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I’rooi ih'i Oiirliitoa Coiriir, .Vfarcli 8.
VINE DAYS LATER FROM LONDON.
Wi‘ are mde) ;d to Cipt. M'Doy.u.o , ol
t*ic ITitish IHg Bolivar, from « eetiock, f-t
--"m London Courier of ihe 19h, ami • h
I’iin-U >»l *!»•*. 23 IJ m b’.’ng riHie d iy-j ht >' |
than our prevuu» L mdo i-d ite». i’liey d<
not, however, afford t-i lur poll [cal <>r cum- :
■n .'rci'-l intelligence of mud imp »rt mce.
Th 9 Cholera anpeare, from s he u/Tx;i a 1 stale :
menl* given, to ba generally on the decline, j
An Inqa st had been held in London on
the SOih arid 21»f, upon the b ocly oi ferns
Potts, a seaman, who died in the Work
nousc of St. Paul, Shidwell, on the 18 h,
after a supposed attack of Cholera. The
cyaminati m is given ».t great length in the
Times of the 231. The Jury finally decid
ed that 'he case might ba further invegiigit
(m’ by the medical men, if they thought pro
per, bu' that they (the Jury) were satisfied h
tt had no connexion with the Oholera, and i
returned a verdict, that the deceased "died <
a natural dea'ii by the visitation o( God.” «
A new tmgic Drama, bought forward at
Diury Lute fhealreonthe 1 8• h January,
entitled Catherine of Cleves, is stated to (
have been decidedly successful. j,
Mr. O’Connell had returned toEng'and to j
attend to hi-Parliamentary duties. Hi-ar- 1 -]
rivi.d at Wolverhampton on ihe 19'H, and v
addressed a collection of the people, which j
hah hem drawn together by hand bills put (
fords from the Political Union, The nexi z
warning he proceeded on to Birmingham.
A Convention, it will be seen, has been a- „
greed upon between the French and E Irtish
(jhvernmerts, for the more iff ctual sup- j
prrssioo ol the Slave. Trade, by which the ,
french have consented to the mutual rightJ
of isarch. 1*
F'iday the 27th Jan. it said to have been c
fixed upon by the Judges at Bris 01, tor 4 he j
execution of tho piiaunef* convicted at that[
place. 'J
The death of Col. Brcreton by b ; 8 own,,
hands, pending his trial before a Court Mar j,
Mai, appear* to have excited great interest j
in England, and pob'ic meetings are pm- s
posed to adept means to do honor to his |
fame, and raise subscriptions for the support ,
of his infant daughters. !t is contended ;
hr.t there was no sufficient cause for bring- j
mg him (o a Court Martial, anti that he was j
moved alone by feelings of generous huaiaoi ;
ty in his long forbearance towards the in- ,
ccodiary mob at Bristol. "
The annual Budget, for the year 1832, ,
was brought forward in 'he French Che in- ,
ber of l)e| uties on the Ift h January ;
“M. Thouvenel opposed the Budget pre
sented by Government, us unconstitutional,
false, immoral, impolitic 1 , ami criminal, tin
const) utional, as violating that article ol die
Charter which nays, that eveiy one should
aootribute to the chfcrgi 3 of ihe tiiute accord 1
-eg to 'its ability, and *tso that winch pro
hibits exclusive privileges and monopolies;
false as stating hat the expenses of the na
tiun ate leSs than under the Restoration,
when it appeared, on the face of it, that the
expenses had been increased thirteen mil
iibna for the interest & redemption of loans
negotiated in 1831, and nine millions for the
flo&tii g deb ; imruorr.l. us being false, amt
ts imp m [j choir- son the publics'* dispio
portioned iu then powers that tiv y would b>
Induced to resort l« fraud and violence to
escape the payment us them $ impolitic, ai
tending to render tiic chiefs ot the nation
unpopular, on arnoiint of the immense sums
paid tc them; and criminal. . B taking from
individual ■ part ot what was uc ually neces
n-'j to them, & thus weakening the springs
pf life, and p-eserv.itioo. The Honorable
Deputy hen entered into a detailed exatni
nation of the manner in which the existing
tuxes art cicU the laboring clauses, anil drew
a vivid picture of the distress to which »
great port i f the population was reducetl
and ol the discontent universally prevailing.
"Every cLy,” said hs, "we see c mfidence
j.mi. ishing, diii.-oms increasing, the ser
vice of the National Guard evaded, eleclo
ral majorities refusing to vote, the tuxes
only recovered by compulsion, and ihe.pa
triottc anh r which last year gloved wnti so
universal a tl one, changed into a cidd indif
ference, which w ill but too soon bo corn cri
ed into hatted.! Ministers’, such are the!
glorious results of ymjr system! Let your
flatterers congratulate you on them, if they l
still have the courage. I prefer• telling you 1
with that pla ; n commit) sense, which your 1
learned doctors despise, that if you seii u--
ty wiih toe newborn Royalty to live, you
must place i s cradle fur from the eni
poisoned a'm ••phera of tiitterere, se t
in the very centre of the national par
ty. Child e! the people, it must not
blush for its origin, or despise its parent. —
I will add, that it is indispensably ne.cessii-1
ry to remove from it all those old routs of
the. empire and the restoration, whose tal
ents and consciences hare al l k o been worn
on. in the service of mo many Governments,
*o b-5 able now to inspire any other senti
ments than those of disfiu»t anil contempt,
i'he tame course must bo ad p.ed with the
crowd ol jobber*, political tartnjfes, and other
egotist* Winnie motto has always been ‘Q'«
r tnda ptcuniaprimunt ett. 1 which m.iy n.
translated, ‘The Budget befoir s!l things.’
For yourselves. Minister*! learn thu s he
new Government must, in order to be strung,
si'lier command admiration, inspire 'ei.-ot
nr awaken gratitude, it is nut givi n myou
to pat form deed* nuble-eimugh to accomplish
the first alternative; the second is no tungei
P i-sible, nor arc you th-' men to do it at any
‘.;me; try then to H e! the fluid, and with
Mi.it v ...iv pigc.iice economy and reduc tin
H- llert that Use. energy which es
fected the last Revolution slumber*, but i
not destroyed. That Revolution, whic!
-oght to have b-ten profitable to all, ha
j served only to make the fortune of a few
I I’he laborious classes see this, end (ee
'it Mill mire. If to that physical force
*vhich overwhelm and dftitrojrg, they *ver*
t" add that moral force which directs am
jotganises, they would form for thernselvoi
; inotiftr stale of society, in which your adher
ion s Sr, -ill the other* by whom they are now
(despised, would not, perhaps, occupy u very
bnl lant position. A revolution caused l»y
misery, by all the paseiono of discontcMil
aotl irritation, and armed by despair, must
produce results too terrible to contemplate.
10 prevent this, Gentlemen, to remove all
chance of, and pretext for such a revolution,
let government effect a revolution in its fi
nancial system, and make it favorable to
thn*' 1 classes whom misery may render so
[formidable, but whose good sense and mo
rality would render them so easy to be gov
erned. if any favor or consideration were
shown to them.’
An interesting Debate took place iu the
Chamber on (he 18'h, on the R-port of a
Committee charged with the examination of
the Rill for g- antir g an extraordinary rrrd
it of 18 923,000 Irs. for the eerviee of 1831.
The Report stated that the creilit asked for, 1
was divided into two parts, H-s one amount ;
ing to 7,979,000 frs. consisting of expenses'
for unforeseen causes—such as the inobili I
Eition of the aimy of the North, the a-tna
t-iy precaution* against the Cholera, &,c,{
and the other amounting to 10.944,000 fr*.
being composed of expense* which had been 1
incurred in consequence rs several items!
provided for in the budget having exceed
ed the estimate* made for them—such were
an excess in the p-ice of piovisions, an in-j
crease in the numb- r of hospital patient, &c-
After several other members had spoken,!
M. Lahtte said that the revolution of;
July had relieved the country of charges
the amount ot nearly 50.000 000; in ;he re-j
d'fCßhn of the civil 1 • at, the ilisbamling of,
the Royal Guards, and other expenses of a|
similar nature ; and yet 'he budget of 1831
had amounted to 946,000 000 ; and n the
present year, in-Uead ol the improvement
which might have been hoped for, the bud'
get was incieaaed to 1,097.000 000. Hi
then entered into a minute financial exam-!
ination of the charges and resources of the
yeais 1831 pod 1832, and arrived at the
conclusion that (lie former hah left, to be
provided for by the latter, a deficiency a :
mounting to 492 000,000 (inctmli.g.' the
300 000 000 ot floating debt ;) so that the
nation-in 1832 would have '<> supply -fie
above mentioned sum of 492 000,000. in
addition to the 978 000.000 of current tux
cs. making together (hr irornious sum of
1470 000 000, independent of any augmont
,t inn which (us uu> th? case u-itH #.ll Uuh
get-) migtit arise in the estimated exports- a
1 ol 18S2. To attempt to remedy this by new
11 x- » would, lie *aid, be useless, as he w ,s
firmly convinced those alrsatly existi -g
were utterly oat of prop -rtion to the not I
and physical moans of the country. Any
diminution of the Sinking Fund ho ccrshi
eied as even more objectionable, since mi
son and experience had alike convinced him
that in that institution were the germs of
the future financial prosperity of the coun
try. •• What, then,” he continued, "is to
be done ? I ieply, the State has as it* dis
position funds amounting to 49 000 000
per annum, which must represent a enpi al
"fat least 750.000,000, if not 1,000,000,01 0.
1-kc from this what is wanting to repair
the deficiencies of (he Treasury, and give
up the idea of new taxes and new loams.
With such a fund at your disposition, war is
■iut to be feared, since thi* alone would be
sufficient to enable you to support the
charges of war for 4 year* without sailing
-hi the country for an additional franc ”
The Hon. deputy then proceeded to point
out the necessity of economy for the future,
and the imperious duty which ought to in
duce the Government of July to take every
means of lightening the burd- ns of the op
ptessed population. He next alluded to
the external situation of the country, and
a-tiibuled the debased slate in which he
represented France to be now placed to the
■abandonment of the principle of non-inter
vention, at the very moment as which it hud
[began to prove i'n benefiti a | tendency by the
nUvelopement of the germs of political lib
erty and prosperity in G-'miany, Belgium
and Italy ; whereas now Russia was exult
ing over die wreck of Poland, Austria held
Laly at its mercy, and the principle of ab
solution was every where re-erec ing its
hydra head. Jn conclusion, he argued (hat
the total want of cm fi-.leuce and stability
in commerce, and the general
afiotis of the country, must be uitiibuted
solely to the manner iu which the princi
ples of die Revolution of July had been a
-1 bandoned. ami its Hue friends, those men
- who had with their own hands built up the
’ new laonatchy, accused of republicanism by
• a party who looked on the Revolution as a
s mere ranstlory occurrence, and employed
r all i ff-r-R m preventing the people and the
TCmg of the B rricad. s from looking each
,;y|hcr in the i»ce. " If, gentlemen,” add
ed he, " wish commeice and industry to
• revive, liberty must triumph, and the in
- terestg of France and the Revolution of July
!ii«3t no longer have to contend against "a
1 few individual interests. 1 have lull con
’ fidence dial fh’s will be the cas,- ; if u- mis
1 prejudice* are removed and error conquer
‘ erl, France will bo savcil j let iu not doub
1 it, for France and the munareny have tin
will and energy tu (Loud applause.
Adj-uroed.
IS, We call the attention of our readers so ln f
- I '' following article from •' The Age” a
‘ | paper printed at Augusta m Maine *
e TUB TARIFF DISSOLUTION OF
THE UNION.
(j mention of these giave topics cannot
1 tall uj ■ m tlie ear oY our people of the North,
'* with the same appalling eff-ct as it does no
n our <i ilow-citix is of the Sou'h. Tho
IV.nIT Ins become familiar, in sound, with
y Us at the North, and although a few weal
yjthj capitalists in the Northern States are
alone (he recipients of its golden fleeces,
(ha generality of our people do not f»el p3r
■ tieularly excited upon the subject, for they
do not detect readily the cunning with I
■ which it steals away the proceeds ..f their
industry. They consequently associate j
with ii no alarming consequences. O i the
’ "'her hand, a dissolution or the Union
is regarded by them as an event so incalcu
’ labl J momentous, that its approach is set
Jdown without invcs'igation arriong the oc
currences altogether out of probability, and
jnot to be at all apprehended. Thus it is,
we will often fake alarm at indications of
trifling dangers, yet feel perfectly secure ,
against those whi«h are tremendous, from a i
blind persuasion that we cannot be the ob
jects upon which they will ever be visited.
I he people at the Houth, however, regard 1
I these subjects differently, -The Tariff and '
a Dissolution of the Union, have become 1
classified among them, like causes and c f- !
jfects, and the one is esieemed nb less an ’-
palling than (he other. In fact, a feeling of '■
preference is fast obtaining among the pen- *
pie of the Southern States in favor of an '
| Mtrghl dissolution of Ikt Union, over the !
proposed continuance of the present
jUting Tariff, The truth of tU, remark is ‘
;too forcibly brought home ; 0 the mind of!
Z7 a r n ' W > « ,Ven his toj
;. a £a cr,n g prejudices and forebodings of
; die times, to be longer resisted. And wei 1
,j now regard it as the solemn (tyfy 0 f * very J l
jWivct ol Ins whole country, to arouse from!*
,Ins long rep se i •» supposed stability of f
j the federal Union, and to rush with his'in- 5
flue nee through both the public and private 1
channels at his command, to the Halls of !l
the National Councils, and enjoin upon the 1 *
II presentatives of the people a spirit ofj'
ju,i compromise ■ /ifh the claims of the'?
South. Without this, we fear the days of :
our great Republic, as a whole, are num
beretl. We reluctantly avow this painful i
conviction ; but we have resisted it, as long !
■ as resistance is consistent with patriot- 1
ism—as long ila resistance can claim the 1
■ merit id honesty. We. believe the tine has
i mi'/ed whan alauxt Should be felt by all
when derision, deu; t out alike to theentrea
f ties and the menaces of die Son'll, should
ci ase. Unless this be the case, we repeat
•OH solt-mn «mr». i4o«, that the DATS ot !
I OUR Rr.pußuo.as a while, are numbered.
■ What are the evidences upon which we
s rest nur appalling convictions ? They are
: vari us, and multiplying daily. Their sour-
I res impart to them a character which ought
i to c- mmated respect—at least, command de
liberate examination. The evidences which
are furnished of the extreme distresses ofj
i die South under the operation of the Ta-1
fuff, if uoiinpeached, ought of themselves
to satisfy us tha' there is cause for alarm.
> A generous spirited and brave people will
- not forever endure such injuries. The man
1 who exp cts they will, deceives himself, and
' does violence to the charactei which
•he accords to such n people. Pur an elo- 1
quent summary of what the South is suf-
and of th • manifold evidences to the
. same tact with which Southern prints are
i teeming, we would call the attention of our
t readers ts an extract from Mr. Hatne’s '
“ speech in the Senate of the United 1
! States.
j " 1 will assure *he gentleman,” said Mr. 1
' Hayne, that the condition of the south is 1
, not merely one of unexampled depression,
■ but of great and all-pervading distress.' In 1
i my own b ate, the unhappy change which ■
• has.within a few years past taken place in \
i,the public prosperity, is of the most appall- 1
I,tig character, if we look at the present I
of our cities, (and I will take i
(Charleston by the way of example,) we find! 1
• every where the mournful evidence of pre-i 1
1 mature decay. Sir, the crumbling meniori-
Ji.ils tis our former wealth and happiness, too
eloquently teach us, that without some
i change in your policy, the days of our prog
perity are numbered.” Sir, it is within
I my own experience. that, in the devoted ci
ty in which my lot has been cast, a thtiv
-4 ’"g fotcign commerce, was within 8 lew
t years past, carried on direct to Europe.
• We had native merchmts, with large capi
! ti'ls, engaged in foreign trade. We had
I thirty or forty ships, many of them built,
and ati owned in Charleston, and giving
• jsmployment to a numerous and valuable bo
dily of mechanic# and tradesmen. Look at
e.tUe state of things now !—Cur merchants
y banki upt or driven away—their capital sunk
aor transferred to other pursuits—uur shipi
ii yard- broken up—our ships all sold !—yes,
e sir, I am told the very last of them was a
b few months ago brought to the hammer—
am mechanics jn despair; the veiy g'ass
0 growing in oar streets, and houses tailing'
into ruins; teal estate reduced to one third'
y part ol its vdue, and rents almost to noth
» mg. The commerce, which we still enjoy,
i- diverted fr. m itb proper channels, carried
"" n W! 'i> borrowed capital, and through a-
S e,, '8 sent among us, and maintained by
1 he tariff poll, y bearing off their profits to
,r favored lands eating out our substance and
.) leaving to our own people the miserable
crumbs which fall from the table of their
e,prosperity. If we fly from the city to ths
a (country, what do we th ere behold ? Fieldi
jabanduned ; the hospitable mansions of oui
'fathers deserted ; agriculture drooping ; oui
■ysldvra, like their masters, working hardei
[and fai ing worse ; the planter sti iving, with
,(unavailing efforts, to avert the ruin which is
b fore turn It has often (seen my lot sir,
to s a the once thriving planter reduced to
despair ; cursing his hard fate, gathering
. up the remains of his broken fnr'une—apd
widi his wife and little ones, tearing him
self from the scenes of his childhood, and
'he bones of his ancestors, to seek, in the
wilderness, that reward for his industry,
of which your fatal policy has depiivcd him.
i " Sir, when we look at our fertile fields,
' and consider the genial climate with which
God has blessed the South—when we con
template the rare felicity of our position, as
the producers of an article, which, under a
system of free trade, would command the
markets of tha world —is it nut enough to
fill our hearts alnvst to bursting to Bud the
richest blessii’ge that an indulgent Provi
dence ever showered down upon the heads
of any people, torn from us by the cruel
p dicy of our own government, to find the
bounties of Heaven thug blasted by the
hand of man ?”
Here is tiuly a picture of distress I Ad
mit it to be true for a moment, and who can
not see that it must be pregnant with the
most fatal consequences to the Union, if the
system which gives rise to it ia not relaxed ?.
True or not, the people of the South believe :
it to be true, anddhey will act accordingly
in self defence. It is not Sou h-Caroliaa l
alone, that thus suffers—They are not her 1
people only, who believe themselves to be
thus injured. But, as the same eloquent
speaker elsewhere said in his speech jus*
cited—in speaking of ths enactment ot the
Taiiff of 1828 :
“Sir, the whole South rose up aa one
man, and protested against soy further ex- 1
penment with this fatal system. The whole ;
of the representatives of seven giaUs, Vir
ginia, North- Carolina, South Carol in a, Geor
gia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee,
(with, 1 believe but three disserting voices,)
recorded their votes, against that bill. Sir,
do not gentlemen and nrs this fuct, sum# evi
dence of the dangerous character of that le
gislation nr, which this system is based. Can
it be wir.e—can it be just, can it be prudent
—to adopt and enforce a policy so essenti
ally sectional in ms character! Can we hope
for harmony, peace, and concord, while en
forcing a system against which an entire
section of your country so strongly revolts ?
If i* 'he essential principle of the represen
tative system, that a mutual sympathy of
feeling and of interest, should bind together
the people and their rulers; and it may be
worthy of profound refl ction how far that
principle is essentially preserved bya'sehenie
ot legislation, under which the feelings and
interests of so large a portion of the country!
are outraged and trampled on. When taxes!
are imposed, not by the representatives ofj
those who are to bear the burthens, but of
those who are to receive the bounty.”
Mr. H qne stands not alone in the coun
jcila of the nation, assuring the people and
j the world, that such are not only the opin
ions of the "whole South,” but such are their
actual oppressions, in a speech delivered
by the revolutionary paliiot in tlje Senate,
from Maryland, Qen. S. Smith, on the e&inei
occasion which called forth Mr. liayne- an 1
above recited, we find ths following* testi
mony on this same point s ,
“We have arrived at a crisis. Yes, Mr.
President, at a crisis more appalling than a
Jay ofbatMe. f adjure the Committee on
Manufactures (o pause—to reflect bn the
dissatisfaction of all the South, Soath-Caro
lina has expressed itself strongly against the
Tariffof 1828, stronger than the other Sta'es
ere willing to speak. But, Sir, the whole of
the South fee! deeply the oppression of that
l ariff In this respect, there is no difference
of opinion. I'be South—-the whole Southern
States—all oonsider it as oppressive. They
have not vet spoken, bat when they do speak,
it will be with a voice that will not im
plore, but will demand redress. How much
better, then, to grant redress ? How much
,better, that the Committee on Manufactures
|heal the wound which has been inflicted ?
I want nothing that shall injure the manu
facturer. I only want justice.
' I am, Mr. President, one of the fsw cur
v’.vore ot times who fought in the war of th
revolution.— We then thought v/e fought
for liberty—for equal rights. We fought
»gain-t taxation, the proceeds of which were
for the b< n« fit of others—Where is th<
difference ? If the people are so bo taxed
by the manufacturers or by any othets, I
aay manufacturers—And why do I say so ?
When this Senate met, there was a strong
disposition with all parties to ameliorate the
taiiff of 1828 ; but I now see a change
which makes me almos' despair of any thing
effectual being accomplished. Even the
small concessions made by the Senator from
Kentucky, (Mr. Clay.) have been reprobat
, ed by the lubby membets, the agents of the!
manufacturers. lam told they hava out
their fiat on any change whatever, and hence.
1 a consequence, the change in the course,
;jand language of gentlemen, which-almost
precludes >ll hope. Those interested men
hang on the Committee of Manufac'ure*
- an incubus. 1 say to that Committee,
1 depend upon your own giod judgments—
■ suivey t-.e whole subject as politicians
' discard sectional interests, and study only
i the common weal—act with these views,
I It thus relieve the oppressions ol the south.”
j 1 i bus we aie assured, and abundant proof
r from othar source! ro m?ir>, thn* the -s»h't f
iiScuth feel the oppression, end will resist if.
• [The ext r.icf t as-t made also exhibits signs cl!
'j deep and well founded alaim. “VVe have
rjarrived at a crUis,” Proceeding from an
‘ ■'bsarvant patiiot tikr General Smitb, who
li ban n« inducement m his old rge to sout d
s fn ! ».i nlanr!, ii must arouse lire people of
, the north to setinus reflection, Bnt, we
n h*ar the same warning? (rnm other source*.
i Our readers meat have. < bscrved the impres
sions mrde upon the mind of our Washing*
• ton Correspondent, who has the best op
! purtuniiiea of ascertaining (he views enter*
; tained at the South. We extracted a few
, dajs since from a Washington Correspon
. den l of the Acgus, who-holds this language:
, “The Tariff I Iks appear determined not
i t<> abate an inch of their pretentious and
the consequence will be, if they have the
i courage to adhere to them, that the union
of these Slain will be dissolved. I have
resisted this conclusion as long as I was able,
and have at length come toil with sorrow,
but the evidinet it “irresistible.”
A recen,t Washington Correspondent ot
the Saco Democrat, expresses his convic
(ions (has, of the effect of continuing th»
tariff;—
“The South object to all this, as an unjust
& oppressive taxation of them for the bene
fit of others as wall able to pay taxes ac
themselves. Ths subject from its magnitude
and possible consequence is all-important.
The harmonyj if not the e.ris(en r e of the
Union depends on its satisfactory adjust
ment.™
Hon. I. Hill in his recent Speech in U»
S Senate, thus adverted to these conse
quences
“I >itts opposed to the resolution sub
tad by the gentleman from Kentucky, as -
because the principle of that resolution i
carried into effect, will make taxation mo? *
unequal than the tariff of 1828 now is, a t
because the adoption of such a principle its
calculated to produce greater discontent
and heart burnings, and to fan the flame of
discord in this happy laud. May, air, it it
my tear that it laws shall pass at this session,
carrying into effect the principles of thal
resolution, civil war may be the const
quince™
And in another part of the same Speech
Mr. H. s%d—Can "We blame the South
for resisting such a system? Nay, Sir,
convinced as us must believe them to bo,
that this system involves them in utter ru
in, must we not anticipate consequences,
euch as may root up the vero foundation of
ihie Union J? J J
Wc have another view to take of this sub
ject, but our room at this time will not per
mit. We shall tiusw it io our nest. We
cannot forbear to express the hope, how
ever, that if the Legislature of this State
are not poavin£ed that our people hate un
dergone a change in their opinions respect
ing the Tariff since last year, they will not
allow this Session to pass by without re-as
suring the nation that to the people of Maine
belong no part of the deplorable consequent
ces which are groiving out of d cruel con
tinuance of the oppressions upon the South .
Flora Ora N.tiomO Jntellijj.ectr.
THE CHEROKEE CASE.
fn (he Supreme Court of the United Statu -
SAMUEL A, WORCESTER vt. Tk e Srai. of e»oi*i«.
On Saturday last. Mr, Chief Justice Ma»-
shall delivered the opinion of the Court
in this case, reversing the judgment of the
Superior Court of Gwinett County, in Geor
gia. The effect of (here decision is, that th*
recent acts of Georgia taking possession of
the Cherokee Country, and providing for
the punishment of persons therein residing,
without the license of the Governor, and
without taking an oath of allegiance to tha
State, are declared null and void, as con*
trafy to the constitution, treaties, and laws
of the United States.
The opinion rs the Chief Justice was ve
ry elaborate and clear. rfe took a review
of the origin of the European title to laucie
it) America, upon the ground of discovery.
He established that this right was merely
conventional among the European Govern
ments themselves, and for their own guid
ance, and the regulation of their own claim*)
in regard to each other, and in no respect
changed or affected to change the rights of
the Indians as the occupants of the soil •
That the only effect of the European title
was. as between European nations, to re
cognise an exclusive right of trado and in
tercourse with the Indiana, and of ultimate
domain in the territories occupied by the
Indians in favor ol the nation or govern
ment whose subjects wore the first discover*
era : I hat all the European Governments,
Spain, France, and especially Great Bri
tain, bad uniformly recognised the Indian
tribes and nvinns as distinct communities,,
capable of, and entitled to, self-government,,
as Stats,, and in no respect, except os to
theif.right of intercourse with other Euro
pean nations, and the right of pre-emption
in the discoverers to purchase (heir soil,
ec under the control or power as the Euro -
peans. Th.-y were treated as nations caps
blent holding aud ceding their territories,
'capable of nuking treaties and compacts,
and entitled to all the powers of peace and
jwar, and not as conquered or eur! ,ved com -
I inunities. He demonstrated this from va*
rious hisluiical fact# ; and showed that when
■jupon the Revolution il e United Colonies
■ suceetded to the rignts fk cla ms of the mo
|ther country, the American Congress uni
jformly adopted and adhered to the same,
[doctrine, both before and after the confede
; ration ; that since the adoption of the Con
stitution the same doctrine had m ui iform
ly pi evaded in ail the d-psrttr.rnts of tbs
r Government; aud that the treaties with the