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NEW ECHOTA, SAT0IGU)A7 MAT 28, *1331.
VO±.. HX.-KO
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phinrr.v ’.vi <■ Kf.v ai
vIOHV CANDY,
it $2 50 >f paid in advance, SS tn six
ihs, or $8 50 if paid at the end of (lie
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rakee language the price will be $2,00
dvanc?, or $2,50 to tic paid within the
_r/
^very subscription will be considered as
inued unless subscribers give notice to
•ontrary before (lie co imienceiueat of a
vear, and ad arrearage* paid.
iit person procuriug six subscribers
beccnang res tousibU lor the payment.
1 receive a seventh gratis.
J° \U tetlei- ad'J> esse.d to the Editor,
■ paid, will receive due attention.
$ w $ 4 rf a w cw a .a d n *; j k <v« a.
$o \ uxa.t TAj)f° Hu* 4ii«rn.va
v **.ie awuj.<s>y urA b$p o»«jbj
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y ^Z PVP T^OA to D(M*S>f v e*.t! KT
•4 yojrtj. P<4^ea u»a*o»r.z tp yw
n*ya »?p (pojb~i P4o*a-
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rn.I («4«a ftJlilP, TGr’Z TEiMO*'#* 08-
4l**.t. KTAZ l)fP Gi»y*V* (PUB
IS neJ4^i**a.
it was 3nly 5,200,000; and even du
ring the civil war of the revolution
and independence, since in 180G it tvas
only 6,500,000, although it is calcu
lated that 300,000 have peiished in
those wars and troubles. It is artnu-
ally increasing, since in 1825 it tvas on*
lyG,850,000. This population is di
vided as follows:
1. The most numerous are tile tm-
mixed Indians, which arc about four
millions.
2. The Mestizos, or offspring of
Spaniards and Indians, about two
millions.
3. The Creoles, or offspring of the
Spaniards, arc about 1,200,00.
4. The Zambos, or offspring of In
dians and Negroes, about 600,000.
including flic Mulattoes of white and
black blood, and many of mixed orbl e
AHp)
' y, H
5. The Negroes, about 100.00(
6. Tin '
course included, must serve for three
years in the army, from eighteen to
ttventy one Each State has an ar
my, from which a rate is sent to the
Federal Army, now confined to 25 -
000 men. After these three years
active service, they are enrolled in
the militia and allowe.d tj return
home; hut liable to be called up a-
gaitv at any emergency. Thus a for
midable army and militia is formed,
mostly native Indians, who may be
called upon to perform important ac
tions in future, and perhaps to re
venge the wrongs of (he Indian race
over the posterity of all rheir oppres
sors to the north and south.
Thus the descendants of the an
cient Mexican and other tiihes sub
dued by the Spaniards, and cither
enslaved or made abject slaves, are
ecome freemen. Every village has
an Indian Alcade or t hief, now elected
GENTS FOR THE CHEROKEE
PHtENIX.
The Hallowing persons an* authorized (o
iceive subscriptions ant! payments for the
he okec Phoenix.
f Messrs. Bbirce &. Williams, No. 20
ilSrket St. Boston, Mass.
^Urorgk M. Tracy, Agent ofthc A. B.
5. V. M. New York.
Rev. A. 0. Eddy, Canandaigua, N. Y.
' Thomas Hastings, Utica, N. Y.
siWir.LiAM Moultrie Ueid, Charleston,
pCok George Smitu, Statesville W. T.
hh vtsMiAii Austil, Mobile, Ala.
J K^v. Cyrus Kingsbubv, Mayliew Choc-
Nation. ' , -■<*
apt. WlLLIaM IloDEUTSOK, AugUtfia
Col
. Jiruu Turn* B**llefonte.
wyJK—■wi——
Via
From the Casket.
MEXICANS, IN 18*0.—BY
A MEXICAN CITIZEN.
A very interesting Spanish inanu-
ript, up«n the actual situation of
e xleiican Confederation, having
a:i submitted to my inspection,
nich was found to contain some
rv curious facts, the following am-
sxelcbes wero allowed to he ex-
ct«d from it. They deserve the
tut ion of our citizens; the United
a.eg of Mexico, as they call thciu-
Ivr's, bemg out only neighbors,
ith Canada,) are highly interesting
us in a political and m<irat point of
o v. We ought to he better ae-
lainted with their policy and feelings
an ,ve appear to be. The writer
f this appears an impa'lial and well
ifonned man; his nango will be dis-
losed to any one who may doubt his
Assertions. I *have merely translated
mis ideas, & divided the subject iu
fbree parts tr numbers:—1st, Mexi
can- Population; 2d, Mexican Poli
os; 3d, Mexican Resources.
C 9. U.
. 1.-MEXICAN POPULATION.
The United States of Mexico
rmed their constitution in 1824.
pon the plgn of our Federal Union,
'he deviations are hut trifling IB
tales and 4 Territories, these last
II in the north and our frontiers,
ompose the confederation. A Pres
ent is elected for four years and
innot be re-eloeted. A Senate of
*%wo members from each State, and
% Deputy for each 80,000 population,
Iform the Congress.
Every man at eighteen years of
Sge becomes a voter; no other cpiali-
tfication is required. There is no
-^distinction of property, taxation and
"tsolour- Indians and Mestizos, ne-
J^jroes and mulattoes, are equally free
Tcitizens and voters. Although ne-
Igroes are but f#w, there is a negro
d General in the army This is con-
1 sidcred great improvement over onr
federal constitution, which acknowl
1 edges all men as free and equal, yet
allows of negro slavery and Indian
oppression
The population of the Mexican
States is nearly eight millions. It
Has increased ever since 1794*. when
Guachupius or Spaniards
horn in Spain, now reduced to 10.000,
were 80 000 before the revolution
and laic expulsion.
7. The Estcros or strangers of va
rious nations, English, French, Ital
ian. Gorman, Americans, &c. about
16,000.
This relative population evinces
that Ilia Indians and Mestizos form
the bum of the nation, and now hav
ing equal rights arc surely to rule it
at some future time. The Guachu-*
pins were once the rulers; the Cre
oles have succeeded them, and been
compelled to admit the Indians (whom
they nickname unrationallcaU'ing them
selves rational!) to equal rights, in or
der to carry on the struggle of the rev
olution, which could not have been a-
chievcd without their help; hut they
foresee that power cannot last long
in their liamts, and wisely try to a-
malgamate the easts. None but the
most deluded try to stem the current
of irresistible number, power, and fu
ture sway
These Indians, so much calumniat
ed, are by far belter than the Span
in i ds and Creoles in many respects
They arc mild, gentle, inciustrious,
good, honest and kind: they love each
other, respect their parents, never
steal, cheat, deceive nor lie. This
applies to the hulk of them, who are
all commonly cultivators, or to nine
out of ten. Those who live in the
cities, or near them, are more or less
tainted by the vices of the Creoles
and exceed them in their thirst for
pulque and aguardiente. While far
from the towns they are quite sober
intoxication, however, lias m# the
same efleet on them as on the north
era tribes. Pulque, or the beer of
Maquey, is not stronger than spruce
beer, and merely renders them heav
and stupid; and the guardiente is
bad kind of Spanish brandy; it "makes \
them rajher sullen, seldom noisy, ^ev
er outrageous. It is p' 0 t in tlie vicin
ity of towns that tl»' d y mu st be judged;
it is only in tb/eir viiiagcs and fields
dial they are s<*en to advantage, in
their Genuine simplicity and worth.
T’uoir physical character is some
what different from the northern
tribes. They are commonly of a rud
dy complexion, rather small, the
highest men never exceed five and a
half feet; many have aquiline noses
and large eyes. There is, however,
much diversity, according to the
tribes. In Zacatecas and the moun
tains they are as white as the Cre
oles. and the women are beautiful,
whiter than the Creole ladies, and
even with rosy cheeks.
The Indians make excellent sol
diers, both infantry and cavalry. Be
fore the revolution the Spaniards did
not allow them the use of fire arms;
now they are all armed and trained
a# inilida. They feel their strength
yet do not abuse it The Creoles at
least are the leaders in nearly all the
strifes and civil commotions. By the
military laws now in operation, owing
to the war with Spain not being end
ed yet? all citizens, the Indians of
very two years In the villages
where hereditary Chiefs or Cazics
were rdtnhlcd, lliey are commonly
e-eleeted every time, being so much
respected by their people.
After the Alcade, the Curate or
Viest is tlie principal man; lie is
amed by tlie Bishop. Many of (hem
re Indians also; when so, they cuter
nlo all (lie feelings of their flo* Ls;
hut the loriner Spanish and actual
Creole Priests are often tyrants as
yet, or at least strive to fiuece and
amass money in any way. For in
stance, they used to charge twenty
dollars for a marriage fee from the
poor Indians, whose nages neic only
vventy-five cents per day. Whence
arose the practice of cohabiting with
out leave of iim church, uud thus
compelling (he curate to marry them
gratis* to avoid sin and scandal. As
vet, in many districts, the priest ex
acts three dollars a year from each
Indian, to defray his future buri-
I <
' ?
But the hold of the church over
the Indians lias never been complete,
and is now last wearing away. One
of the principal reasons for whittb
the Catholic religion was made ex
elusive, was tlie fear of nearly all
the native population relapsing to
their ancient religion! They all o.oie
or less lean towards idolatry; tbr-
worship introduced by tie Spama ds
was only a difle rent kind of idolatry.
The Indians call the Spanish saints
the Idols of the Guachupius, (a con
temptuous nickuame for the Span
iards,) while they call their ancient
gods, the Idols or Saints <f their ances
tors. In remote villages thej k ft< . t)
both kinds of idols, asi crowq with
flowers their ancient ov«;s in prefer
ence, praying to them in s'ecret.—
Nay. ’.Ti sonic parts, tho worship of
! the s’i,i at sunrise is privately pre
served. Many Indians despise their
curates, whose life in remote places
is seldom without blemish, often in
dulging in concubines, and even po-
igamy, which the Indians seldom do.
Nay, the curates of Indian blood
have a secret longing to substitute
the old idols to the Spanish saints,
and when a religious freedom shall be
proclaimed, which must happen at
some future period, one third, per
haps, of the Indians will return to the
solar worship and idolatry Mission
aries of more rational religion, will
have then an ample scope to enlight
en these deluded men, and spread
more rational doctrines.
As to instruction, it is very low as
yet, but a change is fast approaching.
Although the Spanish is become the
general language of the Mexicans,
yet many Indians retain their own
languages; many others speak no
Spanish; but* few speak altogether
Spanish. This will impede for a
while the diffusion of knowledge; al
though all ought to he taught fo read
and wrhc by the priests, and Lancas-
terian schools have been established,
yet their elementary instruction is of
ten neglected; and as few or no books
are printed in the Indian languages,
it will even avail little with many till
all are taught Spanish.
Slavery has been happily abolished
without difiuully; the negroes and
mulatto slaves either left their mas
ters iu the war or were freed by
them. In all the sugar plantations
this was found very advantageous to
tlie owners. One hundred free ne
groes, although receiving double
wages thau the Indians, atv found to
produce as much sugar as two hun
dred do in Cuba, without the owners
supporting 1 heir wives and children;
or to produce from 5U0 to 700 dollars
in sugar, at a mere salary of 150 to
200 dollais. These negroes are,
however, overpaid, and are in conse
quence become drunkards, vicious
and unruly. Indians, if proper!)
taught, would peiform tho same la
bor at half price. '1 he India* s dis
like the negroes, yet intermarr) with
thorn without much difficulty. Then
offspring, called Zambos, are very
hardy and clever; they appear to be
best calculated to hear the pestifer
ous climate of the Lowlands, and not
liable to the black vomit that there
attacks the whites, the Indians, and
even the negroes.
'Phc Mestizos (or half breed call
ed elsewhere.) unite tlie good quali
ties of their respective parents.—
They are handsome, active, industri
ous and gentle, while the females an
often handsomer than the (Jrecles.
Three kinds of whites are now
found in Mexico. Those not born in
the country are politely called Es-
teros, or strangers, when they are not
Spaniards. The higoted Spaniards
and priests once called all (lie here
tic strangers. English and Americans,
b> the name of Judees, or Jews! but
the impression is wearing off. The
Indians like these strangers, provided
hey eat and act as they do, and
have an impression that they are the
descendants of the ancient Mexicans
carried off by the Spaniards. If they
learn their languages, they are at
once called brothers, and treated as
such. Iu live years they become citi
zens, and never find any difficulty to
marry Creoles, if they are Catholic,
or conform to a few observances;
and among the Indians their alliance
iB deemed an honor at any time
The North Americans wore onco the
most beloved and favour**^ nation;
but the English ascendancy ami
late occurto'*ee8 liavq changed the
scale. The Fconch and Italians be-
Vng CaV'.ioiics, are vei'y s> on amalga
mated. The pride and behavi* ur of
the English is seldom acceptable
but their money, talents and influ
ence, make them respected and fear
ed.
Guachupius and Spanish born are
synonymous in Mexico; this name now
implies a hitler foe, and is equiva
lent to the name rf lory and loyalist
in the revolutionary war of North A-
mcrica. Eighty thousand of lire nr mo
nopolized throughout the Mexican
Slates all offices of trust and profit in
the Government, army and church,
until the late revolution, or deliver
ance as it is called. Their alliance
was courted by the Creole ladies,
who married them for the pride of
wealth and power, but often taught
in secret to their children to despise
their fathers Now they ore openly
detested, even by their own children.
Their wealth gave them great influ
ence during the revolution, and even
after it they formed a dangerous par
ty in the State. Their late expul
sion was neither a cruel nor unjust
act, hut politic and perhaps indispen
sable. They have been treated more
mildly than the loyalists were in
North America They have only
been exiled till the peace with Spain;
their .estates have not been confucat-
ed. as those of the loyalists, but given
to their wives and children, and they
were allowed to take away all their
moveable property. This was ppv-
; haps wrongf tlicw took away 14®
millions of dollars out oi the cmo.liy,
draining it of this immense capital,
and employed p rtofn since in the last
Spanish invasion. This capili.l * uglit
to have In-cn Sequestered tii the
peace, or used ns a loan io (htf
slate.
'I he Creoles have been in power"
ever since they drove the Spani. rds
irom their situations; they occupy
nearly ail the < fliccs. sharing honev
er many with the Indians, who arc*
gradually becoming the majority iu
Congress and the State. Legislaiuies.
Tlie two classes are merging or
hi ending undo i tin revived n,',imal
name o Mexicans, hut tho wealth
*t the Creoles will perhaps bah.nce
t*r.« long while the numl » is Mid
votes of (he Indians. The Mestizos*
although siding with the Indians. Jorrri
a mutual link of some influence be
tween the two above classes.
Many qualities and detects are
blended in the Creoles: they m f . a .
miahle. gay and active: but vain, tier..
kle and deceitful. They boast of In i
in* as wise ns the Greeks, amirs
brave as the Romans! They are too*
lazy to work, hut very hustling in
every tiling else; too fond of gam*
bling, smoking and carousing, but so
ber, abstemious and generous; linbta
to warm passions and cxms.v.s but
pion* io friendship and fibers! s< nli'-
mmt: seldom revengeful or ci uefp
often * forgiving and magnanimous.—"
The lower and pom sort of Crc iesf
how vrr, called Liperov, in the towns,
are much noise, vicious, lazy, nig-
nards; too proud to work or be^<-
tend of cheating and pilterini; igno
rant and qu irrlsonu. let tlir-y
make good soldiers, & colonists wherr
they can hue servants to work ("of
them, or miners when they can get a
mine, or cattle drivers, imiieteerSp
&c. when they con own cattle and
mules.
The female Creoles are rnlhei*
pretty, captivating and amiable; hilt
indolent, ignorant, superstitious, and
extravagant: the vice of smoking is
common yet among them: osw nt.-niort
and vanity, lovr; and change, are usu
al with them. Confessou ccm'v for*
give pe'oclilto> 7 & are. rey indulgent
4 U iit< fair sex. Some- however, t.eft
corn* excellent wives and t ome s;
and even the worst, after ihe days of
dissipation, return to propriety, de
corum and moderation.
South America.—According io
the latest inquiries into the amount of
the different populations oj th South
American Stales it appears that theij
contain near 21,650.000. inhabitants.
Afcxico is the most populous, containing
about 8.000.000.— Brazil comes next y -
and has scarce halj that number It
has been likewise calculated that in all
America there are 11 G50 0C0 persons
who speak English: 16 680 000 tcho
speak Spanish', 3,750 000 lu rtvprese,
and 1 250.000 speaking French] final
hf, 7 600 000 speaking the various in
digenous dialects.
Sandwich Islands—A distinguished *
naval officer who has lately returned
from the Sandwich Islands, stales not
only the fact for which we were pre
pared, that the inhabitants of these
islands have made great advances in
civilization, but even that the princip
al families of th* islands are beginning
to emulate the luxuries of European
countries. The public business it-
transacted with great form through at
Secretary of State, and the King him'-
self, who has never been out of the
islands, is a well educated youpg man
of elegant manners, though somewhat
inclined to dandyism, tile l>o(|j
speaks and writes English but prob
ably froril a fear of committing inar-"
curacies in pronunciation, is shy of
speaking the language in the prcs^if^'
of strangers,