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CHRONICLE AM* SENTINEL
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iVCPITA* I
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THURSDAY JtTKB 4
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EAUor’* Cr/rr&.rs’rmßence. | ;
NiuiKnriut,
A* <h« my! do*e») yesterday, pnor Xo tb*. aJ'
of Ike «orp. -raj *e** i ' JO ff th': T c*»|wa »-
ti«t, 1 ctfald «0t 4fi ,e J°° »"* ■ eoxint .
pirwi iliji There «*e abovt mrealy ema44M
Tepre»ef.ter: » tine OTtiveotion, which is uijuj fr
e nrctrmrt*n i ***i tho late de*tr •ictic<rj j.
bodge* Mi lb* »»7« * remarkably fcfl <pw
iftri— M*i 4 Mjr add, without the Hew of
faJi'Mon, tf;*t it c*>mbiaes more talent tajeji I
ha»c erer eeea in a deliberative assembly of 'ieor-
Tl l itlrfali ■ mcmfilrd in the Rep reaen blip*
Cbiffiber at eleven o'clock yesterday, and ; f|ro
ceeced to c,rzar.*ze &v ca.ing Ma >r Joe- Cjiir
e r-»
loro U# the Chair, and appointing Measra. "Ude
nnd Delonj, SecreUriee, After the pre!ri|jafc
nes of organization were complete, the H on. .'Urn
M. Berrien wu, by acclamation, elected Fjrjjn
dent, and on being conducted by Me**r*.
Clayton and Montgomery to the chair, returi/wi,
his ackr,owie*ig»m*nu for trie distinguished japo
or in b>s most eloquent and felidtoa*
He adverted briefly te the objects of the ConitliD
troa, anb in a rood fervent and eloquent
to the patriotism of the members of the Cocfven
lion, enforced the importance us harmony in jhrjir
deliberation*, and concert in carrying out the de
cision* of the Convention.
Mr. Thornton, of Ha.i, introduced a reaotfUfm
which waa adopted, that those counties hern
which there was not a lull delegation in attend
ance, should be entitled to their full nambjir of
"vole*. I
Also, trial Editors be invited to take their ■isfcits
within the Hal!, for the purpose of nouns'.; the
proceeding! of the Convention.
On motion of Mr. Osoome, of Harris, the
Convention adopted the rules of the Hour* of
Repreveotalive* for its government.
Mr. Cobb, of Houston, introduced a resolT'kn
which was adopted, That the Chair appcfulii a
commit tee of 21 to form and report as eailij as
practicable, an electoral ticket for the euppoift of
Harrison arid Tyler,
On the introduction of this resolution, Mr.
Lawson, of Burke, remarked in substance,, ka
be desired more light upon the subject before be
could yield bis support to General Harrison.
Mr. Cobb replied briefly, that the proper time
for debate would be on the report of the Cornlanit
tge, to which Mr. L. assented.
%
Here the Convention took a recess till nvj*;o’-
clock, P. M.
5 o’clock, t. ajtj.
The Convention assembled, the President in
the Ohsk. ■ i I
The President annon»wl the names o|f, ?the
Committee of 21, among whom was Mr. Law
son, of Burke. Mr. L. immediately ther<jt»pon
asked to be excused from acting on the Co/hpint
tee, and was excused. * i
* \
Mr. Hudson, of Hancock, introduced a oriicJu
lion which was adop’cd, That the Convenor!
proceed to-morrow morning (this day; attune
o’clock, to ballot for nine persons to be rurj *fbr
the next Congress.
The Convention adjourned till 8 o’doclj this
a J- | .
T t y.at) a v 8 o’clock.
The Convention met, and after the hous<i; was
organized proceeded to (he orders of the day. The
committee of 21 through their chairman presen
ted their report.—The names submitted to; the
convention are | !
. # i i j
D. L. Ch.vcil, J.vo. W. Caxpbx-li;,
G*o. R. Gilmer, Ezekiel Wixatajinr,
ChaS. DiIL’OHEBTr, C. B. Htroitg, jI j
Joel Crawforu, Jvo. WuiTLHEAiii <
' i 11
Beatos Gravtlamd, Wm. Ezzard,
Asiißtw Miller, of Caw.
On the adoption of this report a very iniidipst
ing debate arose in which Messrs. Lawson, Cobh,
Strong, Meriwether, Bell, Hudson of Putnam
and Lemlie participted—and the report was adop
ted with but one dissenting voice, Mr. Lawisnb of
Burke. | ■«
The Convention then went into a ballot'for 9
to represent Georgia in the next Congress,
and are now progressing in counting thfc rjotes
of the brut Ballot—which has resulted tljuji far,
nearly through, in a unanimous vote for illu; pre
sent delegation, Cooper, Black and Colqijiju ex
cepted—they have very sow votes. j J ;
I cannot close without mentioning thii;! great
unanimity and harmony which has marlieicj the
proceedings of the body—l must here cljiijc, as
the mail is about to close. 1 ■ ‘
r J'hc Convention will adjourn sine dis 110-jlay.
Ik-
Correspondence of the Charleston Courier.
Wahhixotox, May jfio.
«n the House, private bills were taken luip, but
little progress was made in them, at hallljjpast
two o’clock, the Speaker announced the tjder of
recess at the same moment, some of tlnj
bers were leaving the Hall. A cry nf “ the
way' —“ make room'' was heard from t;hi! lob
by, and a rush was made to the spot, wlTtfi two
members, Mr. Kavner and Mr.
[both of Xorth-f’arolina.J were in conflict: They
were soon separated. Mr. Vanderpoelpi ■ loud
voice was heard, in the tumult, crying? »ibt,
•“Montgomery, are yon stubbed' 1 ” Mr. ilUyner
was calling for his sword.
I learned, upon enquiry, that Mr. Kayintlr had
attacked his colleague with a swerd cane: kg the
latter passed from the Hall into the lobby.: f The
cane was broken off above the point of
by the blows, and the sword either fell pr ; was
wrested from Mr. R. by someone who interposed.
Mr. Montgomery had a small stick,! 'vhich
he broke over his colleague’s head. Neither par
ty was seriously hurt, though, both bad isome
slight bruises about the head. \ |j(
The House met, at four o’clock, whenl ij| was
supposed, the outrage would be noticed! But,
as there was not a quorum, the House adjdmied!
It is to be hope . that the House will ni.it again
render itself ridiculous by another mockery of
investigation. They haye not nerve to -enforc*
their rules. Before the session is over, shall
, have dirks, pistols and bovvie knives at vl'o it j n
the hall and lobbies. ,
1 i.
. Bavr or Haxbc*o, > 1
Jcoe 2, 1 &40. 5
To th« Pr»uc. —Daring the present sua>
1 mer, th • Bank will be opened at Se’dodt, A. M.
and dosed at 12 M.
Thoee havtcg business to transact wiL p.ea*e
to call between 9 and 12 o'cljck.
H. Hcrtarsos, Cashier.
Pboorea? ot OrtXKX.—Th* Philadelphia Ga
zette of riatorday says : V«*e sever saw oar V* inz
friends m higher spirits,than laej have leen s.cce
‘ the Van Bares meeti* oa Mocdar. Enonfb v-i
*een there to satisfy them triat the City an t coonty
w... i.ve a Tojority, «ofL..e t of .tse
to ne-tra..ze Van Ews i major.tv m tie State in *
l-30, leaving to Lancaster and other to
aettle toe amount of the majority he will receive
in this State.
Great and Freshet.
It baa veen cur lot to witness during the pres
ent week, one of - J'»e heavie*; ram. we have ever
known, attended w*th c->n«equences more disas
trous than have ever been experienced in this
comamnitj. The rain commenced fa-hng here
on Moniav afternoon last. an-J conunued taroogb
that . .ighl ar.ci part of toe next and succeeding
davs. It v«is heaviest on Moutlay nig:.!. It.
ectets have been very ir.jcrioos to the plantations
in our neighborhood—sorrie fieli* nave teen nt
craiiy destroyed. All the bridge*, so far as we
can iezm including the two at this p(ace, have
been swept away or seriously injured—several
mills have been re rao*ed. and earned down the
resistless currents in floating fragments.
Trie 1 /«-: iustained by the Athens Manufiacta- I
ing Comnany j severe. One end of the principal
buildinz has been ui dermined and fallen in. wra
all the machinery in that part of it- Their saw
mill has been carrier entirely away, and some in
jury sustained or other buildings. The amount
ot their loss is not yet precisely known, but one
of the proprietors informed us be thought it could
not be than $25,000. Os course the opera
tions of the YicUjry must cease for some ume, >
which will cut off the means of support of many
poor £ami;.es, wbooe situation must soon com
mend them to the sympathies and charities or our
more fortunate citizens.
The house on the opposite side of the river,
near the upper brulge, occupied is a grocery, was
earner! aw ay by tbs flood on Tuesday, with most
of its contents, and the contiguous building-; and
floated for neatly a mile down the Oconee.
A* yet we are without road communication,
and cannot know the extent of the injury done
eUewhere. We fear, however, that the ram h:-.s
been general; and if so, its consequences bare
been ruinous to hundreds—perhaps thousands,—
At hern Banner t>f Friday .
From the Albany Eteninz Jcmrnal.
Oppression of Debtors.
Under the {*relence of hostility to “tlie Bank
ing and speculating classes,” Van Burenism in
reality is striking at the debtors of the country.
When Genera! Jackson mischievously declared
that “those who trade on borrowed capital ought
to break,” be probably had but a faint conception
of the atrocious policy which he was suggesting
to the vuscrodulo’js mind ot bia succej-.s-or. Let
us tase the avowed leading purpose cf the pre
sent federal executive and examine the practical
results to which it leads.
It will not be denied that the profes.*xl object
of Van Buren and his principal adherents is to
red ace the present nominal value of labor—of ,
the products of labor—of property, both in the ,
city and in the country—of houses and lota—
farms, stock, and agricultural produce. The peo
ple are every where told by the l J residenl’g parti
zans than they have received too much, nominal
ly, in years past, for their work—that they have
paid too much,nominally, for their possessions, for
the neccs- tries, conveniences and luxuries of life.
They arc told that a faUe standard o: value has ,
prevailed—that the currency of the country,
which forms in a great measure that standard,
has been inflated by excessive issues of bank pa
| per—by undue expansions of the circulating me
dium —by reckless extravagance in purchasing
things that they had not the ability to pay for—
by indulging in visionary schemes of wealth
which their condition in life prevented and would
ever prevent them from realizing. These are the
evils, ami alleged consequence# of evils, which
Loco Focoism attributes to the credit system of
the country, and avows a desire and determina
tion to eradi teand prevent.
Now let us admit lor argument’s shake that all
these evils, so glowingly depicted by the federal
! prints, really exist; who have brought them on
the country and who should the country hold ac
countable for them ! If they arose from the al
leged sin of chartering a National Bank, was not
that Bank chartered after the close of the last war
by the vote* of .Senators and Representatives in
Congress attached to that parly with which Van
Buren and his present supporters pretend to have
exclusive political offinity ? If these evils are
chargeable to the corrupt creation and excessive
Lsuesof the State Banks, we need only turn
our eyes to this State to ascertain who called
them into being and stimulated them to over-ac
tion.
Who can forget the memorable advice of Gen-
Jackson to his six or seven hundred pet Banks to
I liberal’y” upon the strength of the
deposites he hac placed in their vault* ? If these
discounts went to increa.se the importation of |
foreign merchandise and pay instalments upon
Corner Lots”—if the people ran in debt because
‘the Greatest and Best,’ had flooded the country
with his ‘belter currency’—if the young, the friend- i
less, and the pennyless, invited by the temptations
,of the time, embarked in enterprises beyond
their means, who may they justly blame for the
failures and reverse* that have overtaken them !
But if Jacksonism sinned in elevating the ex
pectations of the country to a hazardous height,
Van Burenism doubly sins in seeking to prostrate
the hopes of all ranks, classes and conditions in
the dust- When we look abroad upon the land
and see hundreds of thousands of honest industri i
i ons and intelligent citizens, who have contracted
in good faith, debts that the closest enconomy and
I the best management can scarcely enable them to
discharge under the most encouraging auspices,
trust to the brink of irretrievable ruin by the pro- j
posed measures and policy of the General Gov- |
; eminent, we feel that there must be a depth of |
j heartless human depravity in the President and
his advisers that we can neither fathom nor de- i
pict.
What must be the inevitable consequence of re
ducing the price of labor and even the nominal
value of properly to hulfiia present rate, upon
those who arc in debt 1 Will not their 1 labilities
to their creditors remain the same in amount as
they are now 1 Will half a dollar of the new
stamp pay (he dollar set against their names in
bonJs, mortgages, notes, and book accounts!
j Will the bushel of wheat at 40 cents discharge
the debt that the bushel of wheat 80 cent would
iV f I )a ‘d • Will Loco Focoism lessen the legal
liabilities of the people in the same proportion i
that it proposes to reduce the value of the means
they now possess to meet them? Will the party
that has inveigled the great masses of our citizens
into the indebtedness that burdens them, assume
the payment of the obligations they have contri
buted so largely to create 1 As ter sweeping away
by their cursed experiments and destructive the
ories, the farm from the farmer, the implements
from the mechanic, the goods from the tradesman,
and the daily pittance from the laboring man,
i will they cancel, even the balance of debt due
| from those whom they have robbed of the po.sses-
J sions that they now tan call their own 1 Afur
I redacioz four Hitts of the people to penury,
garj. or starvation, will they even cor. :e*eer.3 I .
pan a Genera' Bamkr.pt law to save them fro* j
the uoaiaokberiDf avarice of merakw cret; -off
and allow them to caentncDre the world anev
liauga hopes are crushed and hearts are broke
in the i rrtcrva!!
If Van Buren Is not arrested in the prosecunc
j of L f and cruel poikr. let the de;
tor* of the country' despair I Fw them there ca
he no fotore pr:sper ; ty —no dreams of p easar
day* to come. To drag through L:e in hope.e
bondvrre. and to die amidst Kjca’ d poverty an
the keen agony of surviving desutuiion arout
hearth and hoove, mast he them certain and ir.
exarahie Jest-nr !
'
Speech of the Hon. Lott Warr*n.
or stoßcii,
I
On the “Bill additional to the art 'in the ml
jeetof Tremury note*
Delivered in the House of Represen'itivcs r
the United States. March 1 MO.
The House being in Committee of the Who!
on the state of the Union, (Mr. Dawson, c
Georgia in the chair, and having ar.der coasic
e rat 100 the bill to authorize an emission of Treat
ury notes —
Mr. Warren obtained the floor, and address*-'
the committee as follows :
Mr. Chairman, our lot La* fai.en in strang
times, and we base been destined to v. itnes
strange things. Yes, sir, we have heard an able,
and vet, unanswered a'gmtnent from the gentie
man from Pennsylvania, (Mr. Bidule v who has
been denounced as a Federalist, showing c!ear!v
to my mind that these Treasury notes are ‘-fciil
of credit,” and that this Government has not the
constitutional power to emit 44 bids of credit.”
Yes, sir, he met the question as a true strict con
structionist; as a statesman should have done;
and ha? shown, not only that the power to emit
bJls of credit is not to he found in the Constitu
tion, but he has also shown, from the Madison
Papers, that, in the convention that formed the
Federal Constitution, a grant of power was re
ported to emit bids of credit, and was stricken
out- And. further, he has shown to us that in
the debate on the question of granting the pow
er to emit bills of credit, such men as K ger.Sher
man a:.d Benjamin Franklin said, that if the
power to emit b.lls of credit was granted, the
whole project would fail, and the Constitution
would not be adopted by the Stales. I heard
with great pleasure the argument of the gentle
man from Pennsylvania, and for the light he his
given us on the subject he has my sincere thanks.
But. Mr. Chrirman, on the other hand, the gen
tleman from Kinderbook, (Mr. Vanderpoc!,) a
putt Dtmtjtrat, is found contending for the pow
er to emit bills of credit Indeed, sir, as lo his
argument, I could but agree with my friend from
South Carolina, (Mr. Thompson,) that the gen
tleman may be a very good drill officer, but a very
unfit exponent of the Constitution. If, in fact,
his new Southern associates are indebted to his
teachings for the expertness with which they per
form the most difficult evolutions of “ right aboa*
face, back Jock step,” as the gentleman from
South Carolina supposes, then surely be drills
with great skill. And I would here suggest lu
them the propriety of taking him under their in
struction. Indeed sir, after the exhibition he has
made of his total misapprehensions, and yet Lvt
of what he is pleased to call the Southern con
struction of the Constitution, it may become a
question whether it is not the duty of tnese new
Southern associates to provide lor him an in
slructer. Yes, Mr. Chairman, lam inclined to
think that they have been delinquent in this duly
heretofore ; for it would he a commentary on the
obtu»enessof his intellect not very flattering to
his vanity, lo suppose that he had even p issed
through the first lessons, as taught by Houlhern
statesmen.
Mr. Chairman, that gentleman (Mr. Vander
poei) »ays,#tbere is now a temporary want of mo
ney by the Government, and that it must be rais
ed by tariff, loan , or the it me off Treasury notes;
and that the tariff has been compromised, and
therefore cannot be touched. Yes, Mr. Chair
man, he would have it understood that lime is of
the spnit ol the compromise ; that the South op
posed the tariff to avoid the collection o£ revenue
which was, and is, necessary lo carry on the
Government; that the spirit of the compromise
was to relieve the South from the collection of
duties on imports, as a revenue of the country
until o given lime. Mr. Chairman this is a mis
take. an unjust imputation on the Southern Slates, j
In no part of the Union have the people been
more willing for the Government to collect
tariff duties for the necessary wants of the
Government, than have been the people ol*
the South. But, sir, we opposed, and will
oppose, a tariff made under color of the wants
of the Government, taxing the industry oi
the people of one part of the country at the ex
pense of other portions of the people. It was
the tariff for protection, and not a tarilf for revenue
of which we complained, and which brought
about the compromise. That time was of the
spirit of the compromise, [admit, but it was on
ly to fix the time beyond which the protection
should not exist. And now, sir, he affects to op
pose any interference with the tariff, because of
the compromise. I would be glad to have an
assurance from that gentleman, when the tarih
is to be regulated, that the principles of the com
promise would be carried out by him and his
friends. But, sir, this is not to be given. Mo,
sir ! and it shows how exceedingly disingenu
ous is the course and policy of this Administra
tion. Here we have the member from Kinder
hook expressing great regard for the faith of the
compromise, but is very careful not to understand
the true ground of compromise. And he will
now stay the regulation of the tariff until the
election of President is over. Is it possible the
gentleman can suppose the people of the South
can be duped into the support of Mr. Van Burcn
by such art and deception ? If he does, Mr. Chair
man, he knows as little of the people of the South
as he docs of their constitutional opinions. Let
it not bo understood that I desire to touch the
tariffqueston now. Mo, sir; but I have thus
spoken to disabuse the South on the subject, and
to call the attention of the committee to the true
principles of the compromise, as well as to de
monstrate that the whole course of his remarks
on this subject, was uncandid and disingenuous.
Mr. Chairman, according to the gentleman’s
arrangement, the next expedient to be consider
ed is lo raise the money needed by a loan. And
it seems that the gentleman is alarmed at the
very mention of this policy. Why, sir, is this so
alarming? It is, sir, according to his logic, be
cause to borrow the money would create a “ na
tional debt,” And he would have us understand
upon the authority of the Chairman of the Com
mittee of Ways and Means, that “a national
debt” is “ a national curse.” For my own part 1
sir, I hold the declaration, that a national debt is
a national curse, true wdthout authority; but how
it comes that the borrowing money to pay an ex
isting debt, is the creation of the debt, I cannot
comprehend; it is a new iheoiy to ma. But it
may be accounted for thus; my friend (Mr.
King) proposes to borrow the money to pay what
the Government owes, and in his remarks in op
position to the Administration measure, he took
occasion to expose the misrule of the Govern
ment by the present Adminstralion ; and hence
it becomes important, in the estimation of him
of Kinderbook, to charge Mr. King with being
the first to attempt lo saddle the Government
with a national debt. And he affects the more
surprise that it should have come from a Southern
member, knowing that it would produce a high
tariff to pay off the debt, and with it all the mis
chiefs to the South which are incident lo a high j
tariff. Will the gentleman till us how much more
1 money it will take to poj a dcU oi the scrr.e a
, mount created by borrowing aoMJ, than ;f rrc
: aled ty purchase of property, IxAb doe at the
{ same time and at the same rate of interest?
And how m och h (her the tariff mast be raised
for tr.e payment of toe one than woeld be neces
sary for the payment of (lie other T It tLe«e
question? hid been, answerer 1 truly, he could c t
have had so much groan*? cf apprehers n /or
the South I But, air, when we remember that
the gentleman ircna Kinderbook Las expressed
his sorrow tiatbeiis a Daict/man. because if he
were Del a Dutchman, he wou c then ‘guess that
some ceaue a national debt, shat they may have
I a pretext to Increase the tariff In ibis you dis
cover hat tbe gentleman from Kinderbook de
sires that opponents of a protective tariff may
understand who are the friends of such a meas
ure. and woo’d most untruly insinuate that my
Ccleague w:s forwarding their po;.cy.
But I cad the special attention of Southern
gentlemen to this outrage upon their inteiiiger.ee
and firmness. A Van Buren man telling us that
the opponents of Mr. Van Barea are tariff men !
Do not we that Mr. Van Buren voted for
that “HU of abomination,” the tariff ofISCS!
And do we not know that in this city he excused
hi nself to Southern men. by referring to the in
structions of the Legislature of New York ? Bat-
Mr, Chairman, was there any palliation for the
act in the instructions thus given T I once
thought so: but, sir, had I then known, as J now
know, that he bad procured those very instruc
tions to be riven that he might beguile the peo
ple of the riouth into his support, instead ot sup
porting him for Vice President, I would have
avoided the sting of the viper, as I should have
hat'd the art and intrigue of the serpent.
But, Mr. Chairman, as the war has leea com
menced 1 v the dr;ii officer of the Administration,
against Georgia, in the person of one of her
Representatives, it. is not sufficient that his cou:=e
—honest, canci i. and upright—shouli be de en
ded : but I will now show that ibis national debt,
which is -‘a national cur-e. ' has Hen created by
the mal-administration of this Government. For
sir, it would seem that the gentleman knows not
that the nation is in debt, though its Treasury
notes are to be redeemed for something like two
millions of dollars. And the President and Mr.
Secretary Woodbury both tell u? that the Gov
ernment Las nothing to pay with; and we are
now engaged in devising ways and means for the
payment oi this debt, with others which may ac
crue. amounting in all to five millions of dollars.
All these facts are before the gentleman, (Mr.
Vanderpoel.) and yet, sir, no national debt!
Why, sir, is it not to be considered a national
debt ? Is it because the President and bis .Secre
tary a-k for a law authorizing the ir-ue of five
millions of Treasury notes; and that this amount
of Treasury notes may be kept in circulation, so
t that Treasury notes may be paid by the issue of
! Treasury notes? I have said, sir, that the Ad
ministration has asked for this law; and words
are used w hich would ordinarily be so cons rued.
I but the midnight hour at which I find myself
engaged in this debate, proves it to be acoramand
—a command which is to he obeyed before we
are allowed to rest. Yes, sir, a command which
the Administration members of this Hou-e will
not disobey. And, sir, because my colleague,
; (Mr. K.) open in Lis pU’pose, refuses to o!-ey
this command, and as an independent Represen
tative of an honest and noble people, suggests a
!>elter policy, he is charged with an attempt to
saddle this Government with a nation d debt. Is
not the course of my friend from Georgia, one of
open, fair dealing ? He admits what the Presi
dent communicates is t ue, that the Government
is in debt, has nothing lo pay with; and says, let
us borrow the money and pay our debts honestly;
then we should know bow much the debt is, I
and where lo find our creditor when we are able
to pay. This would be considered a plain, fair
transaction by every man in the country, and
would 'oe perfectly understood. But this is what
the Administration fears—its great and leading
object being to hide and conceal from the people
the true slate of our plundered and empty Treas
ury; and for this purpose deception is practised,
and efforts are used, to convince the peoj le that
I the income of the year will be sufficient for the
expenditures of the year. And, sir, I assert that
they know Letter, if they know any thing about
! our finances. But,sir, the gentleman (Mr. Van
| derp»oel) says, the reason of lids pressing and un
expectfd call is to be found in the heavy pay
ments coming on the first of the year. And, sir,
I was by this forcibly reminded of the peculiar
| features of Vaninm. The gentleman mentioned, f
ias a large item of payments to Le made by the
Government in the early part of the year, the
pensions falling due the 4th of this month. What
is the history of the appropriation of one and a
half million of dollars for th : » purpose this ses
sion ? It was hurried through by a declaration
that it was necesssary, and without the appro
priation, the worthy pensioners could not receive
their money. The Opposition members, many *
I of them, opposed the appropriation, and proposed !
the passage of a la.v transferring money in the ;
hands of pension agents of another class, not
payable till September next. And I well remem
ber the very sensible and feeling remark i fmy j
friend from Kentucky, (Gov. Pope.) He refer- j
red lo your far-famed sub-Treasury, and said,
you will have passed that before September, and 1
may charge your sub-Treasurers with these agen- j
cies, and pay the pensioners with good hard mo- 1
ney, not rags, as heretofore. But, sir, they did
not understand Gov. Pope’s speech. Hard mo
ney to be paid to pensioners ? They will be
glad to get any. Yes, sir, hard money is intend
ed by them for office-holders and favorites of the
Administration—not pensioners. Now, sir, after
having produced this necessity of issuing one
million and a half of dollars more than would
otherwise have been wanting, they plead necessi
ty for the act, as Mr. Van Buren did the instruc
tion of the New ork Legislature for his vote for
ihe tariff. But how is all this to be accounted for?
It can only be done in the knowledge Mr. Van
Buren and his friends have of the value ol mon
ey in elections, and their determination lo use
, the people’s money to secure his re-election.
Look, into the exhibits sent in with the message
as corning from the Indian Department, and in
j one item (and how many more of the lame cha
racter I do nut pretend lo know) yon discover
that, Ist of October, 1838, Daniel Kurtz, disbur
sing agent of the offee of Indian affairs, had in
i his possession <154 146 61, and before the fust
of January, 1839, he received $19,496 86, ma
king (after deducting the amount disbursed ly
him of $3,7/7 80) $169,866 58 ; this sum re
rnained in his hands up to the Ist of October last.
| and in all probability is still there, and will re
j main there until the election. Does not the Ad
ministration stand convicted of my charge, that it
is the corrupt and mal administration of theGov
i emment which has produced the necessity ?
But, Mr. Chairman, I will now speak of this
i necessity, not only as having been produced by
; this prodigal Administration, but as being a per
manent, fixed, and continued necessity. If Mr.
\ an Buren had never meddled with the currency
of the country, his prodigal expenditures never
would have produced the plea of necessity for
this measure. No, sir. the ruin of the country
can only be accomplished by trammelling the in
dustry and enterprise of the people. It is the
hard-money experiment, Mr. Chairman, which is
the cause of (his necessity, and which will con
tinue, by diminishing the amount received as du
ties on importations, and in sales of public lands.
And of this, sir, he was warned with almost pro
phetic wisdom. 1 call the attention of the com
mittee to the report of the Secretary of the Trea
sury, made lo Congress on lhe24lh of February,
1820, on lbs* currency, &c. It is not a report
from Mr. Woodbury, nor is it a hard-money
humbug. It is an able State paper; such an one
as would be expected from William H. Crawford.
-A
Ye*, «r, aci* Mr. Van Buren ir.is lie: Z
/y** before r.
this Ho&ff. it this i.ae. gives crosttm eviience
that be -Lre* car knees rather than light;*’
reason nfThi# rr:y •e : ~r. ~ i *> <to ■w:.::h
I comer:/ ais ard the r a tcn'ior. W . tli ;':j*
, fight before Mr. Van Boren ’ I: is to tocr-i
in this report of WJfiani H. CrawL d, when
Secretary of the Treasury, and whi-h reads the*:
-An immediate depr'-essioo n the prices of »’!
I cent race* ties wcc’ii ie the Ldov its/!® cwjscqtente
of an osquaiiSe* reicn to a rr.eu. ~c cor retry,
• upon the sepposi tea that the quantity of goM
and siher annually produced should refrain cn
| diminished. But. this return to a metallic cur
| reocT shoukl be attempted at a period when the
annual product of these me?2 ! s. either from tem
prranr c-r permanent cacsos. shc !J bare cor=--J
--r rat v decreased, all the tfit ir.tc:es*s of society
would be most seriously disordered; property cl
every description wgg.J rapid y foil la val .e ;
the relations .etwreen erec tor and de: lor woo. i
: e vi !enr!y and suddenly c anged ; this change
grea/y to the injury of debt '*: the property
which would ' e necessary to discharge his debts
would eicetd that wh cb he bad receive.: from
creditor; the ne would be ruined without the
imputation if crime, whilst the other be ranched
without the semblance or merit. Until the en
gazrraer.ts ciifina at -he moment of such charge
are discharged. and the price of labor and com
modities is reduced to the proportion wh; r h it
mast bear to the quantity of cerren-'j employed
■s the me-Vr.m of their exchange, enterprise of
every tind w. ’r« repress i, and n/seryjacc dis
tress universally prevail."
Here, nr, is tr.e t-.rcL iaht before Mr- V .n Boren
and Mr. Secretary Wo«.r -re ;a . / in defiance f
a; th'« l uih, a c«.ii.;e corr.r. y is atlemrt- .
,V' tit ir.g IxU s ! d andFtlte r rtceccc hie bv the Gcrtr*-
TT.fr, t, ;- L the CO C'J‘ .1 'Jit- tv.fr f V CT :h-r fr. • t
of dvTars an ’- uc‘ y ! Ban;- s Mispend, rwt-v t t e r
;muh!, ate fi, :; t • r.eir eircaiuwn, a: . ny that the
| operacon of :he fiovenjiurnh in requiring »■ -re ;e
payitKn:*. makes their rcurae 'dsp:..,:',?: o s - r
safety ; , rice* of labor ar.. piocuoe, as well as every
dr~c;i; fjon of property,tare fallen mot suddenly ;
me relation m creditor and deb to; s changed . e
creeiilor er.ricbed w;*hon: lie semblance of r&cfb,
ardfe debtor re ned vr'rout ' : r iccrt tr.pvJat a• f
crime: r!i bv the o;era:;on o' ;/.« l>ovm*T!eat
or der the Acrth .s’ration *.{ Fre-:dcr.i Van B .rrn.
And.sir. this ha- pro.ucrd what 1 conie.nd .§ t e
permanent d;fi« ien rol im revenue - f the Govern
ment. “ Enterprise ol every k;nd is repressed,"
irni “misery and distress n:..-.er*tliy p-eva;.;'*
and in lh i n s?ry and -ii»tress, the jrtopjt arc- u a: e
'. her to buy > .m pun lands or t j pure-,are
consume eo»<is w hich are irap>*.rie<i : and .age no.
porta .or.s hnve been re --.;-pe ; and rim toother
countries, and draw back*on the revenue have neen
the consequence. And not oniy th.s, but in° :ta
p- ration*, have decreased, and tr.e receipts f reve
nue on imports learned. An J, e.n wh.de this inri-
pdicy cont; >i-r T the impx>rat: and reve-
I roe will c**ntn;oe to diimni-h. and me price <*f
labor, wiih commodities and every de>cr;p!;on
;of property, vvhl contmue lo fad, on»ii the ex
j wMr... - . -raenl* or debts arc das . .
V\ e have the evidence of this misery and ci«-
t'e>.«, sir, in the advertisements of i.oe sheriffs, cor
oner-. and consianse*. ol meir ra e*, ord in the let
ters almost da::y received bom oar consrituenrs in
q taring what Cong res.- wni dj for the relief of the
p«er.p.ie I will now answer this inquiry of ■ar
c r«iituen:« and say t» them what thi* m-dri ght
heur {f>‘U us. that th - - Mr Van Bcren'a Cor.gr- **,
and, the re sere, whatever i.e ha* - aid may be relied
on. Let ns hear h:m. I read from hi* rae-sago
this insuttto his almo-t ruined ror-st.tuent* : ** The
per/ple Leek to the (iooemmeut for too much ” .All
lluat my constituents de>:red ol this Government,
sir, was that it would let them alone: let then cur
r<r.ctf alone; I t their ere: t end commerce alone.
'I hen,sir, the planter could purchase cf t; e roatiiry
merchant, ar d pay in .hie p>roduction of h s farm
The merchant c uld purchase of the importer, and
pay in the production of ibe planter, which mru'd
i te exported la foreign raarket- m payment ol mer
i «rmndise in or;ed. 'I he con.mercjsu and plant:; s
' inlcresls I eir.g in a prosperous corid.lsc-n mcclian
i ins would r e able o obtain lair wages t r their la
i bee; and our const tuents woo’d have *een a pro--
I perms and I appy people: aid the Government
would have liad a fuii I reasury. Now, gtr.arDoi g
I your psK,pie—yes sir. the most noble end confiding
pvpop.le the world has ever known—■** misery and
dh tress universally prevail.’’
Bur, >lr. Uhsirman, .Mr. Van Barcn, as if he
were afraid ihct Mr. Cranford » prediction would
not be fuljtiled, t;» the ruin «.f h.s country, vvjih-»ut
addition*! cause, has waged a war against the cre
i uit ol the Slate*. i.ook to that p arr ol the message
read by my friend, Mr. K.ng ; Here it is. u lr ; a
country to cornme-i ia!as our*;, banka, in Bijraeform,
will probably always erst ; bul ibis serves only t«
rei der .1 the more incumbent on us. no;wifcbsiand
|ji g ihe discouragement* oh ihe pa-t, to strive incur
res; ec-iive stalions to mitigate ibe evila thev pro-
I dure ’ Tbi- is ibe talk ol this * Stale ti:his Pic
j S'devt,' lecturing us r.n f.fti.ks ? Well, sir, w bat
have we to do with bank*? "J liey ar. c ented
by ihe i egisiatarc* of the d fferent &ia:ei. 'I he*e
Legislatures have the right to grant or .viihiiold
; charters without the perum-sion ot .Mr. Van Buren.
And, sir, ihey afford ihe only currency to which the
people can have accts- Why destroy the pveop e’s
| currency ? It is lo make (he currency of the olfice
holders worth more Ag-*m, sir, his partisans in
: the United Sratca Senate have created a man of
straw ; and, in their Quixotic warfare against lh;s
j mature of their own imagination, Senators shirjdy
j repro cethe tv ales for having borrowed money, and
built rail-reads, canals, Ac- And now, sir, what is
the pretext for tr.is warfare against the tftaies 1
Kcsolutions are introduced into the Senate dtdaring
it unconstitutional for tins Government to assume
llie payment of ihe i?tate debts. These resolutions j
we:e met by a declaiaiion that no such thing had
been askeit for by the Stans The Adminisinrion
partisans then say, in argu uent, that the distribu
tion of the proceeds ot the sales of the public lands
j and surplus revenue among the States is an a-sumpi
lion of the del is of the Mates. And thus, nr, a
censorious lecture Is read to the sovereign States of
this Union. Iflwereu member of a Stare Legis
hture 1 should very probably oppjose the creation
of a large public debt f>r any purpose ; but 1 should
pursue such course as ibe interest of the .*-1316 in
my judgment required, and shou'd no*, thir k the
blare subject to such lectures. We should it mem
ber, sir, we are but part of a Government vv hicb was j,
created, and now exists, by the will of the Mates.
’■ b s Government should ireat the Mate Govern
ments as venerated parents, and not ns disobedient
children or insubordinate servant*. The President
has set the example, ard his friends, his party, have
followed in ids “ footsteps.*’
Bur, Mr. Chairman, w bat has been the result of
this crusade against the < redir, interest, and ptes
perity of the < oi:ritry ? The gentlemen fiom New
York, (Mr Vanderpmol,) following in rtie footstepis
of his predecessor, ti seems visiie.i Lurope last sum
mer, and 1 propose that we make a witness of turn.
His testimony will no' be donb'rd by the Admin »-
nation, an lis so the point. What is it ? He says
onr credit is so low in Kurope as to make any Amer
ican bltsh None should blush more than Vr.
Van Burenar d his illustrious cumrad< s in this war
against credit. Yes, sir, it shows that this war has
been but too successful. That the victory, unlike
tho*e of Tippecanoe , the Thames, and Acre Orleans ,
and others of like character, has covered this great
people with gloom, rnixry, and distress. Hut vv li t
have been the means ..ployed by the victors in *
this inglori us war against t e credit, interest, and
prosperity of the people 1 Deception and false pre
tence on their own part, and by art and cunnu g,
endeavoring to hide the rc alt ot the Administration
from the People, and the unsparing defamation of
all who could noi be duped by the r dec piiou into
the support of .Mr. Van Kuren and this war again, t
ihe imeiesls of the country. If the evidence of this
deception on the part of the Administration should
be called li-r, I answer the evil hy reference to the
solemn pledge made by Mr. Van Burenlo follow in
the footsteps of Gtneral Jackson, and his continued
declaralb n that f e is in the footsteps ot 14s il.u.-trt
ous predtcessor, and his faithless disregard of this
pledge. And m order lo convict .Mr. Van Burenof
this, I ask iheattention of the committee to the slate
of our finances when the present 1 resilient ot the
L nited Mates came inio office, and (according lo
his own account of it) entered upon the footsteps of
General Jackson. And, first, sir, 1 remark ihat I
have before me ihe act of Congress of ‘i3d June,
cs-s*riicd to hy General Jackson, directing a
dislribn ion rs the surplus revenue among the
States !<* be made, commencing the Ist of January,
837,rclain ng §5,0(10,0 0 in the Treasury. Une
fourtii of tiiis surplus was to be dislribuied the Ist
of January’, 1837; one-fourth the Ist of April; onc
fourth the Ist of July ; and the remaining one-fourth
ihe Ist day of October, 1H37. And I also have the
report of the Secretary of the Tr- asury belnre me,
dated the 3d of January, 1837, showing §37,-l(*8,-
Bo'J ‘J7 surplus money on band, after retaining
?5 (/.*. • ’ fcr iße w» '’tf - .t«—
l>je ■ oarer • i ~. ,7 ***•
5^3.46e T. o' bs&U T 6
- - c, % - t.
Ci .' ’ ■e 'I»T i - -----> y “
«2* in office-s rA ”t p r/r i '<•' > - J 1
re* • ame into * -~d *- * •' m "
b since. Ww], nr, vi* w 1 ;
bar. ns render by Y ~ v »t I t x< -*, ~ ’r
steps a ter b»w r ». ir # -ota. f •<. ~y ’ |
iert-« mmi tt-nd *; :. ia aovear ’. !'
Srdt. km mou tsHijpirtof mw jjr I '
:«n fiuvd : i’y.-ct. ar.-: uu resec. r--- -f \ ”
ttate or. Ifce fa* k nark with s
■ig •, wtimA •Hr mtmtuj, and wm, if 1 1 m -- -«. \
cy hr be a nketj. mhu kIZ/** |
» ■n m m j * •
otj UM-if; • re .. *; u vr- w -, f |
* - •’ : -
fficfii r.eoft * . .rEKt.xe! 7 - .
, - T off *■
- erg. .. go r 2 (
. : tz. ;e ... ary r_ r .-;■ . ** .
cess- Ar : even r. w. arr. t c*t - -
iress rtf bt eoimtnaea, t- r e l. *—-/ ‘ n
j hafie —«b*rb 1 have ibt ibe w»r*. mil be” ■ y
done, and :bt the day ot ihe drfnn «i*»e f r* 1 " j
on ttiiceru* frc-ia CheirembamAsae j cr..... \
tbrrra rr.e un in the
But,-Mr I hangar:. t> ni.it ** .... <
- , , • —.j -f.
anc.ot oovenrat brcßjbl cbT hi drk, -~r *.,!i '
in debt! & nen!Jacta-a nrehtf ]
rr - * • G a
a e.-. . pr. . <l-. , .a
- uifcrdietnbaron a:re,--. 3 . .- L £
itii i n 1
ard a.. th-U ha* oevn c .-cied v- -jlfli
ren ha* dis imc, ai>: tw«*j a: . . e . | (
payment 0; wn.- n, »tv* r/.-’v j -,. 7i * ' •
sots'u. 5* i i.r, rm l«rea teL 1
of h:» i;tc-*r> J
lint. Mr t :r>?re i* or e o :-e- *
tc-r.ee to v av, icnsr: .vm r«o r^r T* ? ‘ *
e. .:ci* mar Pe cc-r*»;c red mor.ay «.j - • / . .j y 1
ae mere espc-,r a* m-.-y w 11
flora ibe nu ..intfi rari*». li *"* i
,*- a n
ot c»t€f nirrefrt cft:arjyjn **- V . ' 1
1 l -*C.€Ti a
now, and mvs a.way* nee. , o; :■ *k to 1
i mauue agHHt Bostb Caroitr», »•«-: (
■ enacted for the special benefit of Qot > .« :e
w:.y r t rc-tw o-.t ar r . e 1
I r.'re is r•* cangtr o! i * -•- ;r.■ r- - G(V .~j i
: : - .:. : - . ',' -•
her aue r=e kne v.a That :e .- in ffi - ‘ J ’
. y-. 111. « * ‘
ot (ifrenl jaciton z_ r cat r.oe •*. . : ,
ant: -tv r » uii Ir i/i a the N air
tLt new inefc-s a: the a. Ue.« «-_•! , e
eat cr/ess be can oh a.- re - ;. ; - f-.-n.. 1
ar <1 opponents ot f*ei#e-ral s; , . .[
To La trier d* be *r- .-r scale: ;h-/-7-~
’ e«t ; r ’.t lo hi* rner- the Preside; f r ..j 1
font, mat; .e (jerem. was verv fa r f.* ■ sf |
.station b» very had. The force t:/wa* ivr
ar d very enrereseary, as the patrer .- c - fr ,^
-&d take-; j .are. By iha secret deciaratj aof fa t
cisn- prova as has new eenvert* u< .« • )
.n it* priocip.es of Ge . Jackson, he :a ooeTir^id’
•he *upp>jft o! ‘ he mo-s vio -r,: oppose** j to* o.d
General, and n experts ’be so; :-.r; o; G---n(
Jac- - n * friend*, y a simp.e Lozza for Ge. 3 :
Jackson, and that I cram h.s iuoiate;*. Lut ilr
h nerai Jacks m* frier J 3 know ti-ir rre left : -f
ven raarii t . s--jc ' ; on' ot ce:t ; a i?^,e
• 'i-f. ol money LckJ : t!.- r cfcrr.er t ztc edw
try T t'.e e*-unirr er e-■ urcged a : rewer ec -. > *
g-s*i price# of product on and wages of labor
*1 hat >ir. \an Burnt :as reduced ;; i3 we;=3 0 f jj.
hr, the pricra • i commoduies, an: va . p-orer
ly u' every desenpron ; t .e eorcroer-e ar. j ■
o: liic coiiniry are destroyed, arni rr.
tr-.ss univer,a.:y prevail i they ku. v. t . r . j,
the result of lie sadden change from a t- ,
bard money currt- cy, or ra her no euitac'r a; a. fe:
Ba% Mr. Chairman, allow me at ih;s i rai to rail
tne •Ptmion of tr e fcmnuliee to ice exrrer?. -.
rega.d for our M . hem co-.strtK- . . i . C--j H
stituciom made by ibe ger.iieroan i r oia K: *.
fie say* ij,e more t.e sees ot : lit practice i tit , z.-
gerniiknr, the more Lc approves of cur d xnr.e*:
and that be wil; not act ou implied powers. He ad- •
rcir- ma* there is no expron grant ot power lousse
or emit bt.isof credit; at k] that tr.. s,? are .-lj of
credii. And. further I hat it was proposed m :Le
Convention which formed the c-jnstitm.on.to r.re
an express grant of p- ver :o «ini: b:.ia ot end i,
ai d tbai it vvss refused. How, ;.cn, does he den\t
ihe power to emu b Its of ertd.; ? Why, sir, he
■ay* i at the government ho-I ibe power before
Conslitu ion was formed.
Now , I Southern gentlemen if Bus cxposii.en
of the Coi. si nation, aid (i onr creed, u not ail mm
endurance ? Due* be not know that ihe for man j
ot the Const.:u?ion, ar.d ns adoption by ihe Mates,
was but the creation of ih;s government, a- their
agent to do end perform certain acts f»r tbeserurty
oi certain right* at><i :r.teres.e, and lo e; aie this cot- i
emment, their age ; to carry oa; th:- purpose,"cer
tain powers were de'ega ed, and every oih-r pivver
withheld; that co*isluulion exuied, ihu
government <Ud not ex.st, and of co irse cou': have
no power to emu bil s of credit ? Cut still worsr,
sir : he accounts for the retural of the convenioa
to neiedein ihe con*?i;iiti:>n the power lo en: : :.!!»
of credit, that Mr. Morris, of th*- Convention, he
heved ilinl it the power wag Pii rersiv ° r mnted, T *■ at
ihe pivver would be abused. ‘ I h-a onir pnr-e*
what is i me, intact, in reia.ion to abuses.* Hut it
doe* not prove that pi'.ver eip»re sly dt irgaiec. ;s
more :ii eiy lobe absurd than implied powers : for
there is no original [ - er, or power existing bes re
the f-on*titui i.iu. it must h-r en her cipic-.i or im
pned : it is not expressed. 'I he gernienian jars, he
will not ccl on implied power, and he mil sap
po t the <>i hills of crc-d.t I cartriot coo
ceive of a power more likely to oeabuK-d than that
w hich lie claims, i: ben gos the worst p -ssible ce- I
nvation 1 rmui here, Mr. Chairman, take o< ca.-ion
to enter my piroiea: aga:rist this quack exposition of
Southern doc nnes and to say ihat I trust his exaou
tion will not be fa'.c-n for a fair repiresentaliun of j
bouihern cotmuiuiional opin.ons; and wi 1 De
considered sin ply as of K.r.deri.ojok grovvih, with
out ac.vccatea at the Couih And, si.-, I ca.l up<)a
B'ouihern gentlemen, who have recently associated
themselves with this m.cm »er Irosi Kindsrhook, to
I dismount him from the crul hor.-e, and place ban
in be rank and file, with a b.-gleman liefore h.m,
and indue! ri cate h.ra in the creed of ihe Miuth v\ h
at liiile dslay a* pa ssible. And as you love your
j eonat it alien and profess to belne that yours are ibe
| conservativ-i doctri-ie, ol the government, never,
! no never ln»t their exposition to h.m ccam. Our
creed will be brought into disrepute bv such advo
; tale*. Cannot ihe gentleman >ir Vanderpoe as
easily prove that tne government had the -ares
right :o estab ;sh a national bank, before the forma
;ion of the constitution ? And do you noi hold mat
4 war, famine, and peslile nr-e,” with a nacoral
debt, would be an inconsiderable curse upon the
country, compared with a national Bank?
; you will see tlie n#ce«sify of instate ions being sl
forded him of KTnderhook. It he cannot be*:m
proved, you will find it your big first duly to pre
serve our creed from bis touch.
That reform may be ce.■ miner.red, sir, I am dee d
edly in favor of borrowing the money in a r und *
sum -'end forth Mr. Van Buren’s officer io bor
row, for the payment of office holders and favoriie*
of the Administration, and. my v. eid i< r;t, ad di fl
little taknt, nrn? the art and cunning of this admin
istration, and w hich has (with tie mor.ev p vver
under their control) prostrated the credit of lh«
country, will be exerted to obtain the loan, and in
doing ibis I i.e credft of the country mav also be re
stored. At any raie, 1 would place Hera on tfaetr
resources,and hear from them what ihev can do.
It was, indeed, amusing to hear the cjmpbnntof
the gentierar n from Kmeierh -ok,against the W hig*. r
for iiieir pn ii-gate expenditures “ The wrapping
piapcrand franking privilege has cost the Govern
ment *° rauc ’h ' - And tins, too, without making
mem ion ot a certain frankir.g room established in
| Ivichmcnd, and the blank franks sent there fiom th;*
j city. It is ail right, sir, for Ihe adherents of the
Aditiini-tra ion members of Congress t* do so, but 1
; tor the Whig* to do i*, is monstrous. For he com
■ fort of him of KiruJeihook. 1 would say that ibtse
bigs are like those vvlio have borne the same
i Karae in ali tune 'i'hcy are ha dto manage, and
will not be scared from their purpose- They " i: ‘
pose the corruptions of power ; and you l' avo
made it necessary ilrey should establish tlie iKtelb
gence fund of which you complain. It is a free
will offering of their ow n, not from the people *
purse ; no, but it is to counteract the slanders put
forth by y* ur hireling press ; a press paid and sus
tained b\ lha people’s money ; t*y your power, itie
money of IHo Whigs, and their Whig constituent*,
go to support and sustain your press- Your p'es*
is slandering the candidate of (he Whigs. Tlw
patriot soldier, and the statesman, and gende
men.are slandered and misrepresented. The object
of iliis fund, made up hy the volunteer contiibuli 1,1 y
of the Whigs, (I suppose, but donut know, except
as e hargeel T>v liim of Kinderhook J is to set lort*
in iheir true character, the opposing cardidaies to-’
the Presidency. Who is it that should complain o
being brought to the light? Those only whose aej 1
cannot stand the light. 31r. Van Buren’s friendi
have commenced a cou.sect tlaneler and detraclK’ 11
against General Harrison, with i view lo keep
publicc ind away from his own acts, 'i he W h.g*
have institiiti <1 a comparison of character and po»*
lic service—lei it go on. They know mat the Ad
minislr linn will opfs-se I fits, and i lie Admioistni
ti n bos precedent established by enlightened mot'