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to Poctrp. B TO SLEEP. H 1 Junes by the celebrated Curran. weigh not yet iny eye-lid down, Fi,% Memory, see! with eve attending - , /i!laims a moment for lier own: her by her robe of mourning, I know her by her faded fight; ■F When faithful with her gloom ro*urning, She conics to bid a sad good-night. O’ let me hear, with bosom swelling, While she sighs o’er timofthat’s past; HB O! let me weep, while she/ telling Os joy that pine, that last. And now, <) sleep, wlme grief is streaming, Let thy balm swc||| peace restore; While fearful hooKlnrough tears is beaming, Sooth to rest tnat wakes no more. ’lines -written impromptu on the JMurble Pillar at Boulogne, after Napoleon'i fall. fcj When Ambition attains its desire, How fortune must smile at the joke! You rose in a pillar of fire— You sunk in a pillar of smoke. W jitiioccliancouo, ■ ~ HISTORY of WEATHER. H The following interesting article is an extract ■from the dissertation on Polar Icc, etc. which ap- in the last number of the Edinburg Rc “lt is very diflFcult to ascertain the precise ; of the weather in distant ages. The WMf’- rmomeier was not invented till 15‘>o, by the, Sanctono; nor was that valuable in ■ km out reduced to a correct standard before Hr Jyear 1724, by the skill of Fahrenheit. Wei H hate hence no observations of temperature winch Hg > further back than a century. Prior to this ■period, we must glean our information from the ■ jpsc and scanty notices which are scattered |H- rough the old chronicles, relative to the state the harvest, the quality of the vintage, or the of frost and snow in tin - winter, Great however, should he made for the spi £&■(>'l” exaggeration, and the love of the murvel- which inlect all those rude historical monu as. Toahlo and Pilgrim have, with incredi ■f indust.y, prosecuted this research; and, from SB bulky work of the latter, printed in the Ger- Ban language at Vienna, in 1788, we shall se the most remarkable passages concerning state ol the weather for more than a thou- years back, and combine with them the ob ret vauons made by professor Pfoff, of Kiel.— / l'he following years are noted for the severity of f the winter: f . “In A. D. 407, the Black Sea was entirely fro zen over. “In 462, the Danube was frozen, so that Theo domer marched over the ice, to avenge his bro ther’s death in Swabia. “In 545, the cold w.s so intense in winter, tliat the birds allowed themselves to be caught by the hand. * “In 7 63, not only the Black Sea, but the straits ol the Dardanelles was frozen over. The snow U j\ some places jse fifty feet high; and the ice heaDed in the cities as to push down the Wails. .. “In the winter was intensely cold. “In k ß e2, the great rivers of Europe, such as the Danube, the Elbe, and the Seine, were so hard frozen as to bear heavy waggons for a month. “In 860, the Adriatic was frozen. “In 874, the winter was very long and severe. The snow contidued to fall from the beginning of November to the end of March, and incumber- L ed the ground so much, that the forests were in- L accessible for the supply of fuel. B “In 891, and again in 893, the vines were killed Bby the frost, and the cattle perished in their stalls. ■■ “In 991, the winter lasted very long, with ex- severity. Every thing was frozen, the fjßrops totally failed, and famine and pestilence the year. “In 1044, great quantities of snow lay on the ■ground. The vines and fruit trees were destroy - ■>d, and famine ensued. Hi “In 1067, the cold was so intense, that most of Btbe travellers in Germany were frozen to death Bici the roads. B< “In 1124, the winter was uncommonly severe; ITcand snow lay very long. ■ ( n “In 1133, it was extremely cold in Italy; the L /(I owas frozen from Cremona to the; the sea heaps! Die i snow rendered the roads impassable, the wine Ijhoisks were burst, and even the trees split, by Lua action of the frost, with immense noise. kg.; “In 1179, the snow was eight feet deep in AuS- Ptf at, and lay till caster. Tne crops and vintage jHliiled, and a great mu man consumed the cattle. ■p“ The winters of 1209 and 1210 were both of tHj-ni very severe, insomuch that the cattle died j (My want of fodder. H c bui*st the casks. yjßjifoji 1234, the Po was again frozen, and loaded ms crossed the Adriatic ufV (.nice. \ pine killed by the fiyst ut Ravenna. BB and c ’ 236, the Danube was frozen to the bot |^^Bo,| remained long in that state. ,, n > 1, the frost was most intense in Sn,t- ,pe ground bound up. The Catlegat HHB iween Norway and Jutland. HBB 11 <; ti ah’ a i of sir iW h a, \;• s - • as fi,./nn ov, . P. a . • : |k ’ H horse and foot from Denmark to Lubeek aeff “In 1339, the crops failed’ such a famine ensued, that Us _ pie were reduced to fred inMoT tlx in perished miserably ■ ■ F.ngland w heat w as at this sqld “In 1344, it was clear frostn’onrPßSPfnner to March, and al/the riverain Italy were frozen over. “In 1392, the vineyards and orchards were de stroyed hr the frost, and the trees torn to pieces. “The year 1408 had one of the coldest winters ever remembered. Not only the Danube was frozen over, but the sea between Gothland and Oriand, and between Norway and Denmark; so that wolves driven from their forests, came over the ice into Jutland. In France the vineyards and orchards were destroyed. “In 1424, both the North Sea and the Baltic were frozen. Travellers passed on foot from Lubec to Dantzic. In France, the frost pene trated into the very cellors. Corn and wine fail ed, and men and cattle perished for want of food. “'l’lie successive winters of 1432, 1433, and 1434, were uncommonly severe. It snowed 40 days without interruption. All the rivers ot Ger many were frozen: and the very birds took shelter in the tovns. The price of wheat rose in Eng land, to 275. a quarter, but was reduced to ss.in the following year. “In 1460, the Baltic was frozen, and both horse and foot passengers crossed over the ice from Denmark to Sweden. The Danube likewise continued frozen for two months; and the vine yards in Germany were destroyed. “In 1463, the winter was so severe in Flanders, that the wine distributed to the soldiers was cut in pieces with hatchets. “In 1544, the same thing happened again, the wine being frozen into solid lumps. “In 1548, the winter was very cold and pro tracted. Between Denmark and Rostock,sledges drawn by horses or oxen travelled over the ice. “In 1564, and again in 1565, the winter was extremely severe over all Europe. The Scheldt froze so hard as to support loaded waggons for three months. “In 1571, the winter was severe and protract ed. All the rivers in France w ere covered with hard and solid ice; and fruit trees, even in Lan guedoc, were killed by the frost. “In 1604, the weather was so severe that the R bine and and the Scheldt were frozen, and even the sea at Venice. “'l’he year 1678 was uncommonly cold, and snow lay immense depth even at Padua. Wheat rose, in the Windsor market, from 365. to 565. a quarter. “In 1621 and 1622, all the rivers of Europe were frozen, and even the Zuyder Zee. A sheet of ice covered the Hellespont; and the Venetian licet was choaked up in the lagoons of the Adri atic. “In 1655, the winter was very severe, especial ly in Sweden. The excessive quantities of snow and rain which fell did great injury in Scotland. “The winters of 1658, 1659 and 1660, were intensely cold. The rivers in Italy bore heavy carriages; and so much snow had not fallen at Rome for several centuries. It w T asin 1658 that Charles X. of Sweden crossed the Little Belt over the ice front Holstein to Denmark, with his whole army, foot and horse, follow ed by the train of baggage and artillery. During these years the price of grain was nearly doubled in Eng land; a circumstance which contributed, among other causes, to its restoration. “In 1680, the frost was most intense in Eng land and in Denmark, both the Little and Great Beits being frozen. “In 1684, the winter was excessively cgpld. — Many forest trees, and even the oaks in England, were split by the frost. Most of the hollies were killed.. Coaches drove along the Thames, which was covered with ice eleven inches thick. Al most all the birds perished. “In 1691, the cold was so excessive, that the famished wolves entered Vienna, and attacked the cattle, and even men. “'l’he winter of 695 w as extremely severe and protracted. The frost in Germany began in Oc tober, and continued till Aprii, and many peo ple were frozen to death. “The years 1697 and 1699 were nearly as bad. In England the price of wheat, which, in pre ceding years, had seldom reached to 30s. a quar ter now amounted to 7 Is. ( To be concluded in our next.) NEW MADRID. Extract of a letter from a gentleman now in tlie west ern country, to his friend in Richmond, \ a. “St. Louis , September, 1818. “Circumstances induced me to land at New Mad rid, lor the purpose of going by land to St. Louis (having ascended the Mississippi in a’steam boat from New-Orleans.) It is impossible to visit this spot, knowing any thing of its history, and not be struck with the aii of desolation it breathes. The ground, which now forms the bed of the river, was, not many years since, selected as the scite of a town which was to become the empori um of the vast tract watered by the Mississippi, Missouri, and their branches. It was indeed most happily situated for this purpose. But the river has swept away the ground on which the town was originally placed—and the earthquakes of 181 I—’l2, have sunken the remainder of the bluff below high water mark. There was a lake in the rear of the town, on the banks of which public walks and plantations of trees were plant ed for the accommodation of its inhabitants.— This is now a heap of land!—There are about half a dozen houses on the ground, and shocks are stiil frequent. On the 17th August, I landed there, and on that day there had been a conside rable quake. New-Madrid and St. Louis, there is ggfcj^pccclient land; and a line climate, as ** a'c*age oi tile United Louis is thriving rapidly. There arc’ wight hundred houses, and every year to #6 by appearances, will much increase their jfcer. House rent is high—-the better houses Trom five hundred to one thousand dollars a year.” —Richmond Enquirer. CANALS in EUROPE. The longest canal on the continent of Europe is that of Languedoc, in {fie south of France, which unites the Mediterranean sea with the At lantic ocean. It is 180 miles long, six feet deep, and has 144 locks. It passes a mountain, by a tunnel 270 feet long, arched over with free stone. To provide water on the highest level, there is a reservoir of 593 acres, excavated at great ex pense. The whole cost of this canal is stated at 82,442,000. The Grand Junction Canal is the longest of any in England, running nearly we t, 90£ miles, ; from London. It has 796 feet rise and fail, and 101 locks, besides 9 originally constructed to pass a deep valley, across which a high embank ment and aqueduct has been made. It has two tunnels —one 3080 yards long, 15 feet wide, 19 feet high and 60 feet below the surface of the hill—the other 2045 yards long. It has one deep cutting of three miles, thirty feet in the highest place; with several other very extensive deep efittings. There are several stupendous embankments on this canal. There are also 6 j reservoirs for holding water, oi from 40 to 70 acres, and, in three places, where sufficient w r ater cannot otherwise be had, to supply lockage-wa ’ ter on the high levels, the water is pumped up I from the lower levels, by steam engines. The whole expense of this canal is estimated at two million pounds sterling, or $8,888,000. The Oxford Canal extends 91 miles northerly from the Thames, near Oxford. It has 269 feet rise and fall, and 52 locks, is 28 feet wide at tlie top and 16 at bottom, and feet deep. It has | three tunnels, one of which is 1188 yards long. ■ It lias several considerable aqueducts: one of 12 arciies 22 feet each. It cost 330,0001. The Leeds and Liverpool canal extends 130 miles, crosses the island, and forms a communi cation between Hull on the east side and Liver -1 pool on the west. It has 840| feet vise and fall, , with 9 1 locks; the “breadth 42 feet; 4£ feet deep. It has three tnnnels, one of"*1030 yards long; a jnother 700 yards, with an extensive deep cut ; ting at each end. It has several very extensive •embankments and aqueduct bridges, one of which pussess the Lancaster canal, 60 feet high. It cost 600,000/. j The Forth and Clyde canal extends 34 m les, from the tide waters of tlie Forth, above Eriin t burg, to the tide waters of the Clyde, below i Glasgow. It has 165 feet rise, and 156 fall, to gether 321 feet; and 39 locks. The locks are ’ 75 feet long and 2o wide, cai i ying vessels of 70 •or 80 tons. It has ten large acqueduct bridges, one 400 feet long, and 70 feet above the river it 1 crosses. Two reservoirs, one of 70 and one of ’ 50 acres are provided, to supply lockage water. 1 It cost 212,000/. — Nat. Intelligencer. The following religious missionaries are now I abroad from the United States: At Bombay, reverend Gordon Hall, H. Bardwell, Sa muel Newell, John Nichols, and Allen Graves. At K.uiuo i, Burmah, reverend Adoniram Judson, jun. George H. Hough, James Coleman, and Edward W heelock. At the island of Cstlon, reverend Edward Warren, Benjamin C. Meigs, James Richardson and Daniel Poor. — ib. r-rg■■ 11 rr-**. 1 .. ...I'l: “ 1 ■■■■- , PROPOSALS IOR PUBLISHING, IN SAVJNNJH, A DAILY NEWSPAPER, TO BE ENTITLED EDITED BY .1. M. HARNEY. nr HEN it is considered how extensive and powerful j * T an influence a free press possesses, in improv | ing or corrupting the morals; refining or vitiating the taste; exalting or degrading the character; promoting or counteracting the political welfare of a state; he, who assumes the management of a public paper, is al most overawed by the weight of resposibility he incurs. The people, mindful that the same responsibility de volves on them, (inasmuch as a paper owes its exis tence to their patronage,) will require to be informed of the character anil object of THE GEORGIAN, be fore they can feel justified in giving it their support. In obedience to this just demand, the following expo sition is candidly and willingly submitted. The constitution of the I'nited States should be the text of every man’s political creed. We need not ran sack the archives of Greece and Rome; nor, like Solon, visit distant countries in search of political knowledge. He is the best statesman, who best understands our con stitution. It is the master-piece—the ne phis ultra of political wisdom. It is the rock on which we have founded the temple of liberty: the rains have come, and the winds beat upon it, but it still stands. Certain amendments of the constitution have been proposed, by sincere patriots and'enlightened statesmen, of both paYtiek Their opinions rtia be correct, and the right to amSnd is unquestionable; yet it is to be deeplv re grettedl .that the period of amendments is not past, as, by creating a doubt of its perfection, they tend continu ally to irqpair its sanctity, and enfeeble its authority. But let it never be fhr got ten, that the stability and perpetuity of a republic does not depend, exclusively, on the excellence of its constitution. If the people, (from whose sovereignty emanates all authority—exec utive, legislative and judicial) be not sufficiently enlight ened to discern the wisdbm; nor sufficiently virtuous to appreciate the blessings of our government, they are continually at the mercy of their delegated rulers. In asmuch as the people are the supreme directors cf po litical affairs, they should at least be acquainted with the constitution, w hich is the very foundation of their free dom and the warrant of their political sovereignty.— The constitution ought to be considered an indispensi ble branch of scholastic learning in all the colleges and schools of the I'nited States. But how seldom do we meet w ith this sacred compact; this estimable charter? this palladium of our liberty, except in the libraries of lawyers and learned men! A republic may exist, long after the corruption of its morals, but there is no antidote against the benumbing and deadening effects of igno rance. The book of Constitutions and the Bible should occupy the same shelf of the farmer, for, next to his God, Iris country demands his consideration and love. But it must be remnbt*ved, that it is aecwsarv to for- tifv the body politic not only against internal currupnen, and disorder, but also to defend it aguinptdhe enemies by which it is surrounded. The tree of our liberty mist not only be able to stand alone, but, fike the \\ ell-root, eel oak, to withstand the tempests-fi? extraneous pow t As our’s is the only republic on earth; as she lias exalted herself in the midst of governments which are naturally and essentially her enemies, her permanent security must depend on her physical strength, lienee tin ne cessity of naval <ma military forces. These should be just competent —not so great as to be dangerous to our - selves, nor so small as to be harmless to our enemies. — hi medio tatissimns ibis. On this subject the American statesman should exert the greatest sagacity and circum spection. As real sovereignty consists in strength, the sovereign people should retain the power to rule in their own hands—hence a well organized, well discipline and and well armed militia, is the safeguard of a republic, the bulwark of its liberty. When war is constitutionally declared, that man is an enemy to his country, or at least a worthless friend, who will not aid the administration in defending its honor and independence. Our political existence is then assail ed, and the weightiest matters of political controversy, are nothing in comparison with that momentous stake. After the enemy has struck a blow into tho bosom of our country, to hesitate is to be lost. 4Ve must not only promptly contribute our personal, but also our pecunia ry aid to the government. It is true, a permanent sys tem of direct taxes should never be resorted to—because they are intrinsically odious to the people—because they are vexatious and oppressive—because they mul tiply the unconditional supporters of a ruling power, and because they are unnecessary, inasmuch as our ordi nary, revenues are adequate to the support ofthe drdina ry expenses of our government. But when our country, and all that is dear to freemen, is in imminent dangi r, it, would be a matter of astonishment if a citizen of this re public, could ever object to a tax in any shape, or to any necessary amount. “Nam ncque quies gentium One ar ms; neqtte anna sine stipendiis; neque stipendia sine rur bvtts habei'i quaint.” The bold and efficient taxation of the people to support tlie expences of what has been emphatically styled the “second war of iiffependence,” will be held in perpetual memory, and imitated by lit turc administrations, under similar circumstances. Hut let it ever be (as it then was) the ultimo ratio of republi can legislators. So long as the existing administration maintains the republican principles and pursues the judicious meas ures which are now settled and acknowledged, it will meet with the unanimous support of every true friend to the country. The best efforts of the Cleohoian shall be dedicated to the support of sucii principles, sucii c measures and such rulers. But let it be distinctly un derstood, that the Georgian can never condescend to become an unqualified adherent to any party. The in terests of the people shall never be sacrificed to the am bition of a few. For many years past, this republic has been unhappi ly divided into two parties, each of which has accused the other of entertaining designs and pursuing meas ures, ruinous to the welfare and dangerous to the lib erties ofthe people. But all this time our country has been marching, with giant strides, to wealth, grandeur and renown; exhibiting an unparalleled example of pre cocious greatness. In the very cradle of her infancy she signalized herself by Herculean exploits—nay! she sprang into existence, like Minerva from the head of Jove, fullgroum at birth 1 Whatever errors may have been committed, we should be in a great measure re conciled by contemplating the present wealth, strength, prosperity and glory of our country. It would be im proper to dismiss this subject, without adverting to the happy termination and glorious consequences of the last war. It has produced a moral effect upon this nation, which every one sees and feels. It has proved the val or and strength of the people; it has tested the conser vative and recuperative energies of our government; it has resuscitated the languishing spirit of patriotism, and rekindled the dying name of our national glory—it lias harmonized political discord; conciliated the animo sity of parties; cemented the union and friendship be tween the sister states, and thereby consolidated the scattered fragments of our national energy, into one im mense and irresistible mass of physical power. Our government is no longer considered an experiment. With regard to this state, the utmost abilities of the Georgian shall be devoted to its welfare. Commerce and agriculture, which give to Georgia a distinguished rank and importance in the union, shall be objects of special attention—consequently, every species of inter nal improvement which is calculated to advance the in terests of either, will be regarded with a solicitous and zealous eye. The improvement of our internal naviga tion and the establishment of a liberal and enlightened system of education, are measures of the highest im portance to the welfare and reputation of Georgia, and must be ardently recommended by every man who un derstands the true policies of the state. Tlie improve meqf , the wealth, growth and general prosperity of the city ot Savannah w ill be studiously promoted,” and in doing this, not only the interest of its inhabitants is con sulted, but also the agricultual prosperity of the w hole state. TEKMS. The Georgian will be published daily for town sub scribers, (eight months in the year) at* $8 per year— Three times a week for country subscribers, at $5 pen year: on good paper, with new type. djf’TUe publication is expected to commence on tho Ist November next. Subscriptions received at the Office of the Darieti Gazette. Savannah, September 19—1 PROPOSALS, For publishing by subscription , A NEW ANI) GREATLY IMPROVED GEORGIA JUSTICE. IT is designed to make this work not only a guide for Justices of the peace, but a kind of Citizen’s .Manuel. With that view, the dutieshf Clerks, Sheriffs, Coroners, Tax-collectors.and Constables, Executors, Administra tors and Guardians, as well as those of Justices, will be explained—to which will be added many useful forms, with directions for taking interrogatories, for conveying real and personal property, and such other information as may enable every citizen, of ordinary capacity, to transact most of his law-business without the assistance of an attorney. A gentleman of respectable legal attainments is no\* engaged in the compilation, in which he will be aided by a professional character of deservedly high standing.— To have the work as perfect as possible, it will be sub. mitted for revision and correction, before it is printed, to the Judges of the several Superior courts, and others learned in the laws of the state. Such a production has been long wanted—and as the publishers will spare no pains nor expense to make it useful, they rely with confidence on being liberally en couraged in tins expensive and laborious undertaking. It will be printed on good paper, witli anew type—will be well bound, and form a huge octavo volume. The I price to subscribers will not exceed five dollars each. Any person obtaining twenty signatures, and becoming responsible therefor, shall be entitled to a copy gratis. Subscription papers are ready, and will be furnished, on application, to those who will be active, in circulat ing them. The work will be put to press as soon as i compiled, provided a thousand subscribers shall ha\ c been obtained. A list of the names of those who pat ronize it, will be added. In the above enterprize, we solicit the aid of every public spiuiied individual. „ S. & F. GRANTLAND. MiUedgeville., May 15th, 1818. 2 (O’Subscnpuuua rciv4 at the •ffioe of the Ranch Gaa#tt<i.