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NO. 49.
THE REFLECTOR.
MILLEDGEVILLE, G. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1818.
t'THKRN INDIANS.
THIS FUV.VKLIS GAZETTE.
Tom the Journal of a gentleman
ng iii the suuthcrn section of the
States.
iaits, inhabiting the country lying
Georgia and the Mississippi river,
g into the field about 11,000 war-
he Choctaws ... 4000
reeks - - . - 3300
herokccs 1400
hickasuws • • » • • 1300
eminoles ..... 1000
rce if embodied and hostile, would
us enemy to the United States ;
ly, however, there exists among
nt tribes, jealousies and enmities
prevent such an association ever
ace, and enable the United States in
of hostility with either, to employ
allies, as any of the nations. The
ere formerly the most warlike, but
conflict in the year 1813, dimin-
numbers and their spirits ; none
re, however, enemies to be despised
al courage 5 they are seldom defi
nite all irregular troops, having
combination, or that confidence
e upon each, taught by discipline
ed soldier, and so essential to vic-
wili always be defeated unless they
’sailants, or are attacked on ground
ly advantageous to them.
Capacity to endure great fatigue,
, hunger ; their personal activity,
e of the forest, added to their cour
ier them in a dose country an ex
y dangerous foe.
eminoles with whom wc waged the
, inhabit a tract of country, part of
within the United States, but the
rtion lies beyond tho line separating
Florida. They were originally a
rtyof banished outlaws, driven from
he upper and lower Creeks, who in-
in number—living in a country ex-
y difficult to penetrate—associated
ves with a band of desperate runa-
roes, and instigated by their natural
, and the artifices of British traders,
ays manifested a disposition itiimi-
e United States, and have since the
13, been notorious for their depreda-
>n the whites.
gust last it was very well asccrtain-
they were the authors of several
committed upon the white inhabit-
the frontier. A patient endurance,
ing is always regarded by tho lo
an indication oi‘ weakness, -and is
iroducc a repetition of the insult or
General Gaines demanded that the
i should be given up, it was answer-
aunt and defiance ;—and let it be rc-
d, by those who accuse the country
nga barbarous policy towards these
ml endeavor to involve them in wars,
n Pcpitieoxy, the principle warrior
r, was asked why lie was thus hos-
c United States, he replied, by ac
ting, that, the government were al-
dy to do him justice, and to make
th him, hut that war was a fine
crcise in which lie wished to prac-
oung men! ! !
h regiment crossed the Flint river,
the Indians, burnt Fowls-town and
This act of war was premature ;
wc had in the field, so far from
Ic to subjugate the enemy, were
to meet him in fair conflict. The
scmblod, attacked a boat ascending
captured it, and put to death 4()
omposing its crew ; they advanced
cr, surrtMinded our troops in fort
d cut off their communication,
aines called upon the state of Geor-
00 militia, these men unfortunately
iled but for two months, and before
approach towards flic enemy, that
uired, and they returned to their
1 Gaines made a second call upon
’or 2000 men for six months ; they
at Hartford ; general Jackson
uthorised to accept the services of
lessee volunteers, to call out the
linns, and to take the field hi in-
It his accustomed activity, he rap-
lizcd these men for service, and
m orders to concentrate at fort
recorded to Hartford, and placing
the head of the Georgia militia,
n towards the same point. Gcn-
n had in vain endeavored to pro-
isiotrs for this force ; and a cor
ay be formed of the intrepid cast
aracter, from the circumstance
ng, with 2000 men on a march of
rough a wilderness, when his on •
subsistence was a daily pint of
h man and when he well knew,
rrival at fort Scott he could pro-
very scanty supply. At fort
al Jackson found the regular
ieudly Indian* The ipovcment
of the Tennessee volunteers had not been
marked with the same boldness as that of
the older troops ; apprehensive of a waul
ol provisions, they halted on the route anil
had not yet joined. General Jackson ad
vanced into the Indian country, destroyed
their villages, and entering Florida took pos
session of St. Marks. The Indians fled be
fore him, and the Spaniards dared nut oppose
nis progress.
The state of Georgia affords but few of
the necessaries for the. subsistence of ail ar
my, and the lace of the country in which
general Jackson operated, abounded with in
vincible impediments to transportation in
wheel carriages ; great, therefore, were the
sufferings of the troops—subsisting upon a
pint of corn—marching through swamps and
morasses, wading creeks, and sleeping on the
wet ground, without shelter—were priva
tions endured from motives of the purest
patriotism, and in which the general partici
pated eqa.illy with the meanest soldier in his
army.
General Jackson was now about to move
his troops from Florida, when ho discov
ered that the governor of Pensacola, in
stead of exerting himself to fulfil the treaty
existing between the United States and his
king, by which lie was hound to protect our
citizens from savages within his dominions,
had basely violated the Spanish faith, and
protected, encouraged, and furnished with
the means of war, a worthless band, at the
same time, laying waste to the frontier ol
Alabama territory, and waging a war of
destruction against the most lovely and the
most innocent part of our population. Gen
eral Jackson considered that this breach <■!
treaty authorised him to take possession of
Pensacola, knowing well it was the only
movement that could afford the effectual pro-
te< tion he was bound to give to every indi
vidual within his military command ; am!
although politicians may argue in their clos
ets that general Jackson exceeded uis author
ity, and treated Spain with less respect than
she was entitled to, yet the course of conduct
he pursued will be, justified by every high
minded man, having at heart the true honor
and glory of his country.—What—was gen
eral Jackson cpolly to remonstrate, and po
litely correspond with the despicable repre
sentative of an imbecile tyrant, with a pen
dipped in the blood of his fellow citizens ;
or, was he calmly to look on and witness th -
butchery of his country men, while he waited
two months to hear from Washington wheth
er the violators of a treaty and the protector ol
murderers, were, or were not to he chastised l
Plie American general was not deferred from
prolct ting the territory of the United States,
and punishing those who encouraged the
murder of his countrymen, by any flimsy,
wire-drawn, sophistical arguments.
The opposition of the Spanish troops was
illy calculated to occasion a display of the
full devotion of the American army. The
governor retired at their approach, and shut
ting himself up in the linrancas, declared
Ins determination not to surrender. The
Bar a nc as is a fortress, situated on the sou
thern cape, of the bay of Pensacola ; it con
sists of a heavy water battery on the beach,
protected by, and communicating with a re
gular work on the bluff. Although this work
cost the king of Spain an immense sum of
money ; yet the lower battery is entirely
inadequate to guard the water communica
tion into the hay, and the upper work cannot
sustain an attack from the meanest train ol
artillery.
The parapet consists of a sand mound,
supported by pine pickets and unprotected
by glacis; conflagrate tliese pickets, the
sand must fall into the ditch, and there is
no impediment to a platoon marching to the.
centre of the place.
General Jackson cannonaded the fart, the
garrison discovering tiiat scaling ladders,
and other preparations were making for the
assault, hoisted the white flag and surrender
ed. General Jackson, with extraordinary
forbearance, permitted the Indian chief who
had sheltered himself in the fort, to accom
pany the garrison to the Havana.
General Jackson is a more extraordinary
person than has ever appeared in our history.
Nature has seldom gifted man with a mind
so powerful and comprehensive, or with a bo
dy better formed for activity, or capable of
enduring greater privations, fatigue and
hardships. She has been equally kind to
him in the quality of his heart. General
Jackson has no ambition, hut for the good of
his country ; it occupies the w hole of Ids
views, to the exclusion of all selfish or igno
ble considerations. Cradled in the war ol
the revolution ; nurtured amid the conflicts
that afterwards took place between the Che
rokee Indians and the Tennesseans ; being
always among a people who regard the ap
plication of force not as the ultima ratio re-
giutn, hut as the first resort of individuals ;
and who look upon courago as tho greatest
of human attributes, bis character on this
stormy ocean, has acquired an extraordina
ry cast of vigor—a belief that any thing
within the power of man to accomplish, he
should never despair of e flee ting, and a con
viction that courage, activity and persever
ance can overcome, what, to an ordinary
mind, would appear insuperable obstacles.
Iii society, lie is kind, trank, unaffected and
hospitable, endowed with much natural grace
ami politeness, without the mechanical gen
tility and artificial, flimsy polish, to he found
in fashionable life.
Among the people of the west, his popu
larity is unbounded—old and young speak ol
him with rapture, and at his call, 50.000 of
the most efficient warriors on this continent,
would rise, armed, and ready for any enemy.
Having entered the military service of his
country nt a late period in life,general Jack-
son appears unaware, of the necessity of
strict discipline and subordination, and be
ing utterly fearless of responsibility himself,
and always taught to believe that his person
al liability would he a justification of his con
duct, lie does not sufficiently reflect how inti
mately the character of the country is asso
ciated with his own, now he is an officer ;
and that although he may freely offer his
personal sacrifice, yet it places the govern
ment in a most delicate situation to accept it-.’’
CIVILIZATION OF THE INDIANS.
Dr. Mitchell has communicated to the
Editor of the American Magazine, a very
interesting paper on the progress of the hu
man mind from rudeness to refinement, as>
exemplified in the method pursued by Col.
Benjamin Hawkins, U. S. agent, to civilize
i ertain tribes of savages within our territo
ry—Col. Hawkins was a member of the se
nate when the interesting question was de
bated whether it was best to civilize or to
exterminate the savages ; and having warm
ly espoused the cause of benevolence and
humanity, was at length induced to quit pol
ished society, and enter upon the arduous
duties of his agency, among the Creeks and
Clierokees of our southern frontier.—Ilis
first endeavors were treated with rudeness
and insult.—The men s offed and jeered at
his plans, a , 1 he finally told them that lie
was done with the men, but would address
himself to the other sex.
Among these savages women were treated
but little better than beasts of burden.—Sub
jected to every hardship, and particularly t
hunger and nakedness, it was not a difficult
thing to learn them to spin, to weave, and
tend a patch of corn Thus they became
better fed and clothed than the men, and in
some degree independent of them.
“It was now that the agent advised the
young women to refuse favors to their sweet
hearts, and the married women to repel tin
caresses ol their husbands, unless they would
associate with them, and assist them in their
daily labors. This expedient, though per
haps not rigidly enforced nor in all cases ad
hered to, was however not without its effect
in breaking the ferocity of the. masculine
temper, and reducing it to a milder and suft-
cr tone.
“ The influence of music was tried with
remarkable benefit among the Clierokees.—
The young women had clothed themselves
handsomely, after our manner, in cotton fa
brics of their own manufacture. They then
were qualified to dance to the times of the
violin. Care was taken to teach the steps,
figures and gestures of tho white people.—
They soon became active and graceful dan
cers. This had a surprising effect upon the
young men. For they were excluded from
their company unless they would dress them
selves in a decent manner. The attire and
the occasion obliged them to behave them
selves properly. And thus were their man
ners softened and refined.”
POLITICAL.
JACKSON AND THE k LOltlDAS.
TO Till? EDITORS OF THE XASUVILI.E WHIG.
So much lias been said and written alrea
dy, in relation to the occupation of l'ensacola,
by the troops of the U. States, lately under
the command of General Jackson, that any
new light upon the subject, is, at this hour,
scarcely to be expected. Considering what
has passed in the councils of the nation touch
ing our foreign relations ; that % negotiation
is pending between the U. States and Spain,
in the course of which, the Floridas are like
ly to ho brought under consideration j and
recollecting the course previously taken by
the Executive, in relation to Amelia Island,
an appendage of Florida, and belonging to
Spain, and that too with the approbation of
CongresB : adverting to these facts I say, it
seems difficult to account, For the unusual in
terest, apparent feelings, which are manifest
ed by some Editors of Newspapers, in rela
tion to this subject.
Most of these Editors, assume it as a fit
subject to little disputation, that ill this af
fair, tho President of the U. States, or Gen
eral Jackson, has acted in a manner incom
patible with the highly responsible duties im
posed by the office, which they respectively
hold in our government. Taking the state
ment in the National Intelligencer, of July .
artli, to be correct, and which seems to bo
considered as a semiofficial expose of tho
case, it manifestly appears, that the forego
ing supposition is wholly untenable ; and
■ hat in its adoption there has existed some
defect of investigation, or some design in
the concealment of facts, which, alone can
furnish the basis, of any reasonable conclu
sion in tliis affair. It is indeed, curious to
remark by what varied and dissimilar rea
soning, different hffiividuals have forcibly
arrived at the samecnnclusion. The Pres
ident has done much too little, or General
Jackson has done a great deal too much, ii\
the conduct of the Seminole war! Though
differing in every thing else, in this conclu
sion most appear to agree ; and lawyer-like
having made up an issue he * en General
Jackson and the President, one, or the other,
must he greatly in the wrong ! The Presi
dent has failed to give the orders to the gen
eral necessary for the protection of tho
Country, or the general has violated his duty
as an oiliccr of the army, in exceeding such
orders as he actually did receive from tho
Executive.
Let us examine the verity of these induct
ions, so confidently announced, by the list of
facts, as they have appeared, and see, what
foundation is afforded, to support the seem
ingly fashionable conclusion which have been
drawn from them, by sonic Editors of news
papers in different parts of the union.
In relation to the President’s instructions,
to Geueral Jackson, it should be recollected,
that the four orders, alluded to in the Intel
ligencer, were in all probable conjecture, di
rected to General Gaines ; who had the com
mand of our troops, on the Georgia frontier,
betorc General Jackson was ordered to re-,
pair to that quarter. In the latter part of
December, Major Bankhead, by the com
mand of government, took possession of A-
melia Island, to which place, General Gaines,
commanding in that quarter, is understood
to have been ordered to proceed. Early in
tho succeeding year of 1817, the war com
menced with tlic Seminole Indians, and the
repetition of indiscriminate massacre and
pillage, committed upon the .unprotected and
unoffending frontier inhabitants, claimed and
called forth the energies of the government,
to stay the tomahawk and scalping knife,
already red with the blood of Americans ;
and which still threatened to he the source of
additional calamity. The hostility of the
Seminole Indians, which was considered in
its commencement, as the irregular and de
sultory incursions of a horde of murderers
and tree hooters, at length, however, assum
ed a more serious and perhaps unexpected
aspect. The President at the least, consid
ered it of a character so important, as to or
der General Jackson, who was in the milita
ry command of one half of the nation, to
proceed from his Head-quarters at Nash v i!lc,
and personally to direct the movements ol'
the army.
This order to General Jackson, must
doubtless have been accompanied by instruc
tions from the Executive, to employ ail law-
tal means to put an effectual termination to
the Semin dj war ; a war, which in its com
mencement was marked by great cruelty and
outrage, and w hich, in its progress, wesdai-
Ij acquiring a much more formidable and
uis trussing character. Under these circum
stances, we repeat, it was, that the President
thought it necessary to engage in the war
much additional force, and to order General
Jackson in person to take command of the
troops. In such a state of things, it cannot
reasonably he supposed, but that the charac
ter ol General Jackson’s orders from the
Executive, was marked by a latitude and de
cision, which the consummation of its ob
ject necessarily demanded. It. is hence we
conclude, and wc deem with an irrrsi.'ible
presumption for its support, that General
Jackson must have been invested in the out
set cf the campaign, with everv authority,
winch might he lawfully employed, for tho
speedy termination of this embarrassing aud
savage w arfare.
It is stated, that “ no alternatives were left
to the United States, bntto have our frontiers
exposed to the mercy of savages, or to carry
the war into Florida; and thus to chi lor
Spain, what, she confessed herse lf unable to
do lor herself, by terminating by force, the
Hostility of the savages.” A fourth order
was issued by the government, to this effect,
and directing “ that if the Indians should
take refuge under a Spanish fort, not to at
tack them in that situation, hut to report the
case to the department of war.”
It must at all times be kept in mind, that
most of the savages, with whom the United
States were at this time at war, had their res
idence within the territorial limits of Flori
da ; that wc were in peace aud amity with
the Spanish government; and that there ex
isted a treaty between she United States and
Spain, in which it is expressly stipulated by
the latter power, that they w i'll “ restrain by
force, all hostilities on the part of the Indian