in transmitting
to the President the memorial of
the last Legislature on the subject
of eitizens claims against the Creek
Indians, which had been provided
for by the treaty concluded 8t the
Indian Springs. The answer of the
President, communicated through
fbe Secretary of War, is submitted.
► Vou will see that the decision of
which wc complained is considered
ftbai, no revival of it reed
be expected. The provision of the
treaty was undoubtedly designed to
cover the whole amount of claims of
every description ami of gvery date,
up to the year 1802, tie justness
and fairness of which oo#ld be sub
stantiated by sufficiett evidence—
Nevertheless the President has fho’t
proper to reject claims for property
taken aad destroyed, oily because
it happened to bt destroyed, al
though the broad aod lotnnrehen
sive words of the treaty
erty taken or destroyed,”’- and he
has moreover resorted io the rules
of interpretation prescribed by Ibe
law of nations to expound treaties !
concluded with savtgdci by which
a farther considerable aaiouct is de
ducted from the claims of Georgia,
pro-existing treaties, not having,
according to those rule*, specifical
ly provided for them, This con
struction is the more unreasonable,
as those treaties were cooidudcd,
not by Georgia, but by the United
Stales, who ought not now to caute
the citizens of Georgia to cuffVtr by
their own neglect nr omission.
Georgia, however, ini pro vide uily
assented to refer (hose claims to the
abilrement of the President alone
without appeal, whatever reason
she may have to complain of the in
justice of the decision, she is pre
cluded from resoniug io any meas
ures of her own for redress. The
Indians well understanding that Uie
aggregate of the claims amounted
to more than $250,000, intended
that the entire sum should beuppii
ed to the satisfact’oe of them, io !
cording to the rules adopted by the
President, claims to the amount of
SIOO,OOO only, have been admitted.
Whether the balance, viz; $150,-
000 wdl ho credited to the lodifcus
or will pais into the treasury of the
United States, is uct known to age.
I anoouneo to you with pleasure
that in compliance with the request
contained is the memorial of the
last session, and ia fulfilment of the
stipulations of tise article* of agree
ment and cession, a treaty is about
to he holden with the Creeks for (he
extinguishment of their claims to all
the lauds wifliio our limits. May
we not flatter ourselves that this
friendly measure is the precursor of
the fioai adjustment of all differen
ces bet w een thegeueral government
and the state of Georgia; and that,
in a like treaty with (he Chero
kee*, we may see all difficulties re
moved—the relations of the two go
vernments restored to what they
ought to be, and an old contract
which has contributed so mush to
disturb them, carried into complete
and final execution.
It gives me great pleasure also to
be able to inform you, on the au
thority of our agent, that the claims
for militiafervices which have been
earnestly aud repeatedly pressed up
on the federal government for some
20 or 30 years past, and which have
so far remained unsatisfied, will be
likely (o find a gracious reception
at the ensuing session of Congress.
Vo promote this desirsble result, I
recommend to you to continue the
services of Col. Hunter on the part
of the state. The justice of these
claims is so undoubted, that to be
universally acknowledged, they
need only be understood.
As soon as it was ascertained that
Congress had passed an aet author
izing the President to procure the
necessary surveys, plans and esti
mates for roads and canals, &o. I
addressed a letter to the President*
requesting that Georgia should be
admitted to a participation of any
i benefits or advantages which might
result to the union from (hat act,
and called his attention particularly
to the importance of connecting the
waters of the Savannah with thoso
of the Tennessee, and the waters of
the St. Mary's and those of tho Sit
waoco. His answer, given through
the Secretary of War, is transmit
ted herewith. It was presumed that
the Congress had derived its power
to pass the act from the provisions
of the constitution which authorize
it to regulate commerce between the
different states, and whioh confide
to it the defence of the country; and
that no operations would be at
tempted under it which would be
©onfin-ed exclusively to the limits
and jurisdiction of any particular
slate, faking this for granted, so
far from opposing obstacles to its
execution, I thought it my duty to
interpose our claim for that propor
tion of any good resulting from it,
whioh might rightfully belong to
Georgia.—And here permit me, as
eonneoted with this subject, to ask
your attention to a resolution of the
last legislature whioh authorizes the
Governor to direct a survey to be
made between the navigable waters
of the St. Mary's and Suwanee riv
era, for the purpose of connecting
them by a oanai—a measure of
great interest to Georgia, aod un
questionably of first importance to
the United States—huteertaioly one
which can be carried into exeoution
by the United States alone.—The
territory through whioh tho canal
must pass, is the property of the U.
States within their exclusive juris
diction, and any survey attempted
there, under the orders of (he Go
vernor of Georgia, would ho con
sidered a trespass and perhaps re
sented artordiagiy. Whilst, there
fore* I feel the utmost solicitude
that this work should be undertak
en promptly, and believe too, that
the U. States cannot engage in one
which will contribute so important
ly to the interests and safety of thiv,
whole anion, I hnuibly nibmit
you the reconsideration of the me%
sure referred to, concur
in opinion with me, the resolution
may he rescinded Georgia will not
voluntarily place herself in the wrong
with the V S. whilst points in con
troversy of a delicate nature remain
unadjusted between them
lo exet'tting the resolution of the
legislature relative to the naming
of the line between this state and
the state of Alabama, it was disco
vered from the correspondence be
tween (he two governments, that
the Executive of the United States
had never been informed of the de
sire of the state of Alabama to have
the line run. And for this reason
alone did the United States object
to take any agency in the work. It
is true they assigned the additional
one of the United States being un
der no obligation to do so by the ar
ticles of agreement and oesiion, as
the legislatures of Georgia and Al
abama had believed. Those legis
latures were mistaken, but the U.
States were nevertheless bound by
considerations of interest to see
that the line when run, was truly
run and marked. The oountry co
terminous with that of Georgia be
longs as yet to the United States,
and uot to Alabama, aud when loo
king to the ultimate interests of A
labama we invited her, in (be spi
rit of sisterly affection, to unite aod
co-operate with us, it was not ex
pected that the principal obstacle
to the execution of the work would
be fournl in the denial by tbe gov
ernment of the United States that
Alabama wished it, especially when
it was known here, that so long a
go as January, 4823. the legislature
of Alabama bad eome to resolutions
i expressive of their utmost solici
tude that the line should be speedi
ly run, and that copies of the same
should be transmitted by the Gov
ernor without delay, to the Presi
dent of tbe United States and tbe
Governor of Georgia. A copy ha
ving been received in duo time 8t
this department it was presumed
that one had also been received by
the Executive of the Uuiled States.
It was not for the Governor of Geor
gia to enquire whether, in confor
mity with the requiaioos of tbe re
solutions, a copy had been forward-
ed to the President *f the L, States,
or whether if forwarded, it had
been received. It is sufficient that
the United States government may
now know that the assent of
bama to tho running of the liac i
I not wanting, and it only remain*
for me to assure the legislature
that whenever it becomes necessary
to the interest of the state to cau*e
tbe line to be run, such measure*
as they may think prooer to adops
will he carried into ution effec
tually and without delay.—Tho
slate of Alabama will of course be
invited to eoqcur, and both will
consider it due to the U. “States tq
give (hem timely notion. The cor
respondence on (his subject with tho
government of (be United State*
and (hat of Alabama is submitted.
It is with great reluctance 1 feel
myself constrained to call your at
tention to the general relaiious be
tween the federal and state govern
ments. These relations, instead oP
being fixed and permanent as tho
constitution itself, are changing e
very day although tho ipstrumeaff
whioh defines them does not ohauge r
Their is in all political bodies, how-,
ever organized, an Sostinctive pas*
sioo for the accumulation of power.
Those of the United States have not
been backward in exhibiting (hi*
trait, and as (hir A like most othen
strong passions, acquires strength
by indulgence, is it not a subject off
wonder that at this day it should bo
displayed with a force and effect ta! ?
eulatcd to awaken the most fearful
apprehensions. Under its
if not restrained, ihe states will
ultimately stripped of the powers
once considered essential to tbeio
sovereignly, and be doomed toj
move io the humble and
ate spheres of corporations, merely
municipal, without referring to
series of measures whioh (doriveti
by latitude of construction) havij
bad a tendency to weaken the p©w?
er%of the statos, aud to strengthen
tbofte of the geoeral g iverntrjßot, if
will be sufficient to advert to (hosa
of more rerent because
of more alarming character. They
are the attempted restrictions upos
the stipe of Mhsouri as eondirion?
of her admission into the union s
the repeated and partially sum-essi.
ful assertion of absolute and un*
uontrolable power over internal riy*
provement,—and lastly, but (<*
be expected, the bold
of the power to regulate at pleqsura
by duties, restraints and prohibi
tions tho entire industry of the ooua~
try, and eventually of course to
prescribe the direction which tha
labor of every mao shall take*
whatever be his own natural incli
nation or propensity. It was on
fideotly believed before, that if tberf
was any one polifloat feeling cher*
ished by the people of the Unitcil
States, more universally than ano
ther* it was that the freedom of in
dustry, that is to say the right of
every man to betake himself to any
honest employment whatever, a*
best suited his inclinations or inter
est was absolutely scoured against
the possibility of encroachment from
any quarter. The confining A mer
man people no moro thought of
guarding this right of freedom of
industry against the invasion of their
representatives, than of prohibiting
them from contaminating the puri
ty of the atmosphere they breathed,
or poisoning the fountains of water
from whioh they drank.—-Neverthe
less this saored right, derived im
mediately from deity, and which no
human institutions could take away*
{ did not present au impediment to
tbe giant strides of the federal gov
ernmeot. Iu thus defying nature &
transcending the limits of the con
stitution, what apology * could be
found for poor, frail, misguided
man, but the one which the advo
cates of (his system have sought for
themselves—a refuge in the explo
ded doctrines of the sixteenth cen
tury—a refuge indeed, because co
vered v/ilii a veil of thick darkness.
But to our shame he it written the
descendants of the very people of
Europe who were enchained for o
ges by this system rise up in ouc
day, with uplifted baud* and voices
against it. I: is this say they which
ooufloed our fathers to their w^rk-
£No. 46.