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Bit cause of this is, that the women,
iey by whom we are nurtured, treat
i thus. Whenever the time of my*
isembling in Council arrives, whiskey
uniformly assembled by the women,
id there the young men drink. Then
hen they have consumed their little
roperty, they begin to think by what
leans they shall replace it; and those
leans they find in stealing horses.—
cordingly they Steal, and are con-
ted, and thus punished. Also when
ey have been dancing all night, in
e morning they commence fighting,
ometiraes they nearly kill each oth-
I see them covered with- blood,
hiskey is the cause of these doings
our young men towards each other,
cannot give them up. For I re
ember that you said last Summer,
f any one thinks, ‘This is the source
my trouble,’ laws can be enacted
specting it.”] Now these are my
'ft*. As it respects dancing after
fiddle, letevery person, in whose
se the dancing is, be fined the sum
five dollars. I am however told,
the people of Cedar-creek, that
s cannot be done. Nevertheless I
k your decision. Let the word come
m you. But, let your answer be
mt to me iiv a letter. I wish to hear
eedily. Whenever your letter ar
es, I shall assemble sdl the young
n.
ALEX. GARVICK,
JOHN BEAMER,
WA-LA-NE-TUH,
SI-KA-WEE,
CHAS. MOORE,
OLD FIELD,
—- LEE
TAH-NU-WY,
TE-NA-QUOO-LAW-SUH.
My assembling. The singular for the
ural. The same idiom will be observed
other sentences. Ed.
The following is the answer of the prin
pal Chiefs to the preceding letter.
Fork, Cherokee Nation,
June 10, 1828.
Friends :—We have received your
tter, and we are sorry to hear, that
me of the young people of your
Own were eonvicted before the late
ourt in your district, for stealing, and
n punished according to law; and
at the commission of this abominable
rime is attributed to intemperance
rought upon them by certain women
■afficking whiskey to them on all pub-
c occasions. It is sincerely to be
oped that this practice will not be
ontinued.—If those women who en-
age in this business would seriously
effect upon the evil and disgrace
hich they are instrumental in bring-
ng upon the young men, and if they
ossess any of the natural affections
ivhich mothers feel towards their off-
pring, they cannot but drop a tear of
mpatliy, and abandon the practice of
ealing in whiskey.
For your better information, we will
11 you that there is a law in exis-
nce, passed nearly six years ago,
hicn prohibits any person or per-
ions from bringing ardent spirits with-
three miles of the General Council
ouse, or to any of the court houses
ithin the several districts, during the
eneral Council or the sitting of the
ourts, under the penalty of forfeit-
ng the whiskey, (which is to be de-
troyed) for disposing of the same so
r as to intoxicate any person whatsoev
er? Arid about four years ago there
was an amendment made to the above
law, which we will also tell you. It
prohibits all persons whatsoever, from
disposing of in any manner ardent spir
ts at ball plays, all night dances and
other public gatherings, under the pen-
alty of having all thtir spirits roasted;
d it is made the special duty of the
Marshals, sheriffs, dtputy sheriffs and
constables to take cognizance of such
ffences and to execute this law; and
ny of these officers failing or neglect-
ng to take cognizance of any violation
of this law, after being put in full pos
session of the fact of such violation,
the officers upon conviction, before
any of the courts, are liable to pay a
fine to be imposed at the discretion cf
the court, one half for the benefit ,of
the informer and the other half for the
benefit of the National Treasury, and
the officer subjected to be removed
from office by the National Council.
From these laws you will see that if
they are strictly observed and enforc
ed, the evil complained of, would in a
great degree be diminished. As we
believe you have a cdpy of the public
laws in your town, we do not think it
necessary to quote any more passages
from them, hut we will earnestly
recommend to you, orfall proper Occa
sions, to have the laws read in public,
for the information of the people> and
at the same time advise and admonish
them to refrain from all evil practices.
By this course you may succeed in re
claiming some of the evil disposed
young People. As a good example
set on the part of the aged, cannot fail
to command respect, we hope that
they will distinguish themselves by a
circumspect deportment. Should it
be thought" necessary and expedient
that some amendments, or new laws
should be made for the better regula
tion of the Nation, on any particular
subject, the new members who will be
elected to the next General Conncil,
ought to be instructed on the subject;
and if you were to submit a memorial
before the General Council, it would
claim the particular attention of your
immediate representatives, and if the
majority of the members of the Gene
ral Council approves the recommen
dation, a law would be passed to em
brace the object. You will discover
from this that, the General Council a-
lone possess the sole power of making pub
lic laws. Consequently we have no
power to impose a fine of five dollars
on those who indulge in dancing after
the fiddle, agreeably to your sugges-;
tion. Before we close this letter, we
will again entreat you earnestly to ad
monish the young people of your town
from engaging in all evil associations,
and especially to shun the company of
white men who are known for their
bad characters in the adjoining states,
as such men may lead them in the path
to trouble, shame and disgrace, through
the craftiness of their wicked designs.
We are respectfully, your friends
and fellow countrymen.
WILLIAM HICKS,
JOHN ROSS.
To Messrs. Alex. Garvick, John
Beamer, Wal-eh-netaii, Ce-kah-
we, Te-sah-ta-skee, Claw-keh-
se-kah-yeii-lee, Oo-ne-quo-noo,
Tah-noo-wee, and Tvh,na-quoo-
LAW-SEH
Etowa Town, Cherokee Nation.
f RR'
ASTRONOMY.
Fixed Stars.—Astronomers suppose
that the fixed stars are to other sys
tems of planets what our sun is to this;
that each has revolving around it plan
ets similar to those in our system; and
that many of these planets again have
moons revolving around them, which
perform the same duties towards their
primary planets, which moons, or se
condary planets, discharge in our sys
tem.
Constellations.—The fixed stars may
be distinguished from the planets by
their emitting a twinkling, tremu
lous light. For the convenience of re
ference, the stars are divided into
groups called Constellations; those con
stellations have little resemblance to
the figure of the animal, &c. after
which they are named. Large stars
have generally proper names of their
own as Sirius, &c. others are only
named’by joining one of the letters of
the Greek alphabet to the name of
the constellation; for example, Gam
ma Draconis or Gamma of the Dragon.
Number of Fixed Stars.—Of the fix
ed stars there are about 2000 visible*
to the naked eye, on a fine night; but
the number which may be seen by
means of a very powerful telescope is
almost incredible, and certainly incal
culable. Dr'. Herschel, in a quarter
of an hour, saw 116,000 stars pass
through a telescope, which only cov
ered a round spot equal in diameter to
1-360th part of the whole distance
from the horizon to the zenith.—Ev-
ery improvement in telescopes has ren
dered visible stars not seen before:
and therefore we may conclude, that
the whole of the creation is not acces
sible to human sight.
Velocity of Sight.—The fixed stars
are at an immeasurable distance from
us; we will take an instance from the
small stars just visible in Dr. Her-
schel’s forty-foot telescope, and en
deavour to give an idea of their dis
tance, as follows:——The earth moves
round the sun with a velocity of 100,-
320 feet per second, i. e. fifty times
faster than a cannon ball, as the great'
est velocity of a cannon bull is only 2000
feet per second. But the velocity
of light is about 10,400 times greater
than that of this earth, it travels, in
eight tninutes, a space that the earth
would take near two months to trav
el; yet Dr. Herschel supposed that
light had talceri two millions of years
to come to the earth from the small
stars above mentioned.
Telescopes.—Telescopes for astro
nomical purposes magnify 1000 times,
or upward; i. e. objects appear so
much nearer than when seen by the
nakeff eye; sueh a telescope would
exhibit the moon as seen by a person
only 240 miles distant from her. The
object-glass of the telescope forms an
image of the moon,, and then the eye
glass magnifies that image, as a com
mon microscope magnifies the image
of a fly, or any other object submitted
to its powers. Galileo was the first
astronomer who used the telescope:
his telescope magnified about thirty
times; but being the first reaper in the
rich field of astronomical science, his
toil was amply rewarded, and he made
with this small instrument several
most important discoveiies; in about
a year, amongst other things, he dis
covered the satellites Of Jupiter, and
the nebula in Orion, andobserved that
the planet Venus exhibited appear
ances similar to our mom.
Mint.—The coinage cf the United
States mint last year, was $3,022,-
675 32 cents, viz. 131,51500 of gold,
2,869,200 of silver, and ^1,910 32 of
copper. The total amount coined
since the establishment of the mint,
is 30,525,13828, of which probably
not ten millions remain in the country,
the residue having been forced abroad,
by the substitution of bank paper as a
circulating medium.
The net amount chargeable to the
mint, since its establishment; includ
ing the cost of lands building and ma
chinery, is only $523, 470 4‘J.
Camden, May 10.
North Carolina Bank.—Tlie crisis
of this institution seems to be ap
proaching. Under a conviction, that
general inconvenience would be expe
rienced, we called (on the 26th Jan
uary) the attention of our readers to
the subject. We w r ere especially led
so to do, from a report in a Fayette
ville paper of the 27th Dec, 1827,
that “the mother Bank at Ralegh had
sent an agent to cheraw to purchase
Cotton to a large extent and at high
prices.” The report seems to have
been correct. It is now said that
large quantities of Cotton, as much as
500 bales at a time, have been sent
to Charleston to be sold on account of
the State of North Carolina—the ob
ject, the redemption of bank paper.—
In Charleston it is now from 8 to 10
per cent discount. The reaction be
gins to be felt in North Carolina.
The people of Granville have unan
imously declared that the Charters
have been violated—that the evils
have arisen to such a height as to re
quire an independent Legislature—
that county meetings be first called,
and finally a General Assembly a Ra
leigh or some central place, to relieve
the State from what will prove to be
a most intolerable burthen.—Jour.
a£ having bad no hand in producing this
appearance on the sod, are, that they
would have been required to be near
ly as numerous as the whole popula
tion of Indiana, on One tract between'
the Grand and Elksheart rivers; that
the French did not spread over the
interior where these remains are ob
served; and that the period is too
remote. Thus, as Our extensive wes
tern regions become better known and
more thoroughly investigated by in
telligent men, we arc supplied with
more and more facts to excite our
curiosity on the original population of
the country. An Indian tradition re
lating to these appearances, attributes
them to a ^ople who were driven
far away toThe west, by three com
bined nations.
A portion of this article is taken up
with comments on specimens given by
Mr. Heckewelder, of words belonging
to the Delaware language. It is cer
tainly of importance, as the reviewer
thinks, that errors should not be per
mitted to go uncorrected even in le-
lationto a subject of so little general
interest as this; but in his zeal for
setting right that venerable missiona
ry, the writer has repeated a blunder
which we noticed in one of his previ
ous papers in the ‘North American:’
he did not reflect that Mr. Jleckc-
welder spelt the Indian words with
the German alphabet. Now although
there appear to be repeated instan
ces in which he was mistaken, yet
there arc many in which his words if
pronounced by his countrymen would
have precisely the same sound with
the supposed corrections made by
the reviewer. The communications
from this source are always valuable;
but the writer should not have com
mitted so inexcusable a fault twice.
He knows a great deal more of the
Indian than of the German language.
Strictures, somewhat severe, and
we have no doubt well merited, are
made in this article on some of the
most popular Indian characters intro
duced by Mr. Cooper into his novels.
He makes them talk, says the review,
like neither red men or any other
people.—N. Y. Advertiser.
The North American Review for A-
pfil.—There arc several articles in
this number which contain matter of
general interest. A long one is de
voted to the Indians; and we are glad
to find, as we conceive, traces of the
same able pen, which has heretofore
written on the same subject. The
travels of Mr. Schoolcraft in ths Mis
sissippi Valley, published in 1825, and
Mr. Heckewelder’s book, are made
the ground work of this article.
We find here one fact of no small
interest, which we had not before
seen; that there are traces existing
in Michigan, which prove that the
soil, at some long past period, was ex
tensively cultivated by '’some people
greatly advanced in civilization.—
The Principal of the Missionary sta
tion on the, river St. Joseph of Lake
Michigan, has furnished a map of that
region, and drawn up an account des
cribing it. He says that there are
ancient works there differing essen
tially from any heretofore discovered
in America; and that the soil, in some
places for acres together, exhibits
regular ridges which must have been
thrown up for tillage, and old allies
and beds arranged in a style of the
greatest neatness and elegance. The
surface has preserved this form for
centuries, in consequence of being in
many places covered with turf. In
neighbouring or intervening tracts it
appears to have lost such traces,
where there is no herbage. The
writer of the account says that he has
cut down a white oak tree in the midst
of such remains, which was three
hundred and twenty five years old, ac
cording to the usual rule of estimating
the age of trees; and that the stand
ing and fallen timber in such situa
tions presents the same aspect as in
othef parts of the forest. The rea
sons why the French are considered
SIR MATTHEW HALE’S RE
MARKS ON THE SABBATH.
“I will acquaint you”—said this
eminent Jurist and Judge in a produc
tion of his preserved in his works—
“I will acquaint you with a truth that
above forty years experience and
strict observation of myself has as
suredly taught ine. I have been near
fifty years a man as much conversant
in business and that of moment and
importance, as most men; and I will
assure you, I was never under any in
clination to fanaticism, enthusiasm or
superstition.
“In all this time, I have most indus
triously observed, in myself aud my
concerns, these three things: 1. when
ever I have undertaken any secular
business on the Lord’s day (which was
not absolutely and indispensably neces
sary,) that business never succeeded
well with me.
Nay, if I had set myself that day
but to forecast or design any temporal
business, to be done or performed af
terwards, though such forecast were
just and honest in themselves, and had
as fair a prospect as could be expect
ed, yet I have been always disappoint
ed in the effecting of it, or in the suc
cess of it. So that it grew almost
proverbial with me, when any impor
tuned me to any secular business that
day, to.ansiver them, that if they ex
pected to succeed amiss, then they
might desire an undertaking of it upon
that day. And this was so certain an
observation of me, that I feared to
think of any secular business that day,
because the resolution 'then taken
would be disappointed or unsuccess
ful.
“That always, the more closely 1
applied myself, to the duties of the
Lord’s day, the more happy and suc
cessful were my business and employ
ment of the week following. So that
1 could, from the loose or strict ob
servance of that day, take a just pros
pect and a true calculation of my tem
poral success in the ensuing week.
“Though my hands and mind have
been as full of secular business both
before and since I was a Judge,
as it may be any man’s in England, yet
I never wanted time in six days to ri
pen and fit myself for the busiuess and
employments 1 had to do, though I bor
rowed not one minute from the Lord’s
day to prepare for it, by study or oth
erwise. But on the other hand, if I
had at any time borrowed from this
day any time fpr my secular employ
ments, ! found that it did further ffi#
less than if I had let it alone; an«U
therefore, when some year’s experi
ence, upon a most attentive and vigil
ant observation, had given me this in-'
struction, I grew peremtorily resolved
never in this way to make a breach up
on the Lord’s day, which I have now
strictly observed for above thirty
years. This relation is most certain'
ly and experimentally true, and ha*
heen declared by me to hundreds of
persons, as I now declare it to you.”
The celebrated Edmund Burke
was one of the members appointed by
the House of Commons to enforce the
charges of crime against Mr. Warren
Hastings, and one day, when he had
been pouring out all his splendid tal
ents ilia rich display of oratory against
the accused, he addressed the splen
did assembly of peers, ladies, and
gentlemen, before him, in the follow
ing terms:—“When I look round this
glorious circle, bright with all that is
high in rank, all that is powerful in
talent, all that is amiable in virtue,
ail that is brilliant in beauty, and then
turn my eyes to the criminal at the
bar, my mind is convulsed with horror,
and 1 sicken at the sight.” The ora
tor then placed'his hands on the table
before him, and dropped his head into
them, as if overwhelmed by the dread
ful contemplation. On coming out of
Westminster hall, after this splendid
oration, Burke could not find his car*
riage, and Lord Yarborough’s having
just drawn up, the Peer offered to
take him home. The ebullition of
Burke’s mind had not subsided, and on
the way, without considering the in-'
delicacy of appealing to one who was
ultimately to pronounce judgement in
the case, he proceeded to re-urge the
arguments of his speech on his noble
auditor, concluding with the eager in
quiry, “Do you not think this man a
great criminal?” Lord Yarborough,
whose correctness of intellect was-
known to all who had the opportunity
of knowing him, immediately answer
ed—“Burke, all I can say at present
is, that either you or Hastings deserves
to be hanged; but I cannot now tell
which of the two.”—Verulom.
The following are Candidates for the
General Council ofthe Cherokee Nation to
■represent the District of Coosewatee.
For the Committee.
WALTER ADAIR,
JOHN RIDGE.
For the Council.
MAJOR RIDGE.
TE-SA-DASKI,
JAMES FOSTER,
JOHN FIELDS, Jr.
. WATIE.
The following are Candidates for the en-
suing Legislature of the Cherokee Nation,
to represent the District of Chattooga.
For the Committee.
RICHARD FIELDS,
THOMAS WILSON,
DANIEL GRIFFIN, Jr.
LITTLE TURTLE,
EDWARD GUNTER,
ANDREW ROSS.
For. the Council.
BARK,
AHCHILLA SMITH,
HEAD THROWER,
JOHN RATCLIFF,
. Laugh at mush,
ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL,
SAH-KE-AH,
SCRAPER.
The following are Candidates for tlie en
suing General Council of the Cherokeit
Nation, to represent the District of Cbick-
amauga.
Fon the Committee.
DANIEL McCOY,
RICHARD TAYLOR,
JOHN F. BALDRIDGE.
For the Council.
NATHAN HICKS,
CHARLES REECE,
CU N-N E-QUOH-YO-G E,
SLEEPING RABBIT,
THOMAS MANON,
TSU-NU-GE.
The following are Candidates for the Ge*"
neral Council of the Cherokee Nation to re
present the District of Ahmoe.
THOMAS FOREMAN,
GEO. FIELDS,
JOHN MILLER,
YOUNG WOLF,
JOHN WATTS,
CRAWLING SNAKE,
DE-SQUAH-NE,
DEER IN THE WATER.
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