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ATHENS, GA., THURSDAY MORNING, MAY 18, 1848. UNIVERSITY OF GEOROW LIBRARY
VOLUME XVI. NUMBER 6.
Ittisccllancons. j
Mr. Lannaii’* Lcllers.
We find in ihc National Intelligencer :
the following letter to the editors of that'
paper, from Mr. Chaules Laxmax,
whose arrival in this place Wc noticed
some time since. Many of our readers
tire doubtless conversant with the fuels
embodied in his description of the gold
region of this State—to those who arc
not, his letter will he found not only in
teresting, but instructive:
Daiilonbga, (Geo.) April 20, ’43.
dn bv ;
ndividuals.
story is a matter of pop
After the State Legidat
the Cherokee Purchase
ularlv numbered th
: a good business. 1 used to spend
umnicrs among tbc mountains of
inlry had ever exceeded 1
lout one hundred per cent.
Immense amounts of labor as well as < tlie Cherokee country, partly lor the
money have been expended, and, gen-, purpose of keeping away from the fever,
crally speaking, the condition of the peo-j and partly with a view of living over
pie has not been improved; the very |green mountains. I made some money,
wealth ofthecountrv has caused the ruin J and when the gold fever commenced I
The following j took it and went to speculating in gold
dar history.— . lots, though I spent many years without
re had divided finding lots of gold. I associated with
into lots and ] bear hunters, and explored every cor-
n» it was ru- j her and stream of this great mountain'
inorrd about the country that lot No. ■ land, away to the north, and have seen
1052 avus a great prize, and every body more glorious scenery than any other
was on tiptoe with regard to its disiri- J Jive man. I’m forty years old, unmar-
butinn-by the propose J-l«4tcry. At that j ried, lave good liquor, and go in for Uav-
, - -v < i time 1052figured in the dreams of every i ing fun. ’Bout four years ago it came
j^! 3 ® Cherokee word Dah-lon-c-gn Georgian, and those figures were then into my thinking mug that there must
signifiesthe place of yellow metal; and is f ar more popular than the figures 54 40 be plenty of gold in the bed of Coosa
bow applied to a small ha inlet at the | iave been in these latter days. Among creek, which runs into Coosa river. I
foot of the Alleghany Mountains, ,n , the more crazy individuals who attend-j traded for a lot there, aud went to work.
Lumpkin county, Georgia, which is re- C( j ,j ie Jottcry was one Mosely, who I found a deposite, gave up work, aud
puted to be the wcclthiest gold region j ia j determined either to draw the much- ! went leasing small sections, which are
jn the United States. It is recorded of ta |j. Cf { n f prize or-purchase it of the winner | now worked by a good many men ; and
Do Soto and his followers that, in lhcj cven though it should be at the cost of ; give tne a decent living. I have had
Sixteenth century, they explored this : j,}* entire pro^rl y, which was quite all sorts of luck in my day—good luck
entire Southern country in search of, i ar ,j C# The drawing took place, and ! and bad luck. When I’m prosperous
S old, and unquestionable evidences of| 1052 came into the possesion of a poor I always hope to be more prosperous
IC1T Work have been discovered in % an- fnrmrr nnrnpil Kllfonn. Mn*plv immn. ! still, anil when I have had luck. I al-
Qicir work have been discovered in vari
ous sections of the Slate. Among these
testimonials may be mentioned the re
mains of an old furnace and other works
for mining which have been brought to
light by recent explorations. But the
attention of our own people was first
directed to this region while yet the
Chcrokces were in possession of the
land, though the digging of gold was
not made a regular business until after
they lmd been politely banished by
the General Government. Soon as
the Slate of Georgia had become the
rightful possessor of the soil (according
to law) much contention and excitement
arose among the people as to who should
have tbc best opportunities for making
fortunes; and, to settle all difficulties,
it was decided by the State Legislature
that the country should be surveyed and
divided into lots of forty and one hun
dred and sixty acres and distributed to
tbc people by lottery. For several years
subsequent to that period deeds of
wrong and outrage were practised to a
■very great extent by profligate adven
turers who flocked to this El Dorado.
In the year 1838, however, the Govern
ment established a branch mint at this
place, since wbicb lime a much better
•■Jstale of tbings has existed in Dahlonega.
<* The appearance of this village, though
not more than a dozen years old is some
what antiquated, owing to the fact that
t the houses arc chiefly built of logs, and,
j having never been painted, are partieu-
; larly dark and dingy, but uncommonly
pictcrcsquc in form and location.-1 The
population of the place, is about five
nundred. It is located upon a hill, and
though the country around is quite un-
ving been deeply ravined by now
“ : agents, when viewed in
nth the mountains, (some
1 miles ofF,) which seem to
l three sides, presents the ap
pearancc of a pit to a magnificent am
phitheatre. On approaching Dahlone-
ga I noticed that the water courses had
oil been mutilated with the spade nod
pickaxe, and that their waters were of
a deep yellow; and having explored
the country since then, 1 find that such
is the condition of all the streams with
in a circuit of many miles. Large brooks
(and even an occasioual river) have
been turned into .1 new channel, and
farmer named Ellison. Mosely imme- \ still, and when I have bad luck, I al-
diately mounted his horse and hastened I ways wish for worse luck—if it’ll only
to Ellison’s farm, where he found the ! come. I never allow myself to be dis-
cbi Ul of fortune following the plough. TheI appointed The longer I live the more
would-bc-purcbasermadeknownthc ob- i anxious am I to do some good to my fel-
jeet ofhis visit, and Ellison only laughed | lowmen. I’ve passed the blossom of
at the impetuosity ofhis impatient fricud. I my life, and I don’t expect to live many
Ellison said he was not anxious to sell years longer; I hav’ut lived as I ought
the lot, but if Mosely must have it, he j to have lived,but I bopeit’il be well with
might have it for $30,000. Mosely ac- j me when I come to take my final sleep,
ceded to the terms, and in paying for) But enough. I’m going out to my mine
the lot sacrificed the most of his land- on a visit to-morrow, and if you’ll go
ed and personal properly. The little j with me, I’ll show you some real Ver-
property which was left him he was ■ moot trout, and mountain peaks which
compelled to employ in working his would shame the Camel’s hump of old
mines; he labored with great diligence Yankee land.”
for several years, hut he could never j I did not accept Lorenzo’s tempting
make both ends meet, for his mines j invitation, but I made up my mind that
were not at all distinguished for their j he was an original. Some of the scene-
richness. In process of time he was j ry to which he alluded I shall visit in
compelled to sell 105*2 for what it would . due time,
bring, and having squandered that rem- In former times,
nani of his former wealth, he lclt the
countiy for parts unknown, a veritable
beggar. But, what is more singular
than all, the present proprietor of 1052
is that identical man Ellison,* who is
nually realizing
money from the
ore found i
before intimated,
the miners of this region were mostly
foreigners and an abandoned race, but
the principal deposites and veins are
now worked by native Georgians, who
are a very respectable class of people,
handsome sum of Among them are many young men, who
Iy-discovcred gold ’ labor hard and are intellligent. The dan-
thc bowels of his lottery! gers of mining in this region are rather
lot. j uncommon, owing principally to the
Another instance of good fortune, un- j lightness of the soil. Many of the ac-
uttended with any alloy, is as follows: | cidents which occur, however, are the
Five vears ago a couple of brothers, i result ot carelessness; and the most
who were a? work upon the Georgia J melancholy one I have beard of is as
railroad, took it into their heads to visit j follows: A man named Hunt, together
Dahlonega and try their luck in the min-1 with his son and another man named
ing business. They were hardworking ; Smith, were digging for gold on the side
Irishmen, and understood the science
of digging to perfection. They leased
one c
been turned into a new ’channel, and
thereby deprived of their original beau
ty. And of all the hills in the vicinity
of Dahlonega which I nave visited, I
have not yeljccu one which is not ac
tually riddled with shafts > and tunnels.
The soil is pf a primitive Character,
quite yellowish in color, composed of
sand and clay, and uncommonly easy
to excavate with the spade. Hereto
fore the gold ore of Lumpkin county
has been obtained from what is called
the deposite beds, but the miners arc
now beginning to direct their atlention
to the veined ore, which is sitppoj
two lots in this vicinity, and
puled to he worth $15,000.
And, now that it has-come into ray
mind, I will mention another lottery an
ecdote, which was related to me by an
old resident. By way of introduction,
however, I ought here to mention that
this region is famous for the number and
size of its rattlesnakes, and that our he
ro had an utter abhorrence of the rep
tile. Among those who obtained prizes
at the great drawing, before alluded to,
was an individval from the southern
part of the Stale, who drew a lot in
this vicinity. In process of time he
came to the north to explore his prop
erty, and hail called at the house of a
former near his land for the purjwisc of
obtaining a guide. Iu conversing with
the farmer, he took occasion to express
his dislike to die rattlesnake.; whereup
on the farmer concluded that he would
attempt a speculation. Remembering
that in going to the stranger’s laud he
of a neighboring bill. At the end of a
tunnel, which was some thirty feet long,
they excavated a large cave or hall,
which they had neglected to support in
the usual manner. They apprehended
110 danger, hut were told by a neighbor
that their conduct was imprudent. The
elder Hunt thought he would be on the
safe side, and on a certain afternoon
went into the woods to cut the neces
sary timber, while his son and Smith
continued their labors on the cave.—
Night came on, and the father, having
accomplished his task, retired to his
home. On taking his seat at the sap
per table it came into his mind that his
son and Smith were somewhat later in
coining home than usual. He wailed
awhile, but becoming impatient set out
for the cave, and, on reaching it, to his
utter astonishment and horror, he found
that the roof of the cave had fallen in.
The alarm was given, and the whole
village was assembled to extricate thp
unfortunate miners, and by the aid of
torciies the bodies were recovered. The
boy was found in a running attitude,
crtakcu while endeavorin'
mother Mint in Philadelpha, are chiefly
occupied with foreign ores. Of the two
first mentioned, Dahlonega has thus fir
been the most successful, the coinage in
one vear having amounted to $600,000.
At the present time, however, the bus
iness of this Mint is said to be on the
wane. The coinage ofjhe three branch
mints mentioned is uniform with that of
the mother mint, and it is all systemat
ically tested there for approval. It thus
appears that the whole establishment is
uhiunch oftbe Treasury Department
of the United Stales, and under the su
pervision of the Secretary of the Treas
ury, and an account of-itt*progress and
condition of the bureau is&nuually given
to Congress.
The smallest amount ofgold ore receiv
ed at the Dahlonega mint by law has to
be worth one hundred dollars. When
the miner has obtained a sufficient
amount, he takes it to the Mint and de
livers it to the Superintendent. That
officer takes an account of it, and passes
it over to the Assayer, who fixes its
value, when the miner riceives the al
lotted sura of money. The operation of
coining is performed by the power of
steam, and may be briefly described by
the words rolling, drawing, cutting,
and stamping. Some of the Dahlonega
gold is said to be as pure as any in the
world, but it is commonly alloyed with
silver. One or two specimens were
shown me, which were just one half sil
ver; and yet it is said that silver ore is
no where found in this seciiou of coun
try. The value of pure gold is one dol
lar per pennyweight; and I have learn
ed since I came here that every genuine
American eagle is made by law to con
tain one-twentieth of silver and one-
twentietb of copper. The word bullion,
which we hear so often mentioned among
commercial men, is a misnomer, for it
is legitimately applied only to unwroughl
gold, washed grains or gold dust, amal
gamated cakes and balls, melted bars
and cakes; and tbe word ingo, is applied
to a bar ofgold, which may be manu
factured into two hundred half eagles,
one thousand dollars. To give a scien
tific account of what I have seen in the
Dhalonega Mint would probably pleasi
my scientific ^readers, but, as I am no
writing fox them, they must excuse me.
“ What is writ, is writ; would it were
worthier!”
And now lhatl have been dwelling upon
tbe origin of Gold, aodL the method of
its transformation into coin, I cannot
but cast a thought upon its moral power.
It lies at the foundation of half the mis
ery in the World ; and yet, when judi
ciously employed, has power to rejoice
the heart. It gave birth to the wonder
ful science of chemistry; and though
one of the most ancient of metals, it al
ways attracts the human eye by its beau
ty of color and texture. It dangles
from the watch-fob of the old man, and
glitters on the bosom of the young bride.
For a little handful the sailor roams the
stormy and soundless ocean, the me
chanic toils at his bench or awl until the
set of sun, and in some countries the
midnight hour; the merchant denies him
self the pleasure of!ife;the politician
quarrels with his fellmv-men ; and for
this handful of beautiful dust, this Dah-
lon-e ga, does the poor author cm poly his
brain. O Gold ! art thou not a strange
magician—-at once a curse and a bless
ing '
Total,
high esteem, and cotton weaving stood
at the head of the Mechanic arts. The
women were all cotton spinners, and
the weaving was done in tbe open air.
Cotton wasiulroduced into China in the
sixth century,and in tbe tenth into Spam.
In the thirteenth century a company w&S. _ _
incorporated at Barcelona for the mamK
facture of cotton, but it was only of t™' on t i le
coarse kind called fustian. In the six^ y
teenth century it was introduced into
England by a refugee. The Aztees,or
aucient Mexicans were acquainted with
the manufacture of cotton
The progress in the maufaclnre of
cotton was very slow after its introduc
tion into England. The thread was so
coarse that it could only be usecV as fil
ling, the warp beiug of linen. The ar
ticle manufactured was called calico, ta
king this name from Calcutta, in the
year 17G9; no mills existed in England,
and the manufacture was carried on by
hand power alone; soon after the in
vention of Arkwright, the most rapid
progress was made, and the manufac
ture largely increased. In 1S40 the
capital invested in England in the cot
ton manufacture, amounted to one hun
dred millions pounds sterling*
Tbc lecturer next proceeded to give
some particulars of the life of Richard
Arkwright from which it appears he
was born in the year 1735, in the Coun
ty of Lancashire, and was brought up
to the trade of a barber. About the
year 1760, he quitted his trade and
travelled about the country as a dealer
in hair. He came in contact with the
cotton spinners, saw the difficulties un
5 the riiost extraordinary coun
try on the globe, in the four ufost im-
gbhint particulars of empire—jis his
tory, its extent, its population, and its
power.
It has for Europe another interest—
the interest of alarm, the evidence of an
ambition which has existed for a hun
dred and fifty years, and has never
paused; ait increasc^ofterritory which
has never suffered the slightest* casual
ty of fortune; the most complete secu
rity against the retaliation of European
war; and a government at once despot
ic aud popular; exhibiting the most;
boundless authority in the sovereign,and
the most absolute submission in the peo
ple ; a mixture of habitual obedience,
and di\ine homage : the reverence to a
monarch, with almost the prostration to
a divinity.
Its history has another superk anom
aly : Russia gives the most memorable
■instances , iu human annals, of the power
which lie within the mind of individual
man. Peter the Great was not the re
storer, or the reformer of Russia ; he
was its moral creator. He found it, not
as Augustus found Rome, according to
the old adage, “ brick, and lclt it mar
ble ;” he found it a living swatnp, and
left it covered with the fertility of laws,
-d
, 1 1 » • energy, and knowledge; he found ii
der which they labored, and set himself j Asia ?f c and , eli h Eum b ’ , lu
at work to invent a cotton spinning I „,i c.. r
machine. With the assistance from a
friend he went to work aud completed
his machine in the year 1769. The
first mill in which it was used was built
of 1770, in Nottingham,
and was moved by horse power. Ark-
ght’s machine greatly improved the
quality of the thread, and linen warp
was no longer necessary. This distin
guished man was persecuted in his life
time by envious persons—in 17SG lie
was made High Sheriff of the county,
Knighted by George the third, and died
the richest man in England, iu 1792.
It was not until the year 1801 that
power looms were worked successfully.
Now there are in England 170,000 pow
er looms, turning out nine hundred mill
ions yards of cloths; but hand loom
weaving is not extinct, it is estimated
that there are 225,000 hand-loom wea
vers in Great Brittain. In 1700, the
consumption of cotton in England was
only 1,200,000 pounds ; now it amounts i
to 800,000,000 pounds, two-thirds of I
which is the product of our own coun
try.
, , remov-
far from Scythia as if he had
placed the diameter of the globe be
tween ; he found it not brick, but in
and he transformed a region of huts
to the magnificence of empire.
Russia first appeared in European
history in the middle of.lhe ninth centu
ry. Its climate and its soil had till then
retained it in primitive barbarism. The
sullcnncss of its winter had prevented
invasion by civilized nations, and the
nature of its soil, one immense plain, had
given full scope to the roving habits of
its half-fatnisned tribes. The great in
vasions which broke down the Roman
empire, had drained away the popula
tion from the north, and left nothing bui
remnants of clans behind. Russia had
no sea, by which she might. send her
bold savages to plunder or to trade With’
Southern and Western Europe. And,
while the man of Scandinavia was sub
duing kingdoms, or carrying back spoil
to his northern eragi and lakes, the
Russian remained, like the bears ofhis
j forest, in his cavern during the long win
ter ofhis country ; and even when the
summer came, was still but a melan-
w*
to the vei
bo very abundant in all directions,
is generally found in quartz nmi u spe
cies cf si ate stone. The gold region of
dcorgia, strictly speaking, is confined
lo a broad belt; which runs in a norlh-
fcastgrn and southwestern directum from
Dahlonega, which may be considered
its cfcnlrc. Several auriferous veins
traverse .tbc town, and it is common af
ter a rain lo sec the inhabitants busily
engaged in huntitig lor gold in the streets.
That huge quantities arc thus'accutnU-
laled in these days l am not ready to
believe, whatever may havo been uogp
in former years. I know not that any
very remarkable specimens ofgold ore
lmvc been found in the immediate vi-
ciaity ofDahlonega, but an idea of the
wealth of the State ui this particular
inny be gathered from the fact that sev- 1
icral lumps have heretofore, been found
/ in ditfetent sections which were worth
might (if he chose to do so) pass through
out-of-the-way ravine which abound-
ed in the dreaded snake, the farmer j cape, and the man Smith was found
beckoned to the stranger, and they took f clinging to a single post, which had
their wav towards tlie ravine. 'After been vainly used to prop the ceiling of
^ they had arrived at the spot, hardly a die cave.
rod did the pedestrians pass without J With regard to the moans employed
' hearing the hiss oi a snake or seeing its by the miners 1 have but one word to
fiery tongue, aud the stranger was as say. The deposite gold is extracted from
completely frightened as any one could the gravel by means of a simple machine
possibly lie by a similar cause. In his | called a rocker, wbicb merely shifts and
despair he turned to his companion andjAvashes out the metal. The vein gold is
said : y^mmglit to light by means of what is
“Arc snakes as plenty as this off over i called a pounding mill, which reduces
tlie count ry ?” * jibe rock to the consistency of sand, when
I cant say about that, strangei, but | the ore is.separated by the tftcofqoick-
of my neighbors killed about a bun-1 silver. In (his particular department
dred last year, and IVe beam tell that 1 ~ r ‘ ~ ' ~ *“*
your land is very rich iu snakes.**;.;;
“ Now I aint going any furthermttris
infernal region, and I want to know, if
you have a horse that you’ll give me
for ray ianilt ’gold ore, snakes, am! all.”
«* 1 have, and a first-rate horse tc*>;”
From a lecture beforo tlio Boston Mercantile Library
Association.
History of Cotton.
Tbe Colton plant was known, cultiva
ted and manufactured in India many
centuries ago. It is a plant which grows
spontaneously all over the tropical re
gions. The climates so necessary to
to Cs>_ the'g roWl (, aud development, of the
Cotton plant, forbid the cultivation of
wool, while the latter product flourishes
in the , cold regions where the cotton
will not grow. The two products are
admirably suited for the clothing ot the
inhabitants of the regions in wbicb they
respectively flourish.
Manchester, and the country round it! c hoIy savage, living like the bear upon
for twenty miles, are the chief scats of I roots and fruits ofhis ungenial soil,
the cotton manufacture, and the motive j it was to one of those Normans, who,
power of the mills is steam.. Out of j instead of steering his bark towards the
nearly one hundred mills visited by »opulence of the South, turned his dreary
the lecturer while in Great Britain, on- 1 adventure to the north, llmtRussia owed
ly one was moved by water power, and I her first connection with intelligent
that was at Landmark in Scotland.— * *
ich were wortn
c thousand doi-
. have ail prmlui
1
Georgia has pi
of their business the Dahlonega miners
confess themselves to be comparatively
tgnoruui; and what proves this to be dpced .into Upper "and Lower Egypt,
tlie ease is the fact thuLsofiieoljlietr ore *jpbe Moors of Spain introduced it ii
has frequently been wtiri'
coiui time with constdei
It’s a bargain.’
On the following morning, the stran
ger, like the hero ot a novel, might be
sccq’.mounted on a Dahlonega steed,
pursuing his devious pathway
lonely ri>ad towards the'south
mi DCs.
valuable specimens have Of the uncounted gold mi— _ M ^
been found in North Carolina ; hot while axe, found in this region, the most fruit- \ stuccoed
Virginia, the.Garinas, mid jpabatua* r l ^— jj|jgj
Bui the prominent aUruction ofDah-
Jouega i have not yel touclif'il upon—1
allude'to the Mbit csUi&iduncut. The
building itself, which is quite large, has
anding appearance. It w;
erected in 1837 r iit an expense oi $70,-
4)00, and the machinery which it
t is built of brick, blit
resemble si one. It
ho re-
i goodly amount of
jd it. conceded that
Ccorgi:. lias produce! the largest quau-
lilv :nu! .Ic. idcJlylhu best ijreli^f
. And now with /vuard to the fortunes
that have been made in this region.—
Thcv arc very few and for between.—
But, bv way of illustration, 1 wilt give
two or three incidents which have come
my knowledge. Jn passing, howev
er, J may repeal the remark
.
liil at tile present time iics about lwen-;give, employment to
tv-five miles from here, in a northerly j ccive for jbeir services, collectively, the
Jiicciioii, and is the property of Mr-1 sum of $12,000. The superintendent,
Lorenao Dew Smith. And ihc seeeek,'. who r.lso nets as Treasurer, is J. i\
winch has ever attended Lorenzo is Cooeitit, (son, by the way, of rhekminus
worth recording. In a conversation ; actor of that name;) the Coiner is D. H.
that 1 lmd with him in this place, where ! Mason', who has a very mtercsl.ngcab-
l»b noV*slaving, I remarked that 1- met ot minerals, and the As-avcr ts J.; nnec,
- ■ ■ s to'ctnliodv lus liistorv in a L. Todd. The Dahlonega Branch Jinn ton.
of civ note-book -and lie re- and the ona located, at Charlettcsville,! nine limes round her body.
.Homo as tiillows : . . ! Xonb.Carolina, orefto only ones in tliir all goto prove that me Hindoos
wlnel. com the gold .nil feet masters ofthe raauuiacui
where ii is found. The ' ton. . .
Branch, & well the I. The art of inanuiaeterc w a. held
This mill appeared to be very judicious
ly managed ; the operatives were neat,
cleanly in their persous, and their houses
tidy and comfortable. In summer, the
females wear no shoes nor stockings,
and only the married ones caps—the
unmarried ones going bareheaded.—
Tlie wages were about one half of those
in Lowell; but the Scotch operatives
were required to work only G3 hours a
week, while those of Lowell are re
quired to work 73 hours.
The appearance of Manchester was
then described. And the lecturer had
not found the manufacturing population
so brutal and degraded a manner as
has often been represented.
He did not find the managers so ern-
el or aristocratic us their enemies charge
that they are. And the mills arc own
ed mostly by individuals, aud not by
incorporated companies.
As in this country, a rigid system of
economy is required, and the rules ctir
forced are no stricter than the exigencies
case cleman.1. Bet the laws of
though it is known to have enisled it, Parliament.bearing^especially upon the
Kgvpt 550 years Ect&e Christ. manufacturer, are much
mummy cloths are all made of linen.- ™> re stnngent than any he can feree
Herodotus is the lirst Greek writer who 1 “P"" !,,s <T*ratm:s
speaks of cotton, ami Ibis in brief refer-| Most of the iemalo operatives cau-
ence lo India. The Homans received j not write, ant) all classes ot operatives
the cotton manufactures from India.— j are grossly improvident, addicted to
From this country, cmian was intro- gin, beer and whiskey drinking, In
' — ^ ” x,— I some peculiar branches of work, the
into ! wages arc as high as inf this country—
Europe. - but the general average is only about
In the fineness ami delicacy ol the ] two-thirds of what is paid in American
manufacture of Cottotl, the na»iVcs of i hulls.
India had the supremacy for many ceu-J And the lecturer said lie should not
turies. These are to be attributed to | pretend to deny . that crime aml.desft-
the fineness of their climate and the del- ! tuiion existed among the operatives,
icacy of their sense of touch. Maiiy ! hut sun ply to asseruhat-their condition
• ; told of the wondeful texture! was' not so bad as it had been represen-
kind. The people of Novgorod, a peo
ple of traders, finding themselves over
powered by their barbarian neighbors,
solicited the aid of Ituric, a Baltic
chieftain, and, of course, a pirate and
robber. The name ofNorman had earn
ed old renown in the north. Ituric came,
rescued the city, but paid himself by
the seizure of the surrounding territory,
and founded a kingdom, which he trans
mitted lo his descendants, and which
lasted until the middle of the sixteenth
century#
In the subsequent reign Wc see the
effect ol the northern pupilage ; and an
pedilion, in the style of the Baltic ex
ploits, was sent to plunder Constanti
nople. Thp expedition consisted of two
'.umsaud canoes, with eighty thousand
nen ou board. The expedition was
defeated, for the Greeks had not yet
sunk into the degeneracy of later
times. They fought stoutly for their
apitid, and roasted the pirates in their
own canoes, by showers of the famous
“ Greek fire.”
Those in vasions,howcvcr,wefe tempt
ing to the idleness and poverty, or to the
avarice and ambition of the Ru:
and Constantinople continued to be the
great object of cupidity and assault for
three hundred years. But the city of
Constantinople was destined to fall lo
a mightier conqueror#
Still, tlie uorilicrn Irarbarian had trow
learned the road lot?recce, and the in
tercourse was mutually, beneficial.—
ad during allies
umphs of the great Tartar chieftaiu: a
mightier conquest stopped him on hi$
way, and the Tartar died.
Hibson Tousbi, in the beginning of
the thirteenth century, burst over the
frontier at the head of lialf ii million of
horsemen. The Russian princes, has
tily making up their quarrels, advanced
to meet the invader; hut their army
was instantly-trampled down, and- be
fore the middle of the century, all the
provinces, and all the cities of Russia*
were the prey of the men of the wilder-
ricSs. Novgorod alone escaped.
The history of this great city Wrtulcf
be highly interesting, if it were possible
now to recover its details. It was the
chief depot of the imrtliern Asiatic com
merce with Europe; it hid a govern mem,
laws, and privileges of its own, witli
which it suffered not even the Khan of
the Tartars to interfere. Its.population
amounted to four hundred thousand—*
then nearly equal to the population of a
kingdom. In the thirteenth century it
connected itself stHI more effectively
with European commerce, by becoming
a member of the Hanseatic League;
the wonder and pride of the Russians
were expressed in the well-known.half
proverb, “ Who can resist God;
and the great Novgorod V”
There is always sorffolWitg almost rip-
p.rortchiug to picturesque grandeur in
the triumphs of barbarism. The Turk;
until he was fool enough to throw away
the turban, was the most showy person-
the world. The Arabs, under
Mahomet, were the most stately warri-
. and the Spanish Moors' threw all.
the pomp, and even all the romance of
in the shade. Even thq chiefs
of the “ Golden Horde” seemed to have
had as picturesque a conception of su
premacy as the Saracen. , Their, only
city vvas a vast camp, in the plains be
tween the Caspian and the Wolga; and
while they left the provinces in the hands
of the native princes and enjoyed them
selves in t(ic manlier sports of hunting
through the plains and mountains, they
commanded that every vassal prince
should attend at the imperial tent to re
ceive permission to reign, or perhaps to
liye; and that, even when they sent
Tartar, collectors to receive lh<3 tri
bute, the Russian princes should lead
the Tartar’s horse by the bridle, and
give him u feed of outs out of their cap
of stale !
But arrmlrcr of those sweeping devas
tators, one of those gigantic execution-'
ers, who seem lo have been sent from
lime to time to punish the horrible pro
fligacies of Asia,now rose upon the north#
Timour Khan, the Tatnariane of Euro
pean story, the invincible, the lord pf the
Tartar world, rushed with' his count
less troops upon the sovereignties of
Western Asia. This universal conquer-.
or crushed the Tartar dynasty of .Rus
sia, and then hurst away, like ati inun
dation, to overwhelm other lands. But
the native Russians again made head
their Tartar masters, and a cen
tury and a half, of sanguinary warfare
followed, with various fortunes, and
without any other tesv'U than blood.
In the fiitlecnth century Russia be
gan to assume a form. Ivan III. brokts
off the vassalage of Russia lo the ** Gol
den Horde.”. He had married Sophia,
the niece of the Greiefe'emperor,to which
wc may attribute.his civilization; and
he deceived the embassies of Germany,
Venice, and Rome, at Moscow* His
son, Ivan IV., look Novgot’ctt which hp
ruined, and continued to fight the Poleri
and Tartars until he died. His sow
Ivan, in the middle? of the sixteenth cen
tury, was crowned by the title of Czar,
formed the first standing army of Rus
sia, named the Strelitzes, and establish
ed a code of laws. In 159S, by the
death of the Czar Feodpr without chil
dren, the male fine of Rune; which had
held the throne for seven hundred and
thirty-six years, and under fifty-six sov
ereigns, becatrire extinct. Another dy
nasty of remarkable distinction ascend
ed the throne in the beginning of the sev-
critecth century.
Michael Romanoff descended from
the line ofRuric, by tbe female side waa
declared Czar. His sou, Alexis, was,
tiro father of Peter the Great, who with;
his brother Ivan, was placed on the
throne at the decease ofhis father, but-
Imth under the guardianship of princess"
Sophia. But tbe princess, who was tlie.
daughter of Alexis, exhibiting an inton-,
. . ( lion to sieze thbcrown for herself, a rev-.
her old j place 1GS9, iu which the
Greece iouuu iiuiuik tHiica in ucr «m» i . -. • -». • . ■ j. - •■‘rinirirTTri— "IT
plunderer.and in the elercnll, centa- I , w f sent to ? convent. Ivan,,
the Grande-tlukc Vladimir '
stories ...... — — ; a-,-i
of their cloths,, aud among them the |
\ Parisian Embassador is said lo j Coilou StiuUticu—The Commissioner
have carried home lo his hfaster a eo- of l’atrnis in his recent an.inaj report of
coa-nul, which, on being broken open j tlie. Agricultural products of the United
was found to contain a piece of cnilnii' Slates, the growth oflSJB, says of Gol-
ofsouic thirty yards in length, am! light: ton r . ■
as a consumer. On‘one occasion, an j . Tlie amount of cottoni raised m the
Emperor remonstrated with hisdaugh'-Ulilll-reiit States is as fol.ows—estima
tor, upon the indelicacy of her appear- j ting
, slie being clothed in Hindoo eot-
_ B I was bom in Vermont..'Iteame
■ me I>V an iuicUigvul gci.ilcman, that the i to this Southern country twenty-four ; ihe v,
expenses of digging oat the gold itf this years ago as a eloek-pedkr, where TScw Or!
plieii the rode was wrapped
ad her body. The tales
]oo3 were per-
ueiure ofcoi-
illinoi*,
kf-ntiKk*'
Viorida,
ArL&wws
NoriL Cfuntinx. #
Straih Carolina,
TeoneisLTj/
’
ry she ga
a wife in the net
the Emperor Basil JL; a gift made more
important by its being accompanied by
his conversion to Christianity.
A settled succession is tlie great se
cret of royal peace £ but among those
bold riders of the desert, nothing ’Was
ever settled, save by tire sword ; and
tlie first act of all tbtrsfms.rm tbedeccase
of their fa titer, was, to slaughter/ each
>lher ; until the contest was settled in
their graves, ami tlie last survivor qui
etly ascended tbe-throne.
But war, on a inigbtic? scale than the
Russian Steppes bad ever witnessed,
rolUpg over Central Asia, r The
dry of Genghis Khan, which came,
i.i -squadrons, hut nations, and
barged, not like troojjs, but like tlnm-
imbccilemroind aqd body, sur
rendered tire throne, arid Peter bcoaine
sole sovereign of Russia.
The accession of Peter began the last'
in J greatest period of Russian history.
Though a raau^if fierce passion and bar
barian habits, bel rad formed a high con
ception of the value of European arts,
chiefly through an intelligent Genevese^
Ljefort, who had been his tutor.—Bloclc-'
wood's Magazine.
Founds and I*cncc.-^-“ Will give
m« them !«'" "»*?'• saali.-Na.; big
i bo^fo a little., one, after giving
.’Iglvc-you anotliae.peffnd-
*** Pound away anrf be d --d ! 'Me;
derclouiU, begau to pour down upon the land Dr. Franklin agrees. Dr. Franklm ;
valley of the Wolga. Yet ‘the conquest says : take care of the. .pence and. ; tlio-
dfUbssiu wori not to be added fo tri* pounds will take care of themselves
mAm
♦ ^
mrnk.