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the put twenty yc»r«, questions have
been drawn into di«*'u-'»i.)n in, tbo upp
tribunal* of ihW country. vital™* its in
ttpniy as » confederated nmion.
No doubt the settlement of such ques-
ti n* requires a double portion of pru
de'er, tvtiirh a grout d«ceti«eu atni> -•nun
ab .1 rontfnferei) the god of this lower
H'orul Great Jurists are, indeed, tin
g cat light* of every free nation. I bey
■•eraAnally purity tiie Temple of L 'gis-
' l,i i n They bold in equwibriu n the
■acred rrnb s of Justice ; and when in
inch rra!i s State Kigh'a and Sovereign
tie* are t o be weighed, and national con
troversies adjust ml, surely Judicature
itself eaq admit ul'-no loflitsr (unction.—
Yet such tilts hern the confidence of n
(lrinkin* p-oplc in the ability and inte
nt ity of their highest Court, that potSu"
Stale* and turbulent parlies, have aajaii
and again acquiesced irt decision* trri
fating to thrir pride iimt repugnant t
their Vo. a! inlercst»--tJeci«io«* aud e-
vents pregnant with political ben-lti's to
great ijnd poli-hed cooiriTUnitifts, t»y ft*
hii'itim; the efficacy of mini influence
en'hroncd noon the ruins - 1 ultiSHi ratio
regum, which has en*Iaved mankiud.—
The moral ii tluence of Washington’s
unparalleled character dming his wr
getir and moiflentuoo* life, proved the
sheet anchor of our ll 'dilating vessel o'
mate. Silica the loss of ItiA u'llily o<
that immense counterpoise to faction, r
is in Vain far superficial leaders to d *nv
that such tfeejt'nl rveight in this vast con
federally. !iu» l>rrn chic ly supplied by the
■on’s on of the. decrees of the Supreme
Court of the United States. And lit*;
trutlitpfthis asseveration, which will be
developed and drmonstiated by histori
ans of the n'*x' century, afford* oven
now the best eulogy of ouf Chief Justice.
Such in In ief is John Marshall, one ol
the great lights io the upper region ct
Am* ricuii Judfoturh. ‘ Long may he
cen'inne such—ytbts* and tod/——aiiotiully
Seated os he now is. mi the hen b l*f our
Siipnnae Court in Washington. Altho’
now passing down the vale of year*, long
tnnv he yet Lies'#anil adorn tin-J iHumi
oiitfl his country, by (he steady brums o:
his judicious rnimfyn the unimpaired lus
tre of its meridian emand'io,':*.
[Washington Messenger-
X-.Urf?
TSXU 2U2302V&
Ml£l3SDOtiVlliI.F., APRIL 9, lull.
We tunrtvliee/i furnished by n friend with
it lie following document for publication —
*Vo umliirstaon iT3 nrsrory to he a* i;,i-
Iowa:
Soon after tbo failurenf the negotiation*
recently attempted with ilie Chickasaw
*,jtiuJ Choctaw Nations of Indians, for pro
curing a further extinguishment of their
, title to lands in the state of jVliiwiasinni. m.
the motwm own*. u—, rr—--rrfe^rrfr"
press from that state, a meeting of the Se
nators and Hepixisentatives of ilion* South*,
ern States, Within tvhoso limit* then) yet
remained laudato which tJie Indian title
•wos net eTtir.Kiil‘,h«l, wa* ruouesfeiL—
Accordingly, a majority of t!ie Senators
and Representatives from the males ol’N.
Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama
and Mississippi, and ilie delegate frpm
Florida attended—A commltjee was np-
pointpd cmisiatlni? of two from each mate,
<o consider and,report upon tbo causes of
1lie failure of the recent attempts to pro
cure further purchases of the Indian itilo,
hv trealy with the tribes witititl the limits
0 f thu states represented, hjhI also as to
any oilier means which e-nnld he legitimate
ly nilutJlitd to pV.oeurc the .removal of the
Lidia ns, and the extension of tile settle
ments of tbo several suites, so desirable fur
tilt* safety add prosperity of the Mutes in
terested. This large committee appoint
ed a sub-committee consisting of Slesei'a.
MeKinty, of Alabama, fluid, of Mississip
pi, ahd Cold), of Georgia—The doCtiruonr
now published, was in part the result of
the labors of this suh-commiitoe. That
part of the report which was iutoudpd. to
qdnuiyo into the causes nf the fuiltirp.pf
the uegotiafihns lutely attempted w ith the
Southern Indians, has not beeu fiirniyhad
to us, nor do we know that it was ever
completed —eirniriiKtnnceil prevented ano-
■ tber call of the meeting, so that tbo report
wasnever considered.or adopted-by those
ut whoso instance it was made. We do
rot now venture to ex,cess any opinion
upon the merits of the report; furt&r than
In say, that it is welt calculaled dor the
f,,rwhich ii was iiiiendc*’,'iz.. to
direct the public attention m fin. evtifftnp-
ration nf 'be luiporiunt topic w I tied it dis-
eusies.—Editors. I
THE REPORT.
From the foregoing considerations, the
veoniiuhtee venture to express the opiniofi,
that tbo removal of the Indian tribe's nr*-
cupymg lands within the limits of .the
Statfesnml Territories represonlfcd in this
meeting, by ibe mrftns bcreiolhru used of
negotiation and treaty, is extremely jm-
probable. The next question which, m,-
turuliy presents itself is, are there an.vn-
tliur lawful hod practicable iheuns to
which resort run be tiad for acgniHiritsh-
j.bg an object so dcairnbfc for tlieprospe-
ritv, and so riepe$*nry.to the sti-engtb and
politic, will soon loan llicir distinctive clm-
racter, language and colour.
According to the notions ol philoilthro
py and human policy now so fashionable
and prevalent,the proposed measure mu
he considered as somewhat hold ami dar
ing, nniHkiipiii-tw to ho sustained by an ap
peal to tint principles of nil laws, national,
politic*! and moral, by which the civilized
world hr governed In tbo present ago. L
is believed it will hear the tost ol all ot
them. The e.o:*imiui-e admit the necessi
ty nf enquiring into the propriety ot its
adoption upon principles which even pre
judiced min is cannot deny, because ot the
novelty ami importance of the subject in
itself, uti l of the consequences to which
au erroneous decision may lead.
It is to he regretted that thu ti vocations
of the committee at this lime, prevent that
degree nf research and deliberation requi
site in such an investigation. They have
tlinri-IViro-resorted lo hut few nuiliurities
and dueiine-nts; lull the r&poeiuhllity an.I
rtittlteiillvit v ofilie.se will not ho doubted,
li the laliois of llu* committee produce no
other ,e fleet than flu* uxi-itemotit of fort her
inyestigatioii, much v.-iil have ticun iloiie
for the object in view.
The subject necessarily leads to an in
quiry ns to what tints, midis the Lawn/
.V.i/tens, as established' by the universal
absent of the civilized world, with respect
to the rig/its an I powers according to civil-
tied notions from thu dis.-mcry, oeciip.iti-
on and colonization, ns well of uuilihuliit
ed Hiul desert countries, as ofsm-li as were
possessed by u sparse ami barbarous popu
lation y
A* to desert and uninhabited countries,
the law of nations, as explained by Vatlel,
(the only authority that we shall quote)
is explicit. “All mankind,” -ays ho,
“ have un equal right to the thing* w liicli
“ have hot yet. fallen into the possession ol
“any otlu j and these things belong to the
“ first possessors. When therefore, u nn-
“ifon finds a country utiiuliahiicil and
“ without a innsior, it may lawfully lake
“poJwissioii tif.it; and after it has sulii
“ cienily made known it* will i i this ies
“ pent, it cannot lie deprived of it by mm
“ tlier.”—(Vat. 11. 1. c. let. sec. -i07 et seip’
Rut tiio American continent when dis
co vei'fid, iVus not desert and uninhabited.
In iho Northern part ef it especially, were
found nil uncivilised, barbarous and erra
tic racu of people, by whom Hie soil of the
vast territory over which they roamed
was npt cultivated, and the paucity of
whose numbers rendered them incapable
of possessing and using but a small por
tion of it at one period of time. In such
ease, what rights.resulted to thediscovet-
irig pupoiis ?
This question is also solved by the same
w riter. If they were such nations as tin-
“ ancient (Germans and modem Tariars,
“ W ho having fertile commies, disdain to
“ cultivate tlio garth, ami choose rather to
“ live by rapine, [they] are wanting lo
“ themselves', ami deservo to lie cxicrminat-
“ ed as savage and pernicious beasts.—
” Them arc Others who, in avoid iigricul
“ture, would live only by Inuring mid
“ tl/eir flocks.” To which description of
persons the North American Indians pro
perly belong, the committee will not eX
press nil opinion,'inasmuch as they con
ceive that such a decision is litinceessary
to Any.conclusion'to which they wish to
arrive. Tho author proceeds—Tliis
“ might (loulitiess he allowed in the lirsl
“ ages ofthc vl-orld, when thu earth with
“out cultivation, produced more than was
“ eitmeiont to Ibcd its few inhabitant*.
“ Rut at present, when tho httniuu ru<*e is
4t
beUeyC tlml if tlio aeicrnl states for-jiiem-
sdvos, and 'Congress for the t^rritori •.-,
will extend .the <q»ei-utiot>ofjjie municipal
lavvsofenclt, over the pprsunf of the* Indi-
«us williin the limits ot'eneb,.iind in cases-
where they have the right, will jvdiciovsiij
appropriate the lands occupied by thein
assigning to the Imlianp, indivuliin'lv’
eurb portions, by the eultivauiom of w hich
W ith a very .ordinary degree of imiiatri,
a’Buhsistence con be easily procured • one
of two effects will be produced—Either'
1st, thu Indians will he speedily-Inducted
to remove to the west of the Mississippi
«r> 2d, be jug. Uica^oratud >nux the
tiauous resolved />
i* Those who still retain this Idle life, n
“surp more extensive territories than they
“ would have oceasiou for, were they to use
“honest labor, and have therefore no ren-
“ sop to complain, if other nation,*, more
“ laluirious, and too closely confined,conic
“tn possess n part," &,c. (Vat. R 1. c. 7.
s.8l.) in a subsequent pin i of the smile
Work, the author discusses directly, tin*
question, (as growing out of the disco
very ol tho American continent) whether
“ a nation may lawfully take possession of
“ a part dl'a vast country in which there
“ aro I’puiul node lint erraiie nations, in
‘‘capable by the smallness of their tmln-
“ hers to people tin- whole Y t After a re
ference to tile passage just quoted above,
lie arrives at the eoiiclunioii v rlint akhutigli
tbo “ moderutioti”.of the first.English Uo-
lanists “ who purchased of the Indian*
“ the lands they wished to cultivate is i|e-
“ serving td'ju-airo’’* yet the disiuiverihg
nations “have not deviated front the
“ views of ilatnro in eontiniog the Indians
“ within narrow limits.”—(.Vat. U. l.c. 18.
a. 209.)
•Cvn*idvrhig Vntte.1 ns good authority ns
to what is national laic, it is believed that
i l*e folio whig dednetimls- ncceSKarily flow
frpiri tho passage* of his work, quoted or
referred to.
1st. That the right of tho discovering
nations to possess, necupy and colonize such
countries as the Notch Aim-ricaii Contl-
nfeiit, is expressly admitted ns being “ no
deviation front Hie views of naturi:.”
2d. That it’ the i'nhifhilutits of sueJi
countries as tho North Americitn Cotiti-
nu^it attlie tjtno of Its discovery, are “er*
choosing rather to live by rapine,” they
nitty, ami “deserve to ho exterminated
as savage anti pernicious beasts.”
tld, That if they are not of this savage
and pernicious character, hut are yet “ er
ratic 1 ,“ refit tin {; to use honest labor” in
cultivating tlio soil, and are “ incapable
“fromnio smallness of their nuuibers U>
“ jicoplo the whole country, Ac,” that
still tine discovering- civilised imtiolt may
'la.vvfttlly possess, and occupy the country
and establish colonics there, nnd confine
-the Indians tviihin narrow tim'ts.
• Upiin the«io principles all tlm civilised
nations of Burepe have acted ; and by all,
their force and truth htive lieen .m|inittyd,
itisonmen that they might not, indeed, can-
p’ot now he disputed. In some instances
Safety of tho slates ami territories con-.„ suptn-siitimi and the force of religious
cerncd ? _ , , 'yVeju.jires HcQ iildueed sttclt* nations as
'llte commiHeo ir.ituC there Oi'e—(liev-‘ tiro 1‘eisod the Roman Fattiohe faith to at.
professed the Roman Catholic faith to at-
tempt to add to the strength of rights
thus acquired, by obtaining the sanction
tied grunt ui the head of tho church—such
•attempts have oniy excited the ridicule of
ah men of common sense.
' to nuv otlC »vlio if. 11 read the history ofthc
colowiv,align of llte North American Contimmi,
it mil Imj cvi.lnit, that this “ imidluatlon ' in
P'ircliasin;': rather than forcibly ’talcing, the
lands discovered, from the finikin*, was more
die result ol "policy, dictated by a .knowledge cf
Ihoir'DUa Uc-tkntss, in flu- fust coldnists, than
from any duubt or scruple as to their right to
poysrsa. In every inStanrn w here they had no
fart, toy Jiadu<)»«uch modcralian>"zJcii*
Tim methods pursued ly the iliff* rent
discovering tuitions, for tl|c nswrfioti umt
maintenance ol llicil* rightl to tin ir new
tiiseoverics thus aeptired, were not uni
form. Spain add Portugal immediately
proceeded lo establish c.oajplutc ilotniuiott
by the*, exorcise of force ug&tnstilie inhuhi-
tnnts, in eases where that woinmiou was
deputed*, a method, however tmtelt it
tin* been reprolmted, IV) othW nation ever
choui -d the right to forbid or (u-cveiit.
(.’rear Uritam a\et-c.igod sityilar r'glds
and powera, by umkittg extensive, gra tis
of the IhiuIh ooeilpintl by the iulmhitania,
to individuals or companies, authorising
llteiri to neeupy ami settle them. Ry Hlteli
grants, the botitidarics of tho several st att-s,
as they existed at tlio ilocla- alton ot imle-
poudeuco, were settiod. lit eases where
sili'li grants and charters were Kin-render
ed, the crown proeecded in thevvork ol
oceunnney nml eoloniantioil upon tho ori-
ginul right ol’d’neovery.
Til i •re are, aceordiug to the law of nati
ons, coi'tn'm other rights, flowing qs neees-
sary conse.juetiees I'rotn tliiti right to pos
Hess, occupy and cnlouise such cotiutiitrs,
which it is proper to unties at this stag*-
of our Investigation. Wo sha!! ib> so by
quo'itig tin; word* of Valtel htei-ally.
Til's settl -numt ot' newly tJjscuWTPd
eomttrics, which ImderioiniiiMtesa “right,”
lie say*, “ comprehond* two things; 1st.
“ ills domain, in virtue of which the tut-
“ tion alone may use iho country for tbo
“ supply of its necessities, and may dis.
“ post) of it in such a manner and derive
“ from it sit It a Ivniitnge* ns it tlnaks
*• proper ; “ I. Ttir empire **r rigitt ot ao-
“ vereign cOMinnnit, l>y which tlio nation
“ ordains and regulates at its pleasure cve-
“ ry tiling lliat pas-e.s in a couuti'-.” —
(Vat. R. 1. c. 18. s. 201.) There]-two'
rights constitute absolute sovegeigntsf a id
the space over which it i* exrrri cl. i*
tlio *• seal” of tint nation's “ jurlsdicdiuii,"
and is called its “ territory.”—(ib.)
Tliis right ol'donmiti i s'again AJlulivid-
ed into tin.! “ high domain, which is until*
ing hut the domain of the body of the
“nation, or of the sovereign whorepre-
•‘sents it,” and which i* every where eon-
si lered “ as inseparable from the sove
reignty,” or tII.) “ itseful dam-in. or the
domain reduced to the rights that may be
long lo a particular person in tin- State, and
may be sept rated from the empire ; ami
nothing prev cuts ilie possibility ot' its be
longing lo a nation in places that an not un
der its obedience.” ( Vat. b. 2.,e. 7., s. 811.)
These distinctions, in regard to the se
veral rights of “ domain.” either the “ high ’
or “ the usefid," nnd of “ empire 1 ' hf‘“ so
vereignty" “ jurisdiction” and of “ territo
ry," as drawn by our author, should lie
particularly borne in niind, because ii is
the intention of the committee to attempt
to show,
1st. That anterior to the Revolutionary
War., they wen* all claimed, ami to a very
great extent exercised by (.'rent Jhitaiil o-
ver tbo territory winch, directly after that
event, was claimed by the several, Stales
of;liis Union :
2d. Tlint 'l.y the ndoplimi of tho Feile-
rni Constitution, tin* people of tlid several
States, Mtrrthdered a portion nftlieir right
of empire nr sovereign command, retaining
oilier portions, each State to itself:
. 3d. That several of ti. s .States (and n-
tnong others, (Georgia.) by articles of ces
sion, surrendered to the U. States, both
ilie “high" nnd tlm “ useful domain" ns
to parts of it.* undoubted “territory,” re
taining, each State to itself, both those
rights as loot her parts, in so fur a* the same
wore not stirrendercd-by the FeU»*»l Con:
jjtiiution -• ....c cer
tain new M issis
sippi and Alabama,) ‘ the United States
transferred to tint' people of sucit States,
all of “ high domain” and of “ empire,”
acquired by cession from tlm (.-Id States,
over the ceded territory, (and nor surren
dered in tlio Onnstiu&tion by tlm old Stales,)
ns also kiicIi poi lions of “ empire” as was
not yielded by the old States in the Fede
ral (flovernmcnt at the ndopiiun of the
Constitution.
Stilly. That as regards nnv interest in
the soil, the Government of the United
.'Mates, on the admission of such new
Slates, retained no more than tho “ use
till domain,” a right w-hieli cannot, and
ought not, to interfere with the exercise
by the States, of nny of the rights of “ high
domain” or of “ empire” as aro not sur
rendered in the Constitution.
I t. That Great Rrljtnin claimed, and to
a very great extent, exercised, all rite rights
jve have attempted to define, from the pe
riod of her first discovery of the North
American Continent, to that of tho Ame
rican Revolution, is a proposition not dif
ficult to maintain—As has already been
said, it was it; the full exercise of thoso
rights, that the Rritish'crown made such
extensive grants of territory with eer-
iain defined liitiits, without the least regard
to the Indian tidle, to companies and indi
viduals. By these grants, as existing at
the commencement of the revolution, tin*
boundaries and jurisdiction of the several
.Status, were ascertains/! and established.
At the time these grants were imoln, the
soil granted was wholly occupied by the
.Rid'eri.nrn could he had to ma
ny ol them to show that they „ ljs .
represented. But leaving these to speak
for themswlves, trie committee will exa
mine, because it is more intimately con
nected with the subject under discussion,
a Proclamation issued by the head and re
presentative of the sovereignty of Great
Britain, in establishing /certain new* Go
vernments on tin* North American Con
tinent. In tils document, it is believed,
it will be found, that all.I lie rights which
have been defined, were linequivocallif
claimed and assti ted, sonic of them actual
ly exercised, fil'd others were suspended,
not because of any doubt ns to the want of
right or power, or title, hut from more mo
th us of.•policy-
The’ I’rpriiuttation to which allusion is
bad, was issued on the 7th Oct., 1763. soon
after thu conclusion of the Treaty of Unrig,,
(10th February, 1763.) (sue 1 vo'l. L. U. S.
p. 413.) Tlio lending ahjeetofir, a 1 * is
just said, was to establish three new Go
vernments on this Continent, most of t!i>*
territory within the defined lioundarie^ of
each ol which, was then in the ucitupa-hcy'
oftlu) ludintis. In this very act of ce'irb-
tishing new Governments over territory
thus ftccupied, is contained an as-drtion of
all the rights wltielj are .constituent* of ab
solute son, rriguty. ilo- “space” within
the defined boundaries nf each Govern
ment, i" expressly-called the “ territory”
ofthc British crown. A like assertion of
sovereignty may he found in the commis
sion given to Sir James Wiiglit as Gaysre
noriff Gem-eta-, - in whicj, the hnundttrias
<d' that Colony are dcfniod nnd estlthlisli-
eil—(s<*C 1 vol. L. II. S. p. 4-Id.;
In tiii* Uioi-lamAuuii, the v< ry’rase of
Lunds oi-cupii-d by the Indians, tint only
found un an examination of all ot them
that they prtic.ccili-d frein coiisidorstions
of tar re ej-pciiipiry, and not iron) any doubt
oft its rig/. I In itAurcise complete sovereignly.
It is propel*, hnwnvci, to inciithui, lint'
In the period intervening the 1 rcuty ol
iu tliH |tt*w Governments thereby created, in the period intervening tot' t r J[ u, y
hut within tho limits of other North Ante- peace nnd tho adoption ot the I- ctlnral
rican Cclonie*, is alluded to, and regula- Constitution, these two htutes dtil not re
, i t. i* .1 . nil dnt'prptirii
frain from the exercise ot all sovereign
authority. North Carolina surveyed and
lions made respecting such lands. It
spanks of tlm •‘In'diuq Trilths,” as being a „. ----- - .
io, “with vvliot.t we (the British | granted to her citizens immense bodies ol
tl) are cnnnneted, and who live uttdnf | lands then wholly -occupied by tbe llidi
rnlrrlinn." The lands occtiniod by i tuts.* The Government of Georgia-held
people
crow ,
ourpiiilcclitm." The lands occllplqo Wi
them ate referred to, not as being the ab-: Treaties with such ns were Within
solute properly oftlm Indians, fas i* now rl-q boundaries, and ncctiptmts ot i.js
............... - , Tcm-
tliculo'iisly asserted by tin: ncw-schoo) phi- j tory” bv-it.* own sovereign authority, and
lantitroptsis,) but as being “reserved to] thus procured their removal Irom a pm-.
Iqntiiroptsis,) ..u. .™ * - .
ijir'ii na their Inmtiiig grounds.' 1 by tlieit.ouot its lands, by these 1 roattcs, tin
exortiiso of a right of sovereign c*imuiand. Indians in seine instances (especially the
Many parts of it might lie quoted t(j sits-1 Creeks, wltt.se occupancy was ot lands
tail, the proposition titular consideration, I th**n wholly within tlia^iuitty fl( Gcoigia,;
did the limits necessary to ho preserved in I acknowledged llu-nln-lves “ uieiohei's ' «>i
this report, permit it. One only will liejthcHtnla.ofGcm^iB—fsiie.Tmity^'-Wnl-
rclci-icl to —It is as follows; *‘And we do | pliinton in I7fv», Craw-turd’s Ifi'gi-si p.
fun lu*r declare it to be-our royal will and j 607.) By that and other- 1 reu ties, la mb
“ pleasureJ'or the present, as nForesaid, to w ere “ reserved ’ to the Indians lm tlx it
“ reserve under our sovereignty, protection, ] liuuliug grounds, its pad- been pntcttced
‘•and doiiiinuy,n, for tliu.ua* of the said In-! by 'he British Cnvitruwiytt.
'* dtans, till tlir lands and territories lying'to [' SI- Having lints traced,‘ briefly as
“ tlio westward of the sources oflltc rivers possible,] tic* rights oi ^ “ domain and otn-
whiclt fall into.llte sea, trom thu West] pile” of the original States qt theLnion,
:r all the Territory within their re
al Northwest us aforesaid : and tve do j ove
lictly forbid, on pain i
“ sure, all our loving snbjer
“strictly forbid, on pain of our displen- apective limits, niul shewn as.is believed,
■is from making! that at the. period of tile close ol the U<*-
uny purcliaso or'settlements, or taking j v'diitionaly war, and nflervvurds, they
“ possi'ssiou efanv of the lands above re- j were eompleto and, undnnhted, the com-
“ served, without our crpcoial leave anil li- mitted have arrived at a point in their in-
“ cxnge, for that purpose first tihtaioud.”—| vcstigatioiis where a most important ques
Froth this paragraph of the )*roelnntutlon, tion presents Unelftitr coitsideratinu, viz.
fund more cs^eiqjly if taken in connex-l IIhvo any of tlie-e rights, thus acquired,
ion wnh other parts not quoted,) it ran I l>««o yielded or relinquished by tile Spates
In- sululy-contended, that the following po
sitious aro clearly established — 1st, The
assertion of sovereignty and dominion as
well over the persons ofthc Indians, as o-
ver the “ territory" occupied by them is
direct, positive', and unequivocal. 2dly. -
That as the subjects of such sovereignty
and dominion, tlio Indians were taken un
der the “ proteetiOn" of tho British Govern
ment. 3dly. TiiC right to appropriate at
discrdion the hinds Occupied by the Indi
ans, is asserted, while at the same time it
was conceived to he expedient to suspend
its exercise “fir the present," except in so
far as to “ reserve" thorn for the “ use of
the iiptiuns a* their Inmling grounds.” —
Rut an examination of the clause will
show, rluit. a portion of tho “Territory”
was rtot so reserved, to wit, that, (and it
was a considerable one) which was situate
East of the sources of tlm rivers men
tioned. This also, to a great extent, was
occupied by the Indians—Yet were they
not appropriated to the “ use” of the In
dians, Inti reserved to lm disposed of in
some other way, at the discretion of the so
vereign authority.
The previous paragraph of iho same in-
strninont equally sustains nil these con
clusions and trom the terms used it is
evident,-that hut for tlm express prohibi
tions contained, in it, grants and appro-
priatimis of laud occupied by the Indians
would |iavc been valid, if, in other
Huccts, they conformed to tlm general laws
and regulations iu relation to them.
I’o this elaftn and exorcise ofsovereign-
! ty, all other civilized nations assented.—
I Other nations had exerted a similar sove
reign authority, but in a manner ditleren
from the course pursued by tlm Govern
ment of Great Britain. As In-fore said,
Spain and Portugal at once enforced an
obedience on tho part of the Indians to all
their laws, uni appropriated the .1
riWJk'Wt&'-TYovernnieii.t of Great Britain
have done, had not a different policy boon
preferred, ns attended with less cruelty
and bloodshed, and as being more in ac
cordance with humane and benevolent
feelings ; for which reasons It received
tho warm praises of the distinguished ati-
iltor to whoso work such frequent refe
rence has been made.
It requires no other argument than the
mere statement ol'the proposition to prov
that by the war oftlm Revolution all the
sovereign rights and powers, thus acquired,
asserted and exercised by Groat Britain,
passed to the people of t he States of tliis
Union, (to tin) people ot'each Stale within
its own limits)—Tlm words of tlm Treaty
uf peace, will however be quoted to show
whin Great Britain yielded, and tlm States
acquired. “ llts Brltanic Majesty at*
“ knowledges the said United StHtes(imm-
“ ing each,) to he free, sovereign, and inde-
“ pendent States ; that he treats with them
“us Bitch; and for himself, his heirs, and
“ successors, relinquishes all claims to the
“ Government, propriety, and territorial
“ rights of thu same, ami every part there-
“ of.”
The same motives which actuated the
British Government to suspend the oxer-
eisn of complete sovereignty, operated upon
the Governments of tho "States of this Lf-
ninn, after the right to exercise it was tlmfc
transferred to them. Indeed tlm circum
stances in which many oftlm States,claim
ing the largest portions of unappropriated
territory, were placed,furnished addition
al motives for such suspension. Georgia
nnd North Carolina were two of them.—
They were comparatively with what they
now are, weak ia population and resour
ces. They find fust ceased, from partici-
pation in tin) Kovonmontiry struggle, ex
hausted of the means necessary to sustain
their sovereignty agonist the Indians, then
much more mimcroqs and warlike than
they now are. An attempt to exercise
these sovereign rights, undoubted its they
were, might have led to-bloody contests,
greatly destructive nf hitman l'fc.atul pro
ductive of human misery. Humane .and
magnanimous principles doubtless had
their influence—Rot in fact such an exer
cise of authority was then, and until re
cently lias been, unhecessnrv, becan.su
theretofore the relinquishment ofthc In
dian occupancy, (permissive and gratui
tous ns it was) for an extent of territory
more than commensnrare with tin, do-
mand tof new lands ti,r the purposes of
cultivation, was easily procured tbr a tri-
fling consideration. Nor v.as the Indian
character at that period, such «•, to gen
der an incorporation of them into the bo
dy politic as “ members” ol'thp States, at
all desirable. These, with many other
reasons, maybe aUedged, not only with
plausibility,i>ut truth, as operating cau-.es
for the policy pursued, But it will he
* Nearly nil the valuable land* in the Slateef
Tei'nesser, (Ij'c.n a part PC Novi n Carnliq*,. atnl
almost wholly in hiilinn occupancy) acre thus
surveyed nmt gt^amted and since the Jitdiantti-
tic has hem extinguished, which was not done,
lor tlm nicst part, until since the bite war. the
validity o' these grants has never been ques
tioned or doubted.
possessing thein ? au-t if up, t" ghat extent,
in what manner, nnd to whom ?
If these rights of “domain and empire,"
constituting the “ sovereignty” of tiny of
the .States, have been surrendered at all,
they were surrendered to the Federal Go
vernment ; nml tfie evidences of such stir
reudttr are either, 1st, tho Federal consti
union, or 2d. cessions of Territory by the
States to the U. >S. by compact or agree
ment. If the surrender is not to he (bund
in min or the other ol these, they are ve.l
retained by the States am! may lie oxer
cisetl at discretion. It is true that the
articles of Confederation had hern adopt
ed, nml were binding upmi a majority
of tho States- at the conclusion of the
Trcuty of peace in 1763, when these rights
of sovereignty were formally transferred
nnd acknowledged by G. Britain to <lhe
States—yet it is believed to be unneces
sary tocxninino that instiument critic..! ,
for two reasons, first, because on ilispvrij
on, it will be found that any grant of pow
er contained in it, hnvllig any bearing on
tite question under consideration; is quite
as hronrd in the Federal Constitution, as
in the articles of confederation ; and Se
condly, heentiso all tho rights and powers
yielded by tlm confederation, must ncoes
sarily be presupposed to have been return
ed to the people of tlio several States, be
fore, or at least, at the time of the udnpti
on of the constitution, llunce wo must
resort to the latter only, ns containing ovi
tlenco of the surrender of nny branch o f
sovenignty by the .States to tho Federal
Goveriinicnf.
The articles of confederation will in
deed he referred to ; but they will be con
sidered oniy as furnishing n 'clue to the
proper ooiVsirtictiqu of the constitution,
and nut ns containing grants of sovereign
power never obligatory on the States.
Thu committee think it proper here to
remark, that the rule by w (licit they have
bo«n governed, in arriving art what they
consider the rightful construction of the
constitution, has been strict, not to say ve
ry strict. They considered that inktru
tnent ns the grain of tho undoubted rights
and powers of the States, or the people of
the States. That it did not yield all tpe
rights and powers possessed by them sove»
rally, considered ns sovereignties—That it
is important, for the seem ly as well ot' the
liberties of the people of the Slates, ns,of
the retained rights and powers of both
stoics and people, that the rule should he
strict; and that the usurpation by the Fe
deral government of such retained rights
and powers cun be prevented liy no other
means short of the ultima ratio regum. -
Let the Federal government freely exer
cise tite powers undoubtedly gnuiunl, and
which are obviously “ necessary and pro
per” to ucoomphsh the great objects of
the confederacy, buf let it exercise up
others. Bv the articles of confederation,
the rule for its construction .was well de
fined by the declaration, that “each State
“ retains its spvcreignty, J)-cedom and inde
“ pendnice, nnd every power, jurisdiction
“and right, not “ then-iiy” expressly do-
“ legated.” It is admitted that frot’ii' the
corresponding principle ay contained in
the Oth and 10th amendments of the
Constitution, it may, in so the measure he
inferred, that tlm very great strictness of
the rufe of construction, was, to some ex
tent, relaxed. Tho word “ expressly” as
connected with tho delegation.of powers,
is omitted. Rut it is conceived that the
mere adoption oftlm amendment at the ex
press requisition of the States, can induce
no other opinion, than that the parties to
tho Constitution intended that the rule of
concerneriimshould *'outinuo 6> be, if not
t’fry eltdcf, lit Unji), strict.
That co-fn'/t brunches or constituents of
overeignty, were yielded by the Stales to
thu Federal government by tin* Constitu
tion, is admitted—curtail! branches of the
right pf,“ Empire” were evidently con
ceded. JR'I'ore the adoption ofthtit eom
pact (the Constitution) each Skate, consi
dered its a “ liation,” could ‘‘or.luiu and
“ regu|nre at pleasure, every thing tliVrt
“passed” within its limits. After its 1 a-
dpptio*i, the Federal government, exchi-,
bively, could “v.rdain uiril regulate certain
tilings, the Slates retaining tin* powers,to
“ohlniii and regulate” all Others. Rut
whether thu right iff “ domain,” in any of
its branches, was therein* granted, is a
proposition that ought not liebo conceded
but upon a more e.gtended and profound
eontuderatiqu ofthe subject, thnn can iiow
be give.; to jt. That the Siules (Hmoudiu’d
the rigjitQf eminent ur high dpmuin, tu b *
exercised to a certain extent, may be possi
ble, if, upon examination, it should In*
found, that without it some of the pow
ers undoubtedly granted;could not* be ex
ercised—hut that tlio “ usefu[ domain” as
vested iu t.'ie several states, especially to
unappropriated lands within ftiuir.re.-tpec
live limits, •wnsyieltludbythe l’iiisiitu-
lioij, is,positively' denied. * It inayltc that
the Fedora! government. Wive exercised
and '*:iu exercise this right of “ it-oftil do
main” over cm* laiu limits of territory ; lint
that right was acquired, if acquired m
nity 1 notby the Fore ttimlon, hut hycu,,,
paeiVitii particular suits,
Ifllieie be in the Cmisthution nny gintn
of tha rights in question, itStllt be round in
one er tlm other ofthe following, 1st; tin,
power “ to regulate rbmtnercu with i| lc
Indian tribes” or 2d. the ptmer “ torfi«ko>
treaties Ac.” Each of these grants will be
briefly examined.
Under the words “ to regulate com.
merec with the Indian tribes,” is the power
eoiiceded to the Federal got eminent, eith-
er to appropriate the lands oecupied by th e
Indians, within the limits of any 8tnie,„ r
to extend the operation ot the municipal
laws (Imtli State and Federal) over tlm
persons oftlu* Indiaim, if deemed cxpcili.
ent to do ho, and especially in cases wlitr*
the State at tlm time of the adoption of
tlio Constitution, possessed nnd exercised
tlm rights of “domain” nnd “empire,”
as bdoru defined and attempted to be
shewn ?
If examined by a rule mcrelt/ strict, niuj
strip them of nil political mysticism, these
words liavo nothing enigmatical in tin in,
and will admit ofrnsy eo'istrnrtiun. AU
though jt may appear cjiildish, they w i.‘l
heexatniueri in the order in which they
stand in the Constithtiop. ■ “To regu-
late” hieans simply’ to' prescribe rutis,—.
“ Commerce,” means no more than Omt
Irailc, irnjjlc or intercourse, carried on he*
tween nations or.ijufHiditals, t>y an ). c .
change of equivalents in value. The “i„,
tiinu tribes" are the erratic occupQnt.1 of
“ territory” reserved to them, over win I,
the States (eaeli w ithin it* limits) claimed
and exercised sovenignty after the Tnmy
of 1783 with Great Britain, and who
were tlieneelinwaul considered citherng
*‘ inetnbers”of tlio States, or il'imt “ inejn*
hers” wandering and unsettled “inhhbii
tnnts” (site Viutel b. 1, c. lit, s. 213) under
the “ sovereignty, nonunion, and protec
tion” nf tlm States within whose limits
they were. As saieli “ tribes” they have
bcetf, and will be considered until they
did, or ehiill become “ members” of the
States, and of tinmc the subjeiitKof muni
cipal regulation. From the moment .they
became or shall Ip come, sip b “ iiieni-
b**rs” ami subject-*, tliey did or will lose
their character and fit It* of “ Indian tribes”
nnd nsstunc tlmt id’ “ inhabitants” nm ta
say, ‘'"citizens" nf thu State in which they
are Yet so long as Hum continue an erra
tic people, nnd i ot tin- stdijbctsoftlu* mu
liicipal laws ofthe Htutes, they are view
ed as “ tribes." But even in tliiscliarnc-
ter, they can have trade, trnfiic or com
merer,” with their mum civilized save
reigns. Whether considered us hunters or
herdsmen, (and as yet they have tisen no
higher in the scale ofeiv ijizuliopj tiny ran
procure by lit hour that which is u-elii!,
and therefore valuable to civilized intm.—
Tlicirfurn, their bides, their flesh of die
deer and bnfliilo, and many other articles
lire useful -to tin: puo|i)e of the U, Sillies
and therefore lair subjects of traffic, in
“ cummurfe.” That such _*,* cununi rcc’
can he prosecuted; if not regulated, with
out frauds, impositions, and const ipicnt
altercations atul si rife, is not to be expect
ed. That each Stale can “ establish
rules” for its pyosecutjon, is impossible.-
The conflicting regulnlions of the t?ta*es
ns in the case offoreign commerce, wnuld
renderit so. Mono tho propriety of cun.
furring the po-.vur of regulating jt on the
Federal Government so long as the Iiyl
an* preserved (.heir cliarnetur and title ot'
“ trihpa.” It was ruiifepred bv the Con-
ittituiion. Rut in'that grant neitlier the
Slates, nor the people of the Slates, dream
ed that thptc was contained a cotici
of any right of domain or empire, further
than wlmt was expressed by thu cvale.it
meaning and import of tho words em
ployed, 'iz., the establishing of rules, nr
cording to which the tmjjic of equivak.il
values should be prosecuted. Smi less
did they dream that •they were yielding a
control of their own “ Territory,” over iho
w hole space of which, they ligd conctiv.
ed themselves possessed of the p«n\e. uf
exorcising those important rights. Ha
the contrary, they believed that the rights
of soil and jurisdiction, lo ho exercised
discretion, were retained, and with them
the power of changing the character"f
the Indiana from that of “'tribes’ to tint
of “ members” or subjects of munici|*al
regulation, as theretofore practised by
them. That these rights were suspend'd
iri some instances by tlio positive eiiin - !-
meut of law, and in others by a fttiliiret’
act, is true, and during sum Pusjien«t*>a
tiio regulation of trado with the imf
tmtglti be. very, properly conferred on tlm
Federal Government. But w lienevenmli
suspension censes, with it must ceased' 1 '
power of regulating trade with litem a/
s“ Indian tribes”-—Thenceforward they I"'*
eouje “ t rm tn be ns” ofthe Statu, and ecu-
merge with them, must be regulated a:
with "other “ megglmcs’’ ql’n State.
The policy injupit d by the Fcder,*!! 6
vernment, and the measures which mein
progress under its sanction and by its au
thority for tin*, civilization of tho Induil
tribes, especially iu t.ho Sout-li, pre-fd
anctliur important question in uonncrli-
with tliis brancli of the subject. B'*h-‘ |?
the sums expended pursuant to Tre-vf
tipulatiolis with the Indians, which
considerable, it is known that *8 lM®
have J)i*en anuiiajjv nml permanently "Y
propriatoit loTth’is tihjecT. Sc heels l' | i v '*
been established io the.nations, mission 5,
rics and mechanics have been sentani' 1
them, nnd various other m«*atH ttsetu ”
enlighten, christianize, and refinetrtcm
The avowed end of t hese measures is ,il?
jiroparatipn oftlm Indinus.fur ri»tr»ilo*’i’ 9
inH) thu.socinl ibimly', tmd tlint'cacl .-“■■‘"‘f
t*> be spoken of ns within the timlmtb’*
scope of.the powers of. the Ucilcrf‘
veruinent nlonv. It is not ueccsstr)’! 9
enquire into ilie prolmblc success ef tttdf
“lettsurefl, It is known that great boa*
ings tinvo been uttered chnccfnini? |, ’ <
pfri^rcss (vliicli lias been imuhi. Sttjip
success attainable, it is more import# 11 ! ,J i
enquiry ntnlur wliat possible i cons?f# fl113
uf this or any other grant ol’ptnvcf •■'*;'
lojnetl in the Constitution, can it It* 1 '
that itie Federal Government can e’ : '
the operation of tile municipal laws *
Slate over the persons of the Indians,
leclnre them tn have pas.ed from t' ie J''j
barons to thu ciytlizctl character, "-I
It is admitted ta bn too latenon'to
the qucsiinn, *' under wliat cUttse vl tl 1 *' ^
staiuieii is. (jit- Ke.lciul guvermnent )tult* nr * j
ta receive cessions of tcrritqry from the s cffl
»b'i<!5, t>y contract 05 agreement, 'oljtcr 1
p'lSC'*.* I'lircl.ascd * * for tin* erection ef !**• •'* .j
g*y.i)!M, nr-cuals/cl-iftkyanis end otln*r 111
•uiiliiiiigsV't it is a :grave quest 10 "”! 1
ing however, is to bo gain, d by - ,Tl 1
dutte ir igust tie di.cussed ljt-1 .»-<*<*u a s>"* 1
iy'h.i'i'ig tin power, coiiipjus<i re b'' j* 1 " 4
tltui'jing u’lpuwfr.