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WWNIV.fcTlC* to be rh lend to \\ lion one Unuc. <U C<iicton.(ioverttorof ihe Slatr oj.htv- Yo-rk. to the legislature note in .Senion. It affords nie the highest satisfaction to renew nay congratulations on the suc- CP^tfol progress of our internal improve ment,. Upward* of 61 miles of the ra mi! between the Gene*ee river and Mon tezuma, including fifteen lurks, arc under contract, and the whole distance ot sixty miles and a quarter, with two additional locks.ran heea«ilj completed by the first d<n of September’ next. The contracts made dining the I *t session, were on bettor terms for the state than those on the middle section ; and during the pro- ’ gent year, they are from thirty to forty tier cent, lower, including the nm«on woik. Thirty miles of the section east from Utica, are also under contract, in cluding twelve locks, and will be com pleted the next season. In the progre*? of the«e operations, rocks have been excavated at the Little Falls in seventy or eighty day*, which it wus originally supposed would have ta ken two years. The improvement* in the Hudson river, and by canals, to the distance of twenty-eight miles south from Fon Edward, will he effected the next season ; and it is hoped that the remain ing ten miles to Waterford, which will fi nish the whole operation of the inland navigation ol the north, can also he ac complished within that period. There will then remain about one hundred miles on the western, nnd about sixty- eight on the eastern section, in order to realize our whole system of internal na vigation. The limitation of the annual expendituie has had a tendency to pro crastinate the completion of this great work; and under a toll person-ion that the whole can nut only be accomplished, but well accomplished in three years at the utmost, from the present period, l earnestly recommend the adoption of plenary and effectu il measures for this purpose. The advantages to be gained hv this course will be great nod striking. The faculties of the state are fully ado- q 'ate to the operation, and all contro versy about the order of vorapleliou will be avoided. The civilized world is now- in a state of peace ; but the symptoms of great and extensive convulsions begin to appear in Europe, and li war* shall un fortunately afflict that portion of the globe, we will perhaps be compelled to n defensive altitude against aggressions on ihe rights of neutrality, which may finally plunge us into hostilities. Now that w o are free from great naj^nal ca lamities, ?ind the prices of inow»y. of la-! bor, aud of commodities, are uncommon ly low, we ought to avail ourselves of the favorable opportunity. The public sen timent is now united in favor of the men- eurc, and the progress of time may create opposition from chimerial apprehen sions, from selfish views, from jarriog in^-rests, aDdfrom local competitions.— The increased accommodation and easy communication will immediately create a vast inland trade ; and if we only sup pose that one hundred thousand tons are ai nuallv transported on the western ca nal, the revenue, at the rate of five dol lars a ton for the whole di-tance, will defray all the expenses of repairs and su perintendance, and extinguish in a short time the whole debt. A step of so decid ed and energetic a character will also encourage the patriotic state of Ohio, to pursue its noble attempt to unite the waters of Lake Eric and the Ohio river. And surely there can be no hesitation in devoting the resource of the state, to the speedy and effectual accomplishment of a measure which, in the language of the act of 1817, “ will promote agricul ture, manufacture* and commerce ; mi tigate the calamities of war, enhance the blessings of peace, consolidate the union, advance the prosperity, and elevate the character of the U. States.” The final and complete establishment of an able aril respectable board to su perintend the general interests of agri culture, is an event of the highest impor tance ; and the exhibitions which have taken plu~e in different counties under ■the auspices f .he local societies evince increu-ioz improvement in the quality unri quantity of the fruits of the earth.— Notwithstanding the presen! indifferent market fir the products of husbandry, yei it i- pleasing to perceive the general ar.d r ■ ing estimation in which this pur suit is held, the ze.il with which it is cnl- tivuted, and the prosperity which it has attained. Iu course df time the natural corresponde 'C? between the wages of la bour, the pnes of commodities, and the value of mor ey will be restored. And as the evils now felt arise from arrange ments heretofore m ale on the existence of high prices, all prospective operations will be accommodated to the reduced fta'.e of the market, and the country will emerge slowly from the evil* with which it is now environed. Agriculture m ist look for its principal mid solid encouragement to the home ■market, and this will be improved by the general augmentation of our population, anil especially by the increase oftlmt por tion of it which is not engaged in the cul tivation of tin-earth. The nwnufactur ing interest, and that numerous class of llie community which will be employed in the inland carrying trade, and the dealers in the sale, purchase, ami ex change of commodities, must constitute the most efficient friend* to agriculture The fluctuations of harvest* in different parts of the IJuiteJ .States, and the dif ferences of productions will frequently produce facilities in the way of recipro cal supply ; aud the necessities of Eu rope will almost always create in a great c:- or less degree, a demand for our sta- l»le article*. , !t luav he proper on this occasion to r*W\o«f Attention* to the cx| edie«cv of for the ffistsibulha. f J. iwi.t..r, W,.- u\t a mile liom public ™ lowering the rate of interesi on m«ii« v: ton t c military art, 1. is bet n confined h ' monthly repairing those vvl and ns the period has arrived wheu the the infantry. The other departments of. their house census of the people of this state ought «>ur military force are anxious to en, >v j hand, with n hor-e nnd plougo to loosen to be taken, with a view to an equal and similar benefits : an I on tin- occasion it, the ground l< n.n l«<*ri&latiire. I am nersiinded mat'nine iremwe on .vruuerv uu» '■•mu 10-1 mi-mt n, c vv.,.-, ..... ■■■ nrtion of best lands mid tlfis too, iloitg drains, would, io n very lO UC lilAvi’v »■ •»«» ** ’ •*- " 1 i ' ••' •it If* j,i«t apportionment of the representation: mny not be improper to mention that nn! short time make them good tor years, in the' h-gi-lature, I am persuaded that’aide treatise on Artillery ha* been re-j lo a slate like Georgia, rich in its pro- you will perceive (lie great utility of di- cently published under the patronage of duce. with n large the .ame time, such other sta-!the national government, and which, n« it I at a distance from the sea-hoard, roads deserves, it is to he hoped will roccivt your ewcouragi nicnt. I conceive it an inuespcnsoble duty to rali your attention once more to tin* state of our penitentiary system. In corrobo ration of the observation which 1 hart reding at the “am Ii«tic:il investigation* as may illustrate our resources and point out the road to increased wealth ar.d prosperity. ’I lie discov ert of an important hydraulic ce ment. will add greatly to the general convenience, nnd if vou shall see fit to encourage the discovery of coal. I feel heretofore communicated, permit me to confident llmt it will be attended with j stale that the increasing expense, and success,audUlmt the bpurfici.il influence partial failure of this system. mav he of this men4irc will be felt in the pro- principally ascribed to an injudicious or- motion of manufactures, and in the ac-1 ganization of its government, nnd to an commodation of the vvhcle community. J inexpedient arrangement of lh<* buil- The flourishing condition of our semi naries of education, furnishes additional inducements to continue and to extend the patronage of (lie state. In six thou sand common schools, organized under the act f>r their establishment, three hundred thousand children are taught, and 100.000 dollars are annually appro- pi iated to the compensation of the teach ers. I nai informed hv the useful and able cfhcer who pre-Mrs ot er tlii« de partment. that the number of pupils a! present taught in nnr school* i* equal to nine-tenths of tin* whole number of chil dren between the ages of five and fifteen years, aud approximates to nne-fiurthof our whole population. There ere pro bably twenty school* in this state cou ducted on the Lan , 'a«!e-iin system ex rlu-iveiv, and several others which fol low it partially, hut r.ot so fir ns t > as sume a distinctive ch.irac'er. In same of these e*t ibli*linien!« several yo mg men have keen recently instrirted a* Lancasterinn teachers ; it is to be hop ed that this system will be carried into the most extensive operation. There are now on an average about fifty scho lars fur every school mister under the present plan of common schools ,- nnd whetlier the nnmberbp great or be small, the introduction of the I.incnsteiian me thod is of importance : for admitting in all ca*e« the competency of the teacher to attend to all hi* pupils, yet when we consider the rapidity of acquiring in- strueiion under that system, and reflect on the useful habit* wifi, h it forms, and the favourable impressions which it make* on the minds anu the morals of those who participate i . its benefit*, we cannot hesitate to give it a decided pre ference. The education of youth i« an important irust. and an honorable voca tion, but it i» too often committed to un- sVdful hand*. Liberal encouragement ought unquestionably to he dispensed for increasing the number of competent teachers. In thirty of the forty /nenrporated aca demies, there were the lust year 2 21£ students, of which’ GC8 were engaged in learning Latin and Greek. The fund ap propriated for the benefit of those insitu- tions, is about $320,000. In Columbia, Union and Hamilton Col leges. there are 522 students, and in the two Medical Colleges, 19*3. The grant* to these estahli-bmen's amount to up wards of $720,000 ; and perhaps the whole appropriation for the promotion of education, may be established at two mil lions and a half of dollar*. Although this sum may appear highly liberal, yet when wc look at the resources, population and orient of the statp, and consider that knowledge is essential to tiie happiness Hnd dignity of man—to the existence of republican government, and to national power and glory, we must feel persua ded that more munificent dispensations, ought to be. afforJed for its encourage ment and diffusion. And 1 would partic ularly recommended the education, at the public expense, of vouth distinguished and selected for moral superiority, pre eminence of talents and character. A measure of this nature is swi't'l v in u- nison with the genius of our govern ment, and would have a tendency to re store the equilibrium of society—to mi tigate those prejudices which spring up in freest communities—to develope intel lectual icsources, which would other wise be loe-t to the world, and to excite a spirit of emulation propitious to the in terests of know ledge, -and prom olive of the fame and prosperity of our country. When I contemplate the vast resources of the slate, and particularly the immense revenue which will accrue from the completion of its great plans of internal improvement,! entertain a confident ex pectation that the rifing, and all future generations will ex|>eriencp the contin ued and increased munificence of go vernment, exercised in different wavs and through various channels, for the promotion of instruction, and the propa gation of knowledge. A growing spirit of improvement, has been generally manifested by the militia, and in some sections of the state it has been exhibited in an extraordinary de gree. The adoption of a plate and fea ther for the hat in the city of New-York, his given an uniform and military ap pearance to the infantry ; and the great attention which several distinguished of ficers in that and other places have devo ted to the promotion of military k now- ledge, is emitted to high commendation. D i ring the late war a brigade of horse or flying artillery was organized in the At lantic parts of the state. In the forma tion of the present militia code, this bri gade was not recognized, and no provi sion was made to enforce the attendance on parades of the officers and privates of that part of the brigade that belongs to the city of New-York—nor can any court martial be instituted for their trial un der the present system. pedi dings. The government of our state prisons is intrusted to several respecta ble citizen®, who act from patriotic mo tives, without compensation. The af fair* ofthe establishment are principallv managed by officers under their control. Wi.en the vigilance of self intere*' cease* to operate in any institution, it* place m>i®t lie occupied by adequate atul powerfd - ibstitntion*, by imposing re sponsibility. and by exacting exclusive and undivided attention. The operation ofthe presort admini* (ration* of our penitentiaries is to cream a nominal authority in the inspectors and lo invest the sub.-tint'ial control in subordinate agent*. The former attend tint seldom, and, indeed, a rigid attend ance cannot be expected where officer.® are not remunerated for their r» rvire*.— The consequence* arc obvious. These important institution* are almost cntin Iv conducted by incompetent men, who were not contempt tied nor intended for that purpose, and the pecuniary affairs, ns well a® the moral discipline of the e*- tnblishmcnt become distracted and de ranged. The state prison .t Auburn is. by a late arrangement, modelled on the plan of solitary cells. In London a pri son ha* been recently erected contain ing 700 ceils .-—At Pittsb: rgh, in Penn sylvania, one is now building, of COO ells, each C bv 8 feet. A building on this plan will not be so expensive as on the old one. It will not be necessary b> make it so strong : the pri*oners will have no chance of forming conspiracies, and hence all escapes will be prevented. The expense of a military guard would be saved ; the duration of punishment might he usefully abridged, and above ill. we might be certainly assured, if not of a reformation that will prevent, of a punishment that will deter, from the re petition of crimes. 1 am happy to state that the New-York Society for the pre vention of pauperism, have instituted an •nquiry on the subject of the peniten tiary system, which will he attended with favorable results ; & that improvements are absolutely necessary, may be infer red from the fact, that in all probability there is one convict incarcerated fur crime, in every thousand persons compo sing the population of the state. •should receive the unremitting attention of its legislature. Fivers are convenient for the transportation of heavy articles ; but for light merchandize and travelling, roads should be depended on : and e- ven for the planter to profit by the nnvi- ation of rivers, good roads are necessary to carrv hi* produce to shipping place*, and receive supplies. Good roads equal ly benefit th- citizen* of the sea-board and interior, bv the firihtics afforded for trade, nnd the ca*e of communication ; and are also important in time of war, in a military point of view, because sup plies nnd reinforcements may be sent to nnv given point with less expense and time. Perhnns there i* no Interest in which every citizen more fully participates, than that of public roads ; yet I believe iliere i* none which receives less atten tion from our legislature. I would not be understood, that laws are not enacted; for net fallow* n<’t, “and lie it enacted hv.” Arc. but the member* are so much occupied with bill* of a private, or mere ly local interest, they Ivve no time for reflecting whether the bill proposed will meet what i* wanted or not; the bill, however, will pass ns h compliment to the gentleman who proposed it. We are le«® in want of a multiplicity ol laws than good road*: these are wanted in every count v, and one net, with n vc- rv few section®, would be sufficient for tin* purpose. The roads from the in terior to the sen-board, and along The *e i-con*t, nre rather state than county road® : nnd n* such, should be put under the. inspection of *late, and not county commis-inner* : for counties are, or may be, often in default, and authority should lie vested somewhere, to remedv the ev il immediately. Good road* constitute :i leresls of the country, or to provide fur FROM 111F lltORCI VS. The importance of good roads cannot be too highly estimated ; nor the best method of making and repairing them, too extensively adopted. The greater part of Georgia is well adapted fur good roads ; yet there can hardly be found ten miles together, which should he cal led such. Labour however, is yearly done to repair them ; but a month, arid often a week is sufficient to render them as impassible as ever. This would lead cd, hi* remaining at m (fur be laid lost j the other before) being suspended in it sling, gave as a volunteer toast, “ C't Perry—the brave and humane enemy.* Com. Barclay then entered into a detail ed account of Com. Perry’s treatment of bimself, and of the other wuunded and prisoners, who fell into his hands ; und in narrating the story, he became so deeply affected, that the tears flowed co piously down hi* cheek*. The audience were scarcely ie*s moved—and how could it be otherwise when the speaker, whoa few weeks before had without dismay faced the tremendous cannonade of his enemy, could not, without tears of admiration and gratitude, relate his deeds of kindness to bimself and bis compan ions, when suffering under wounds and defeat. ()! this was a nobler triumph for Perry, than the victory which God granted to Ins arms.” Philadelphia, Nov. 0. At a convention of delegates from the principal Atlantic States, representing the merchants and others interested in commerce, assembled at Philadelphia, the following resolutions were unanim ously adopted, aud ordered to be pub lished : 1. litsolved, As the opinion of this convention, that a system of Commercial restrictions is unfavorable to industry, and that sound policy dictates the least practical restraint upon individual enter prise nnd exertion. 2. Resolved, That the greatest possi ble revenue required Ivy the national interest, should lie collected froiu com merce, on account of the ease, economy and certainty of its collection ; but that ibis cannot he effected but by the im position of such a l ate of duties as will not be a restraint upon importations nor furnish an inducement to smuggling. 3. Resolved, That by every important change of the tariff, the nation sustains an immense loss of productive labor. A well digested tariff therefore, should ne ver be changed, except for the purpose of equal protection to the different in public interest, with which the safely and prosperity of the state are deeply interwoven ; and I sincerely hope it will receive the nllen'inn ef our legislature now in session, which it* importance de serves. QU.’ESTIO. SILLIMAN’S TOUR. Professor Silliraan, of Yale College, has published an interesting and instruc tive volume, cont lining an account of his tour from Hartford to Quebec, in 1819. The following are extracts from the work : “ A British officer in Canada, of his own accord, spoke to in? in the higbe.-i terms of the American navy and its offi cers. He mentioned Captain Hull par ticularly, w ith a frankness of commenda tion that wa* equally honourable to him- self and to the s ibject cf hi* praise, lie s .id that an officer ofthe Uuerriere, w ho was on board of that frigate when she was captured by Capt. Hull, narrated the circumstances to which I am about to al lude. It will he remembered, that when the two frigates descried each other, Cnjit. Hull was standing before the wiud, and Captain Ducres upon it, umlei easy sail ; the tracks of the ships were at lines con verging at n considerable angle, so fhat they would of course cross each other. When they were within long cannon shot, the Guerriere tired her orondside but it was not returned by the Constitu tion. The Guerriere then wore, and us to believe the ground unfavorable ; if gave her antagonist the other broadside ; the retd muse of failure was uniinown. The legislature have from time to time enacted laws,by which citizens are requir ed to work upon the roads ; L it have pro scribed no part i '.alar method, nor manner, in which they shall ho. made Mko.pt in re pair ; hence e.ich county and each dis: tricl in a county manages in it* own way. The usual method adopted is, to draw loose earlli into the centre till it looks tolerably level ; and thus proceed from one end of the disti ict to the other. It ever there had been known, more than one way, to make a durable road, in a country subject lo rains, like ours, it would not be surprising, that, -different wa\- should be pursued to obtain the same end, but as there has not. it is sin gular enough, that nearly every distri a in the stale have followed the one named by which labor is hut little better than lost. v The only method fir making a durable road i« v to throw up from the sides to wards the centre, till drains of conven ient depth are oV.lined, and the centre s ifficientlv elevated to turn the water into the drains; likewise where the ground requires covered, passages should be made to lead the water from one drain to tiie other, that it-may fall off to the low grounds. When this is done, every subsequent rain will settle, and make the oad firmer. This is so obviously the only method fur making durable roads, that a mind any wav capable of reflection must bo sensible of it. It is likewise ob vious, that, without drains, loose earth drawn into the centre, upon a level only, must when settled be the lowest, und the next rain takes the centre, and gullies are opened as before. It is difficult to assign the present waste of labor lo oth er causes than stupidity, or the total in difference of those entrusted with the management of our roads ; when the la bor usually done would lie sufficient in a year or two, if Well managed, to make, good und durable roads throughout the state. In the upper counties, v\ here good and firm roads could be made with less trou ble than in any other part of the state, As this is a very useful and efficient in-1 they have the worst; and owing wholly stitotion, 1 recommend it to your favoura-1 to neglect of drains. It is not uncommon Up consideration. A luudable jvrovjgifiu ifl UlMC counties, for planters who live still the lire whs not returned, hut Copt. Hull, with his ship in lighting trim, con tinued to bear down on Ins adversary who, finding that lie was thus pressed, continued on Ifis part tn wear and to lire, first one broadside, and then another ; io all this, however, Cupt, Hull paid no attention, but pressed forward, till he >va* r.ow very near. The Guerriere :lien put before the wind an J the Gon-ti tulion followed «n, directly astern, til! finding tiie Guerriere would ouUail her, she spread more canvass, and then gain ed so fast upon the chase, that *he was soon enabled to choose whether she would lie across her stein and rake her decks, or coine alongside at very < lose quarters, and then he again exposed to her broadsides, from which ns y et she had sustained but little damage. Itu us this ci i-isof the affair that excited so much admiration among the Brili*h offi cers ; for Captaiu Hull, instead of tear ing his adversary to pieces with compa rative impunity, which, by tacking and lying across her stern, he might (accor ding to the opinion of the British naval officer) have easily done, waved his ad vantage, and did not fire, till coming up on the larboard quarter ofthe Guerriere he shot alongside, and thus gave his an tagonist an opportunity lo defend himself. “ It wa* the noblest thing (added the British officer with w hom l was conver- -ing) that was ever done in a naval con flict.” From the authentic accounts of this actim, it is manifest th.it tlie gallant A- merican had it in his power to rake his adversary, and from whatever motives it might have been done, lie actually wav ed the advantage. If w e do iiot charge it to his magnanimity and generosity, it must at least go to the account of hi* bravery and Ifis confidence (not unwar* ranted by the result) that lie was able to subdue the hostile ship, without availing himself of the adventitious advantage which he .enjoyed. A gentleman at Montreal mentioned lo u» that a public dinner was given at Torrebonno, a small town a little below Montreal, to Com. Barclay, after hi* sig nal defeat by Com. Ferrv, on Lake Erie. Barclay who wa* sadly cut to pieces by wounds of w hich he was hardly recover- the public wants. 4. Resolved, That we consider the production of public revenue, llie legi timate object of legislation on the sub ject of duties. 6. Resolved, That the operation of the proposed tariff would be greatly to di minish our exports ef agricultural pro ducts ; greatly to reduce the value of those remaining in the country ; great ly to lessen importations by reducing »qr means of purchasing both at home and abroad—almost to destroy the revenue arising from commerce ; to lower the price of labor, and to increase the pro- lit* ofthe rich manufacturer while it les- seus the prutits and wages of every other individual in the community. G. Resolved, That the adoption of the proposed Tariff would produce very ex tensive smuggling, and the consequent necessary imposition of internal duties, and heavy direct taxe*, which would e- ver.tually cause n rc-actiou throughout the w hole community ; and involve, in one common ruin, all the manufactories in tha country. 7. lie solved; That the abolition of drawbacks would destroy the carrying trade in foreign commodities, hitherto to a source of great enterprize and wealth to our citizens ; occasion immense losses to the commercial, manufacturing, and ag ricultural interests ; und deeply affect the public revenue. 8. Resolved, That a Isw requiring cash payment* of duties woulJ material ly nflect ihe enterprise of our citizens, by limiting the operations of the active merchants, increasing the price of for eign commodities to the consumer, and favoring a monoply to the rich, contrary to the be-l interests ofthe country. ff. Resolved, That if Congress should not consider it expedient to repeal the duties heretofore laid for any •ilier pur pose than tbe production of public iev- enue, it cannot be either politic or just, to impose other, nnd higher duties, tiie probable Hfects of which would be to be nefit manufacturers nt the expense of e- very other cla-s of the citizens. 10. Resolved, That the project of ren dering ourselves independent of foreign nations, is founded in mistaken views of national independence. Manufacturing nations must always he more dependent on their customers, (Usd those cultivn ting the soil on the purchaser* of their produce. The convention also unanimously dopted a memorial lo Congress, which memorial it v as decided as a matter of dec orum, should not be published until it lias been presented. WSl. BAYARD, President of the Convention. John Vaughan, Secretary Philadelphia, 4th Nor. 1820. from the Boston Iiiltllif;enctr and Rrentrg Ga zelle, Aov. 4. This day, at about ten o’clork, archer vessel was added to the Amc ( . lCan niivy> flic beautiful schooner Alligator, pier ced lor 12 guns, and measuring about luO tons, was launched at the Navy-Yard, in presence of many spectator*.—She has been built, under the appropriation made at tiie last session of Congress for five small vessels, to be employed a- gainst the pirates ofthe Gulf of Mexico, or those more nefarious criminals, the dealers in slaves upon the coast of Africa. Revicu: of tht Markets for the Past Week. New*York, Nov. 6. COTTON.—The market was unusu ally dull in the early part of the week, but at the close tho demand was lively, chiefly for home consumption. Sales of Uplands were effected at 14 a IG t-2 cents for old, and at 18 1-2 cents for the new crop. Alabama were sold at 1G a 15 ct*. A parcel oft, . ,,| t ,|.J ^ "hi crop, wa* sold at IG 3-4d. T|, c prices ou the whole mny be considered better than during the preceding week* tho’ the sales were not as &Xt«ntlVfe. ’ YresVAfcBV’a a Felloiv citizens of the Senate, and of the llouse of Representative,- In communicating to you a just view of public affairs, nt the commencement of your present labors, I do it with great satisfaction, because taking all circum stances into consideration, which claim attention, I see much cause to rejoice i u the felicity of our situation. I„ making this remark, 1 do not wish to be under stood to imply, that an unvaried prospe rity is to be seeu in every interest of this great community. In the progress of a nation, inhabiting a territory ofsuch vast extent, and great variety of climate every portion of which is engaged in fo reign commerce, and liable to be affect- cl, i:> some degree, by the changes which occur in the condition and regulations of foreign countries, it would be strange if the produce of our soil, and the industry and enterprize of our follow citizens re ceived, at all times, and in every quar ter, an uniform and equal encourage ment. This would he more than we would have a right to expect, under cir cumstances the most favorable. Pres sures on certain interest®, it is admitted have been felt, but, allowing to these their greatest extent, they detract but little from the force of the remark al ready made. In forming a just estimate of our present situation, it is proper to look at the whole ; in the outline, as well as in the detail. A free, virtuous, and enlightened people know well the great principles and causes on which their happiness depends, and even those who suffer most occasionally, in their transi tory concerns, find great relief under their sufferings from the blessings which they otherwise enjoy, nnd in the consol ing and animating hope which they ad minister. From whence do these pres sures come ? Not from a government which is founded by, administered for, and supported by, the people. \Ve trace them to the peculiar character of the e- poch in which we live, and to the extra ordinary occurrences which hare signal ized it-. The convulsions with which several of the powers of Europe have been shaken, and the long and destruc tive wars, in which all were engaged, with their sudden transition to a state of peace, presenting, in the first instance, unusual encouragement to our com merce, and withdrawing it in the second, even within its wonted limit, could not fail to be sensibly felt here. The station too which we had to support, through this long conflict, compelled, as we were, finally, to become a party to it, with a principal power, nnd to make great ex ertions, suffer heavy losses, and to con tract considerable debts, disturbing th® ordinary course of affairs by augmenting* to a vast amount, the circulating medi um, and thereby elevating, at one time, the price of every article above a just standard, and depressing it at another below it, had, likewise, its due effect. It is manifest, that the pressures, of* which we complain, have proceeded, in a great measure, from these causes. When, then, we take into view, the prosperous and happy condition of our country, in all the great circumstances which consti tute the felicity of a nation ; every indi vidual in the full enjoyment cf all hi* rights ; the Union blessed with plenty, and rapidly rising to greatnes*. under a national government, which operate# with complete effect in every pa 3, vviih- out being felt in any, except by the am ple protection which it affords ; and un der state governments, which perform their equal share, according lo a wise distribution of power between them, in promoting the public happiness, it is im possible to behold so gratifying, so glori ous n spectacle, without being penetrated with the most profound and grateful ac knowledgements to the Supreme Author ot all good, for such manifold and inesti mable blessings. Deeply impressed with these sentiments, 1 cannot regard the pressures to which 1 have adverted, oth erwise, thsn in the light of mild and in structive admonitions, warning us ofdan- gers to be shunned in future ; teaching us lessons of economy, corresponding with the simplicity and purity of our in stitutions, and best adapted to their sup port ; evincing the connexion and de pendence which the various parts of our happy Union have on each other, there by augmenting daily our social incorpo ration, and adding, by its strong tj e9 strength and vigor to the PbVitic^,. * mg a wider range, a-^ neiv ’J our , ageinen , o ' industry and enterprise 0 ^ ,lr * "Citizens at home and abroad; a ’ lu ro°r«; especially, by the multiplied proofs which it has accumulated, ofthe great perfection of our most excellent system of government, the powerful in strument ia the hands of nn all-merciful Creator, in securing to us these bles sings. Happy as our situation is, it does not exempt us from solicitude and care for the future. On the contrary, a* the bles sings w hich we enjoy are great, propor- tionably great should be our vigilance, zeal, and activity, to preserve them.— Foreign war* may again impose on us new duties, for which we ought to be prepar ed. The state of Europe is unsettled, and hoiv long peace iuay he preserved is altogether uncertain. In addition to which, vve have interests of our own o adjust, which will require particular at tention. A correct view of our relation* with each power, will enable you to form ajust idea of existing difficulties, and of the measures of precaution best adapt ed to them.