Newspaper Page Text
VOL. 2.
terms of tiie citizen.
jr7”T\vo Dollars, per annum, in ad
[ vance, or Two Dollars and fifty
cents if not so paid.
Advertising and Job cus
tomers allowed a discount of 10 per cent
on regular rates.
subscriptions received unless
jvccoinpanied with the cash or a respon
se reference.
gcgT* Postage must be pre-paid.
Mail Arrangements.
POST OFFICE, Mac os, Ga., )
February 2, 1852. (j
ON and after this date, the following will be the Mail Ar- i
rangements at this Office, viz :
The- Northern Mail will close at 3 o’clock, P. M.
The Savannah Mail, by the night train, will close at 3 o’clock
F. M.
The Savannah Mail, by the day train, will close at 9 o’clock
P. M. ■ i
Tlie Charleston Mail will close at 3 o’clock, P. M.
The MiHedgevilie Mail will close at 9 o'clock, P. M.
‘Hie Columbus, Mobile, Montgomery ami New Orleans Mails,
till close at 9 o’clock P. M.
The Augusta, Griflin, Atlanta, Forsyth, Uarnesvillc, Marietta
ml <’lmttanooga Mails will close at 8 o’clock, P. M.
The Oglethorpe, Fort Valley, Perry, Albany, Ilawkinsville j
snd Americas Mail closes at 8 o’clock, P. M.
The Florida and other South-Western Georgia Malls than
the aliove, will close at 5 o’clock, P. M.
Mails for interior offices iu the Slate and Tennessee will
close at 3 o'clock, P. M.
The Office will i- opened at 8, A. M. and from Bto BJ, P.
M. Sundays from 8 J to 9, A. M. and from 8 to Hi, P. M. i
i'roffssionol K ®usinrss Curbs
sT&rTr. hall,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW ,
Macon, G a.
Urricz on Cotton Avenue, over I.ittle’s Drug Store, (octl 1 )
u n. whittle,
Attorney a t Law,
jan3 JUACO.Y, GA. -ly
H. L, waonT
DAGUERRE 0 TYPIST,
MACON, GA.
gjf ENTRANCE FROM THE AVENUE.
sprl9
RaaROAB HOUSE,
OPPOSITE CENTRAL RAILROAD DEPOT
EAST MACON.
, J ts S. M. LANIER.
1\ G. A RIII N GTO N ,
Attorney at Law and Notary Public,
Oglethorpe, Haeoii Cos.,
dec G E O R G 1 \ . 38—ts
(ITY HOTEL.
SAVANNAH,•.•.•.•.•••.•.•.•.•••••GEORGIA.
P. CONDON.
Tkrvi*: Transient Hoarders, per day, $1.50. Monthly and
yearly Hoarders in p.oportion. apr."> —y
OSSOaiMIS A O.OO'HISAMI,
51ttnniri| at i’lmr,
OFFICK OVKR BFLUEN AND CO S. HAT STORK,
Mnlbrrrv Street, Macon, Georgia.
II Alii) EM AN & HAMILTON,
Ware House and Commission Merchants,
M I COX, GHO HO 1.1.
HAMILTON k HARDEMAN,
FACTORS A COMMISSION MERCHANTS,
S.IVA.Y.X.III, GEORGIA.
Will si ve prompt attention to all business committed to them
at either place.
TltOS. HARDRXAW. (19-ts) CttAß. F. HAMILTON
FACTORAGE AND
093Saa5SSa©33 SSJSS3333S
Savannah, Ga.
tvtji p_ YONOE, No. 94 Bay street. Savannah, continues
II tr transact a General Commission Business and factor
age, and respectfully solicits consignments of Cotton. Corn,
aivl other produce. He will also attend to receit injj and lor
warding Merchandize. —
April 5, 1851 ly
WINSHIP & SON,
WIIOLKSALC AND RETAIL DEALERS IN
Eu’ cu and Staple Dry Goods and Ready
Made Clothing.
COTTN AVENUE, MACON, CA.
W. D. ETHERIDGE & Cos.,
r VCTQRS & COMMISSION MERCHANTS,
S.l EAJY.YAH, GEORGIA.
r IN|II’ undersigned having formed a Copartnership for the
transaction of the aliove business, tender their services
tn their friends and the public generally and solicit a share of
patronage. We will pay strict attention to the sale of ( otton
or other produce consigned to our care and all orders for Bug
ging. Rope and family supplies will be promptly attended to
and tilled at the lowest prices. Liberal advances will be made
upton Cotton or other produce consigned to us.
s. r. gove, (aug-23-y) w. u. etheridpk.
Factors & Commission merchants
*ug3o SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. —6m
SASH AND WINDOW BLIND
STVT sa □£! QQ £P $1 C& ‘& LX* o
subscriber is raanufacturing the above articles by
y J. Steam Machinery, at very moderate prices.
TURNING AND PLANING.
He has machinery for this business, and will promptly exe
cute any jobs in this line. alex. McGregor.
july26 — 6 ° l
EIRE INSURANCE
BY TIIE
COMMERCIAL INSURANCE COMPANY
OF CHARLESTON S. C.
CAPITAL S2SO,OOO—ALL PAID IS.
Wm. B. llf.riot, Pres A. M. Lee. Sec y.
Directors :
James K. Robinson, Geo. A. Trenholm, Robert Caldwell,
A. U. Taft, Henry T. Street, Wm. Mcßurney, J. 11. Crawley,
T. L Wragg.
r pilF. subscribers having been appointed Agents for the
1 above Company, are now prepared to take risks against
Fire, on favorable terms. GA RHART, BRO. & CO,
june-21 A/rents.
DUS. HANKS A ROOSEVE IjT tender their
professional services to the citi-.cns of Macon and sur
rounding country.
Residence on College Hill, the house formerly occupied by
Charles Day. Offiee on the corner of Third and \\ alnut street.
W. H. BARKS, M. D. (sept C-y) C. J. ROOSEVELT, M. D.
R. G. JEFFERSON A CO.
MANUFACTURER and wholesale dealers ir
CHAIRS,
IV'csf Side Broad St., first door above. P. SCLarin's,
COLUMBUS, GA.
THEY keep on hand an excellent supply of Office, Wood
Peat, Split Bottom and Rocking Chairs ; Bedsteads, Wood
en Ware, &c.
ZIT All Orders left as above, will meet with prompt atten
tion. nov I—ts1 —ts
W. S. WILLIFORD,
COMMISSION MERCHANT AND AUCTIONEER,
Macon, Ga.
Al: kinds of Produce and Merchandise, (except liquors) re
ccivea on consignment. ge p27
“ oxes apK orted in 25 lb. cases, fresh, and
sale by <dcc6) c A . EljL g & sqV
New York and Savannah
STEAMSHIP LINE.
I THIS new and splendid steamers FLORIDA, Capt
-A- Lyon, and ALABAMA, Capt. Ludlow, be
longing to the NEW YORK AND SAVANNAH
STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY,on and after
the llth inst., will leave Savannah and New York
every Saturday until further notice. These ships are
1.200 tons register, and unsurpassed iu com fort safe
ty and speed. Cabin passage, §25 —payubleiuii
vauco. AddressPADLEFORD, FAY & CO.
Savannai
SAMUEL L. MITCHELL,
184 Front St., Kw York,
anil y
The Old Hat Store.
(T ENTI.EMF.N who are in want of a fine and fashionable
3 HAT. will be certain to call at Belden’s old stand,oppo
site the Lanier House. [sep27] BELDEN & CO.
House servants for sale.—a woman
and her child, 5 or ti years old, recommended as a supe
rior house servant, washer and good cook. Enquire of
nov 15 GEO. T. ROGERS.
RECEIVED by Worthington, Rnr
n mil & Cos. Beebe Sc Cos. and Leary’s justly
celebrated new HATS, for sale low,
octn COTTON AVENUE.
Sullivan House,
MACON, GEORGIA.
THE subscriber having taken the lloTELlately
fitted up, fronting the Court House, on the
corner of Mulberry strict, anil Court House
iHUnB Square, will open the same on the Ist Orto
her, next,and would be pleased to have a call
from his old friends.
This House is convenient to all the Rail Roads and immed
j iately in front of the general passenger Depot, and he will lie
prepared to accommodate travellers and boarders, hy the sin
gle meal, day, week, or month. M. SULLIVAN,
sepr 20—ts
I A DIES’ Lace and Ongress Prunella, Satin. Franeu
j and Silk Gaiters; Black, Bronze and White Kid and Sat
in Slippers; Black and Hronze F.mbroidered French Slippers
Parodi and Jenny I.ind Enameled and Kid Tics, Buskins and
Boots, just received by(sep27) Wm. It. FERRY ii CO.
FANCY GOODS AND
m 1111 w i m Wm
ft MBS. D AMOUR, is now receiv
ing lier Fall supply in the above line
and hy each week’s Steamer wil,
receive a fresh supply of the most
fashionable Goods, consisting of the
newest styles of Silk and Straw
Bonnets, Ribbons, Flowers, Feath
ers and all kinds of Bonnet tiirnming.
a choice lot of Dress Silks, and dress trimmings
such as Fringes, Gimps, Buttons, Velvet and Ribbon
trimmings. Ball Dresses. Veils, Capes, Collars and
other Embroideries, which will he sold cheap.
octls-tf
I>ICII CHINA and BOHEMIAN GLASS
l VASES at all prices, just received and for sale by
sept 20—ts GEO. JONES.
New York Branch Store
COTTON A VENUE.
OPAULDIXG A WILLIAMS havo removed to the
i 2d door above Winsliip’s and reopened with a n-w t'e-fc
I of
FALL AND WINTER DRY GOODS,
which will he sold for Cash, at exceeding low prices.
We have Silks from 75 cis. up ; lie Gains from 12 j up : Prints
from 0j up; Bleached and llrown Shirtings frr m 5 cts. up, al
so a large s.ock of Blankets, Flannels, Ticking, Table I .menu
Bosom l.ir.i iis. &c., from low price to fine, together with a
i full assortment of Hosiery, Laces, Gloves. Ribbons and Fancy
Articles. We respectfully s- licit a call from tiie Ladies.
Goods received every week per fcTeauier.
oct4 ’ S's-ly
OUTTEB A CQECRE* —Itkxr* Owkw Butter,
, 13 50 boxes Cheese, rcc’d weekly per steamer and for salo
! low by nov 15 GEO. T. ROGERS.
Molasses.— io fillets, of superior quality, and in line
order just rec’d and for sale by
nov 15 ‘ GEO. T. ROGERS.
“OPENING RICH,’ 7
A MITCJIFLL, I’riangtilar Block,Cotton
O Avenue, are now opening the following choice ar
ticles :
Gentlemen’s fancy Cravats, Scarfs and Ties.
White and Figured Silk and Bawu Ilkffs.
Merino, Cotton and Silk Wogi.en SmnTs and
(Drawers.
“ “ “ White and Zebra Hose
Berlin, Lisle, S Ik, Cloth, Buckskin, and French
Kid Glares, White and colored, White and fancy colored
Shirts, in every style. Umbrellas , Trunks, Traveling
Bags, Valises, Ac., &c., &o. ts sept 13.
Guns! Guns!!
VFINE assortment of Single and Double-Barrelled GITNB,
of every quality, from S2O to $l5O, just received and
for sale by (nov22 —ts) D. C. HODGKINS U SON.
CREAM ALE —A supply of this cel*
.1 ebrated Ale, received weekly from manufacturers and for
sale by novls GEO. T. ROGERS.
1 0 BBLS. New No. 3 Mackerel,
IU 100 sacks Corn,
40 kits Mackerel,
200 hbls. Thomaston Lime, on consignment,
octli L. COWLES.
“OieoM?, what’s Cheese.”
THE subscriber is sole agent for S. Cowles A Son f
superior Cream Cheese which is not excelled in
the Union.
Just received 50 Boxes S. Cowle’s superior Cream
Cheese, and a few more of the same sort coming.
Also, 100 hbls. and Sacks, containing 100, 50 and
25 pounds Atlanta Steam Mill co. Flour Made from
selected Wheat and warranted as fine as any flour in
the United States.
Also, Bacon, Lard, Butter, Irish Potatoes, Sweet
Potatoes, and every thing in the eating line that can be
obtained. (sept 27) L. COWLES, Ag't.
** CHESTS Tps, assorted, put up in I and I pound
t) packages. For family use. 100 Sacks Corn on
consignment. L. COWLES, Ag’
AVERY handsome selection ol white Goi.d Band and
DurnKATtn China Ten Setts just opened. Call
and see before the assortment is broken. GEO. JONF.S.
sept 20—t j
I>r. UPHA.TS
VEGETABLE ELECTUARY.
Internal Remedy for the Piles 5
THE Electuary is a e—tain rvre for Piles, whether Blent
in? or Blind, Internal or External Piles , ind also for oth
er diseases found in conjunction with Piles.
Price $1 per package, Cash, just rpceived and for sale by
W. G. LITTLE cj CO., Cotton Avenue, Macon
who keeps constantly on hand large and fresh supplies of
Drugs and Medicines, Paints, Oils, Glassware H.C., wholesale
and retail. aug23-y
SILVER Tea-set and P|tchers. —A beautiful ar
ticle for sale by (dec 13) E. J. JOHNSTON.
i 4 A A new Pig Hams.
! IUU 10 Baxre|s superfine Flour.
20 Boxes Northern and city jjjade Candy.
20 w New Rasins.
20 Gross Fire Works Jus redOtVfc 1 and for sale
by dec 13 ts J. g. GRAY BILL.
C'dIOICE GEORGIA JJAMB —BOO Hants of supc
J rior quality,
i 1100 Pig do. this fair* curing,
5 casks Canvassed Hams,
11 000 Ceorgia Sides, just received by
nov 15 GfO. T. ROGERS.
*=.•l Produce by the Wholesale
i ‘P THE attention of Planters and others who may
! eL L Sc have to purchase supplies for the year is respectfully
! called to the large assortment of EAST TENNESSEE AND UP
j PER GEORGIA PRODUCE, now being received on consign
ment, and which may be had on good terms, for cash, at the
■ New Produce Store of W. F. HARRIS &. CO,
j decs—2m Cotton Avenue.
in nil tilings —lleutrnl in nothing.”
MACON, GEORGIA, SATURDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 21, 1852.
Plows, Plows, Plows !
Speed the Flow that beats the World!
PL ANTERS about preparing for the next crop are requested
to recollect that John Rich's justly celebrated PLOWS are
still manufactured in Macon, and can be had in any quantity
the demand may require. Also that the testimony of a
large number of our most respectable and responsible plan
ters goes to prove that the Corn and Cotton cultivated with
these Plows the last season, stood the drouth much better than
that cultivated with the common Plow, and recollect furthei
that when the points liecome dull aud unfit for use, that 12i
cents, and the old point delivered in Macon, will replace it with
anew one, which makes this deeidedly the best plow now in
use for the planter. Remember the old maxim :
“Plow your ground deep,
AVhile sluggards sleep.
And you will have corn
To sell and to keep.”
Apply opposite the Octnulgee, Foundry, nearhi e Macon A
Western Railroad Depot, Macon Ga.
deefi — y AMOS RENTON, Agent.
M Bclden's Late Style of Moleskin HATS.
Also, Genin’s Fall Styles, a good article.
sept 27 BELDEN k CO.
FISH! FISII!!
THE subscriber has commence revieving his usual supply of
fresh Fish, and will be happy to serve his old customers,
jan 24 L COWLES, Agent.
MRS. F. DESSAU
Has received and is now opening an
assortment of the Newest anti most
Fashionable Goods, in her line, all
of the latest importations, and would
particularly call the attention ofth p
ladies to her stock of Fash io nab
Silk and Straw BONNETS,
Head Draeses, Caps, Dress Silks, Mantillas, Embtoid
eries, Fancy Goods, <J-c all of which will be sold on
the most reasonable terms. Store on Triangular Row
next to Geo. Jones’ Crockery Store. 6m
wini'i^ aMwtiiiiwjiiwuwtnyuM
The Editor’s Address.
Says one, your subjects arc too grave—
Too much morality you have—
Too much about religion ;
Give me some witch or wizard tales,
M itb slip-shod ghosts, with fins ands. ales,
Or feathers like a pigeon.
I love to read, another cries,
Those monstrous fashionable lies—
In other words, those novels
Composed of kings, and queens, and lords,
Os border wars and Gothic hordes,
That used to live in hovels.
No—no, cries one, we’ve had enough
Ot such confounded lovc-siek stull’,
To craze the fair creation;
Give us some rcc< nt foreign news,
Os Russians, Turks, the Greek and Jews,
Or any other nation.
Another tries, 1 want more fun,
A witty anecdote or pun,
A rebus or a riddle;
Some long for missionary news,
And some, of worldly carnal views,
Would rather hear a fiddle.
Another cries, I want to seo
A jumbled up vaiiety--r
\ ariety in all things,
A miscellaneous hodge-podge print,
Composedonly give the hint—
Os multifarious small things,
I want some marriage news, says Miss,
It constitutes my highest bliss
To hear of weddings plenty,
For in a time of general rain,
None suffer from a drought, ’tis plain—
At least not one in twenty.
I want to hear of deaths, says one,
Os people totally undone,
By losses, fire or fever;
Another answers, full as wise,
I'd rather have the fall and rise
Os raccoon skins and beaver.
Some signify a secret wish
For now and then a savory dish
Os politics to suit them;
But here we rest at perfect case,
For should they swear the moon was cheese,
We never should dispute them.
Or grave or humorous, wild or spme,
Lofty or low, ’tis all the same,
Too haughty or too humble,
And every editorial wight
Has naught to do but wl.at is right,
And let the grumblers grumble.
From the Memphis Eagle.
TIIE IRON HORSE.
BY L. VIRGINIA SMITH.
From the caverns of Art, in the hills of the North,
Sprang a proud-crested courser, exultingly forth ;
By the spirit of steam was his breathing up borne,
From the strong forest-giants his sinews were torn,
And the gnomes of the tnme, shouted loud in their ire,
O’er his iron bound bosom, and pulses of fire!
Away'—on his mission of power and pride,
As springs the bold eagle the tempest to ride,
Or swift as the bolts of the far-flashing levin,
W'lien the storm is abroad on the dark-rolling heaven,
Down, down on the nations the thunderer came,
With his cloud-breathing nostrils, and frontlet of flame!
Through the deep-crowded life of the populous mart,
The thick throbbing pulse of the great city’s heart,
Where a swarming humanity wavers find reels,
All weary with urging life’s fate-driven wheels,
Like a black-bannered monarch from victory won,
The fierce-plunging charger dashed haughtily on.
Asa spirit of doom by the solitude lone,
Wliefe Death sits aloft on his grave-girdled throne,
Where slumbers a sitent and shadowy throug,
The dark bosomed steed came careering along,
And his neigh to the midnight was chillingly dread,
Like the wHd-swelling trumpet that rouses the dead.
Where the wild crested waves in magnificence toss,
The blue-ocean armies came sweeping across,
With their banner of darkness ahead on the breeze,
And their-war-drum arousing the slumbering seas,
Then, white-winged courser, shy sinews of might,
Must be braced for the battle, and strong for the fight.
Hoarse howls the night-trumpet, and gathering fast
From their rock-bouqded caverns, the king of the blast,
Has marshalled his cohorts, yet pale with affright
Are the wild, mountain-genii, and feeble their might,
For the horse and his rider, along, gleaming mass,
Through the heart of the mountain triumphantly pass.
Alone in the desert! its denizens came—
Red riders of ruin on whirlwinds of flame,
The blasting sirocco, the deadly simoom—
With sand-serried spectres deep shrouded in gloom,
To him they are naught, for his limbs never tire,
Whose form is of iron, whose spirit is fire!
Washington’!) Farewell Address.
Friends and Fellow-Citizens :—The pe
riod for anew election of a citizen to adminis
ter the executive government of the United
States being not far distant, and the time ac
tually arrived when your thoughts must be em
ployed in designating the person who is to be
clothed with that important trust, it appears to
me proper, especially as it may conduce to a
more distinct expression of the public voice,
that 1 should now apprize you of the resolution
1 have formed to decline being considered
among the number of those out of whom a
choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same
time, to do me the justice to be assured that
this resolution has not been taken without a
strict regard to all the considerations appertain
ing to the relation which binds a dutiful-citizen
to his country; ar.d that, in withdrawing the
tender of service which silence in my situation
might imply, I am influenced by no diminution
of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of
grateful respect for your past kindness, but am
supported by a full conviction that the step is
compatible with both.
The acceptance of and continuance hitherto
in the office of which your suffrages have twice
called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of in
clination to the opinion of duty, and to a def
erence for what appeared to be your desire. I
constantly hoped that it w r ould have been much
earlier in my power, consistently with motives
which I was not at liberty to disregard, to re
turn to that retirement from which 1 have been
reluctantly drawn. The strength of mv incli
nation to do this, previous to the last election,
had even led to the preparation of an address
to declare it to you; but mature reflection on
the then perplexed and critical posture of our
affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous
advice of persons entitled to my confidence, im
pelled me to abandon the idea.
I rejoice that the state of your concerns, ex
ternal as well as internal, no longer renders the
pursuit of inclination incompatible with the
sentiment of duty or propriety, and am persua
ded, whatever partiality may be retained for
my services, that in the present circumstances of
our country you w ill not disapprove my deter
mination to retire.
The impressions with which I first undertook
the arduous trust were explained on the proper
occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will
only say that 1 have with good intentions contiib
uted,toward the organization and administration
of the government, the best exertions of w hich
a very fallible judgment was capable. Not un
conscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my
qualifications, experience in my own eyes, per
haps still more in the eyes of others, has
strengthened the motives to diffidence of my
self; and everyday the increasing weight of
years admonishes me more that the shade of
retirement is as necessary to me as it will be
welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances
have given peculiar value to my services, they
were temporary, I have the consolation to be
lieve, that while choice and prudence invite me
to quit the political scene, .patriotism docs not
forbid it. J
In looking forward to toe moment which is
intended to terminate the career of mv public
life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend
the deep acknow ledgement of that debt of grat
itude which I owe lo my beloved country
for the many honors it has conferred upon
me; still more for the steadfast confidence with
which it has supported me, and for the oppor
tunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting
my inviolable attachment, by services faithful
and persevering, though in usefulness unequal
to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our
country from these services, let it always be re-t
membered to your praise, and as aq instructive
example in oqr annals, that under circumstan
ces in which the passions, agitated in every dir
ection, were liable to mislead—amid appearan
ces sometimes dubious—vicissitudes of fortune
often discouraging—in situations in which not
unfrequently want of success has countenanced
the spirit of criticism—the constancy of your
support was the essential prop of the efforts
and the guaranty of the plans by which they
were effected.
Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall
carry it with me to my grave, as a strong in
citement to unceasing vows that Heaven may
continue to you the choicest tokens of its benev
olence ; that your union and brotherly affection
may be perpetual; that ihe free constitution,
which is the work of your hands, may be sacred
ly maintained ; that its administration in every
department may he stamped with wisdom and
virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the peo
ple of these states, under the auspices of liber
ty, may be made complete, by so careful a pre
servation and so prudent a use of this blessing
as will acquire to them the glory of recom
mending it to the applause, the affection, and
the adoption, of every nation which is yet a
stranger to it.
Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a soli
citude for your welfare, which cannot end but
with my life, and the apprehension of danger
natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occa
sion like the present, to offer to your solemn
contemplation, and to recommend to your fre
quent review, some sentiments which are the
result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable
observation, and which appear tome all-impor
tant to the permanency of your felicity as a
people. These will be offered to you with the
more freedom, as yog can only see in them the
disinterested warnings of a parting friend, whq
can possibly have no personal motives to bias
his council. Nor can I forget, as an encourage
ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sen
timents on a former and not dissimilar occasion.
Interwoven as the love of liberty which every
ligament of your hearts, no repommendatipn
of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the at
tachment.
The unity qf government whipli ponstitutes
you one people is also now dear to you. It is
justly so, for it is a main pillar in tiie edifice of
your real independence, the support of your
tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of
your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very
liberty whiph you so highly prize. But as it
is easy to foresee,that from different pauses and
from different quarters, much pains wil| be ta
ken, many artifices employed, tp weaken in
your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this
is the point in your political fortress against
which the batteries of internal and external
enemies will be most constantly and actively
(though often covertly and insidiously) direc
ted, it is of infinite moment that you should
properly estimate the immense value of your
national L T nion to your collective and individ
ual happiness; that you should cherish a cor
dial, habitual, and immoveable attachment to
it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak
of it as of the palladium of vt r safe-
ty and prosperity ; w atching for its preservation
with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing what
ever may suggest even a suspicion that it can
in any event be abandoned; and indignantly
frowring upon the first dawningof every attempt
to alienate any portion of our country from the
rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now
link together the various parts.
For this you have every inducement of sym
pathy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice
of a common country, that country has a right
to concentrate your affections. The name of
America, w hich belongs to you in your national
capacity, must always exalt the just pride of
patriotism more than any appellation derived
from local discriminations. With slight shades
of difference, you have the same religion, man
ners, habits, and political principles. You
have in a common cause fought and triumphed
together; the independence and liberty you
possess are the work of joint counsels and joint
efforts—of common dangers, sufferings, and
successes. But these considerations, however
powerfully they address themselves to your
sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those
which apply more immediately to your inter
est: here every portion of our country finds
the most commanding motives for carefully
guarding and preserving the union of the whole.
The north, in an unrestrained intercourse
with the south , protected by the equal law-3 of
a common government, finds in the productions
of the latter great additional resources of mari
time and commercial enterprise, and precious
mateiials of manufacturing industry. The
south, in the same intercourse, benefiting by
the agency of the north, sees its agriculture
grow audits commerce expand. Turning part
ly into itsown channels the seamen of the north,
it finds its particular navigation invigorated;
and while it contributes in different ways to
nourish and increase the general mass of the
national navigation,it looks forward to the pro
tection of a maritime strength to which itself is
unequally adapted. The east, in a like inter
course with the west, already finds, and in the
progressive improvement of interior communi
cations by land and water will more and more
find, a valuable vent for the commodities which
it brings from abroad or manufactures at home.
The west derives from the east supplies requi
site to its growth and comfort, and, what is per
haps of still greater consequence, it must of
necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indis
pensable outlets for its own productions to the
weight, influence, and tlie future maritime
strength, of the Atlantic side of the Union, di
rected by an indissoluble community of inter
est as one nation. Any other tenure by which
the west can hold this essential advantage,
whether derived from itsown separate strength,
or from an apostate and unnatural connexion
with any foreign power, must be intrinsically
precarious.
While, then, every part of our country thus
feels an immediate and particular interest in
union, all the parties combined can not fail to
find in the united mass of means and efforts
greater strength, greater resources, proportiona
lly greater security from external danger, a less
frequent interruption of their peace by foreign
nations, and what is of inestimable value, they
must derive from union an exemption from those
broils of wars between themselves which so fre
quently afflict neighboring countries not tied
together hy the same government, which their
own rivalships alone would be sufficient to pro
duce, but which opposite foreign alliances, at
tachments, and intrigues, would stimulate and
embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the
necessity of those overgrown military establish
ments which, under any form of government,
are inqaspicious to liberty, and which are to be
regarded as particularly hostile to republican
liberty : in this sense it is that your union ought
to be considered as a main prop of your liberty,
and that the love of the one ought to endear
to you the preservation of the other,
These considerations speak a persuasive lan
guage to ever}- reflecting and virtuous mind, and
exhibit (lie continuance of the Union as a pri
mary object of patriotic desire, Is there a
doubt whether a common government can em
brace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve
it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case
were criminal. We are authorized to hope that
a proper organization of the whole, with the
auxiliary agency of government for the respec
tive subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the
experiment. ’Tis well worth a fair and full
experiment. With such powerful and obvious
motives to union, affecting all parts of our coun
try, while experience shall not have demonstra
ted its impractibilily, there will always be rea
son to distrust the patriotism of those who in
any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands.
In contemplating the causes which may dis
turb our union, it occurs as a matter of serious
concern that any ground should have been fur
nished for characterizing parties by geographi
cal discriminations— northern and southern,
Atlantic and icestern: whence designing men
may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a
real difference of local interests and views. One
of the expedients of party to acquire influence
within particular districts is, to misrepresent
the opinions and aims of other districts. You
can not shield yourselves too much against the
jealousies and hearthburnings which spring
from these misrepresentations: they tend to
render alien to each other those who, oqght to
be bound together by fraternal affeption- The
inhabitants of our western country have lately
had a useful lesson on this head : they have seen
in the negotiation by the executive, and in the
qnanimqus rqtificatjqn by the senate, of the trea
ty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction
at that event throughout the United States, a
decisive proof how unfoundej were the suspi
cions propagated among tlierp of a policy in
the general government and in the Atlantic
states unfriendly to their interests in regard to
the Mississippi ; they have beep witnesses tp
the formation qf two treaties—that with Great
Britain and with Spain —which secure to them
everything they could desire, in respect to our
foreign relations, confirming their pros
perity. Wijl it not be their wisdom to rely for
the preservation of these advantages oa the
Union by which they were procured ? Will
they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers,
if such there are, who woultj sever them from
their brethren pud connect them with aliens 1
To thp efficacy and permanency of your Union,
a government fop the whole is indispensable.—
No alliances, however strict, between the parts,
can be an adequate substitute : they must ine
vitably experience the infractions and interrup
tions which all alliances in all times have expe
rienced. Sensible of this momentous truth,
you have improved upon your first essay by
the adoption of a constitution of government
better calculated than your former for an int : -
and for the e?sca:io*ge.v • :ti
of your common concerns. This government,
the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced
and unawed, adopted upon full investigation
and mature deliberation, completely free in its
principles, in the distribution of its powers,
uniting security with energy, and containing
within itself a provision for its own amendment
has a just claim to your confidence and your
support. Respect for its authority, compliance
with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of
true liberty. The basis of our political system
is the right of the people to make and alter
their constitutions of government; but the con
stitutioti which at any time exists, till changed
by ar, explicit and authentic act of the whole
people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The
idea of the power and the right of the people
to establish government, presupposes the duty
of every individual to obey the established gov
ernment.
All obstructions to the execution of the laws,
all combinations and associations, under what
ever plausible character, with the real design to
direct, control, counteract, or awe, the regular
deliberation and action of the constituted au
thorities, are destructive of this fundamental
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve
to organize faction, to give it an artificial and
extraordinary force—to put in the place of the
delegated will of the nation, the will of a party,
often a small butarlful and enterprising minori
ty of the community ; and, according to the al
ternate triumphs of different parties, to make
the public administration the mirror of the ill
concerted and incongruous projects of faction
rather than the organ of consistent and whole
some plans, digested by common councils and
modified by mutual interests. However combi
nations or associations of the above description
may now and then answer popular ends, they
are likely in the course of time and tilings to
become potent engines by which cunning, am
bitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled
to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp
to themselves the reins of government —de-
stroying afterward the very engines which have
lifted them to unjust dominion.
Toward the preservation of your government,
and the permanency of your present happy
state, it is requisite, not only that you speedily
discountenance irregular oppositions to its ac
knowledged authority, but also that you resist
with care the spirit of innovation upon its prin
ciples, however specious the pretexts. One
method of assault may be to effect in the forms
of the constitution, alterations which impair
the energy of the system, and thus to under
mine what cannot be directly overthrown. In
all the changes to which you may be invited,
remember that time and habit are at least as
necessary to fix the true character of govern
ments as of other human institutions; that ex
perience is the surest standard by which to test
the real tendency of the existing constitution
of a country; that facility in changes upon the
credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes
to perpetual change from the endless variety
of hypothesis and opinion; and remember es
pecially, that for the efficient management of
your common interests in acountryso extensive
as ours, a government of as much vigor as is
consistent with the perfect security of liberty,
is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such
a government, with powers properly distribu
ted and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is,
indeed, little else than a name, where the gov
ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterpri
ses of taction, to confine each member of the
society within the limits prescribed by the laws,
and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil
enjoyment of the rights of person and proper
ty-
I have already intimated to you the danger
of parties in the state, with particular reference
to the founding of them on geographical dis
criminations. Let me now lake a more com
prehensive view, ant) warn yon in the most sol
emn manner against the baneful effects of the
spirit of party generally. This spirit, unfortu
nately, is inseparable from our nature, having
its root in the strongest passions of the human
mind. It exists under different shapes in all
governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or
repressed ; but in those of the popular form it
is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their
worst enemy. The alternate domination of
one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit
of revenge party dissension, which,
in different ages and countries, has perpetrated
the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful
despotism. But this leads at length to a more
formal and permanent despotism. The disor
ders and miseries which result, gradually in
cline the minds of men to seek securit}’ and
repose in the absolute power of an individual;
and sooner or later the chief of some prevail
ing faction, more able or more fortunate than
his competitor, turns this disposition to the
purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of
public liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of
this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be
entirely out of sight,) the common and contin
ual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient
to make it the interest and duty of a wise peo
ple to discourage and restrain it. It serves al
ways to distract the pqbjic coqnqils anc) enfee
ble the publip administration. It agitates the
community with ill founded jealousies and false
alarips; kindles the animosity of one part
against another; foments occasionally riot and
insurrection. It opens the door to foreign in
fluences and corruption, which find a facilitated
aepess tq tl;e government itsijf through the
channels of party passions. Thus the policy
and the will of one country are subjected to the
policy and wilj qf qnqther.
Jit ere is an opinion that parties in free coun
tries are useful chpcks up9 n the administration
of the government, and serve to keep alive the
spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is
probably true; and in governments of a mon
archical cast, patriotism may look with indul
gence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of par
ty. But in those of a popular character, in
governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to
be encouraged. From their natural tendency,
it is certain there will always be enough iat
spirit for every salutary purpose. And there
being constant danger of expess, the effort ought
to be by force of qublic opinion, to mitigate and
assuage it. A fire not to be vuenched, it de
mands a uniform vigilance to prevent its burst
ing into a flame, lest, instead ot warning, it
should cousume.
It is important likewise that the habits of
thinging in a free country should inspire enu
lion in those intrusted with its administration,
to confine themselves within their respective
constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise
of the powers of one department, to encroach
upon another. The spirit of encroachment
partments in one, and thus to create, whatever
the form of government, a real despotism. A
just estimate of that love of power, and prone
ness to abuse it, which predominates in the
human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the
truth of this position. The necessity of recip
rocal checks in the exeicise of political power,
by dividing and distributing it into different
depositaries, and constituting each the guardian
of public weal against invasions by the others,
lias been evinced by experiments ancient and
modern—s> ine of them in our country and un
der our own eyes. To preserve them must be
as necessary as to constitute them. If, in the
opinion of the people, the distribution or modi
fication of the constitutional powers be in any
particular wrong, let it be corrected by an
amendment in the way which the constitution
designates. But let there be no change by
upsurpation; for though this in one instance
may be the instrument of good, it is the cus
tomary weapon by which free governments are
destroyed. The precedent must always greatfv
overbalance in permanent e\il any partial or
transient benefit w hich the use can at any time
yield.
Os all the dispositions and habits which lead
to political prosperity, religion and morality are
indispensable supports. In vain would that
man claim the tribute of patriotism, w ho should
labor to subvert these great pillars of human
happiness, these firmest props of the duties of
men and citizens. The mere politician, equally
with the pious man, ought to respect and to
cherish them. A volume could not trace all
their connexions with private and public felicity.
Let it simply be asked, “Where is the security
for property, for reputation, for life,if the sense
of religious obligation desert the oaths, w hich
are the instruments of investigation in courts
of justice ?’’-—and let us with caution indulge
the supposition that morality can be maintained
without religion. Whatever may be conceded
to the influence of refined education on minds
of peculiar structure, reason and experience
both forbid us to expect that national morality
can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.
’Tis substantially true that virtue or morality
is a necessary spring of popular government.
The rule, indeed, extends with more or less
force to every species of free government. Who
that is a sincere friend to it can look with indif
ference upon attempts to shake the foundation
of the fabric ?
Promote, then, as an object of primary im
portance, institutions for the general diffusion
of knowledge. In proportion as the structure
of a government gives force to public opinion,
it is essential that public opinion should be en
lightened. Asa very important source of
strength and security, cherish public credit:
one method of preserving it is to use it as spar
ingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense
by cultivating peace; and remembering also
that untimely disbursements to prepare for dan
ger, frequently prevent much greater disburse
ments to repel it; avoiding likewise the accu
mulations of debt, not only by shunning occa
sions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in
time of peace to discharge the debts w hich una
voidable wars may have occasioned, not ungen
erously throwing upon posterity the burden
which we ourselves ought to bear. The execu
tion of these maxims belongs to your represen
tatives, but it is necessary that public opiuion
should co-operate. To facilitate to them the
performance of their duty, it is essential that
you should practically bear in mind, that to
ward the payment of debts, there must be reve
nue: to have revenue there must be taxes;
that no taxes can be devised which are not more
or less inconvenient and unpleasant; and the
intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the
selection of the proper object (which is always
a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive
motive for a candid construction of the conduct
of the government in making it, and for a spirit
of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining
revenue which the public exigencies mav at
any time dictate.
Observe good faith and justice toward all
nations ; cultivate peace and harmony with all.
Religion and morality enjoin this conduct, and
can it be that good policy does not enjoin it?
It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, aud at
no distant period a great nation, to give to
mankind the magnanimous and too novel ex
ample of a people always guided by an exalted
justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that
in the course of time and things the fruits of’
such a plan would richly repay any temporary
advantages which might be lost by a steady ad
herence to it ? Can it he that Providence lias
not connected the permanent felicity of a na
tion with its virtue ? The experiment at least
is recommended by every sentiment which en
nobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered
impossible by its vices i
In the execution of such a plan, uothing is
more essential than that permanent, inveterate
antipathies against particular nations, and pas
sionate attachment for others, should be ex
cluded ; and that in place of them just and
amicable feelings towards all should be cuuj
vated. The nation which indulges toward an
other an habitual hatred, or an habitual fond
ness, is jn §ome d e £ r ee a slave. It is a slave to
its animosity or Iq its affection, either of which
is sufficient to lead it astray from it* duty and
its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
another disposes each more readily to offer in
sult and injury, tq lay hold of slight causes of
umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable
when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute
occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, en
venomed, and bloody conquests. The nation
prompted by ill-will and resentment sometime*
impels to war the government, contrary to the
best of policy. The government
sometimes participates in the national propen
sity, and adopts through passion what reason
would reject; at other times it makes tie ani
mosity of the nation subservient to projects of
hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and oth
er sinister and pernicious motives. The peace
often, sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations,
has been the viptim.
So likewise a passionate attachment of on*
nation for another produces a variety of evils.
Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
illusion of an imaginary common interest, ip
cases w'here no real common iuterest exists, and
infusing into one the enmities of the other, be
trays the former into a participation in the
quarrels and wars of the latter, without ade
quate inducement or justification. It leads also
to the concessions to the favorite nation of priv
i!ags denied to other?, which is apt doubly to
injure the nation making the concessions, by
unnecessarily parting with what ought to have
been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will,
and a disposition to retaliate, in r hr, arl : ( - %
from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it
NO. 47