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J O Tt
- «■
PRINTING,
JEFFERSON DAVIS IN
Scenes and Incidents of the Life
of the Ex-Confederate Presi
dent in the Casemate at
Fortress Monroe.
Extracts from the Diary of the
Post-Snrgeon.
RIGORS OF HIS CONFINEMENT.
Opinions of the Confeder-** lender on
Social and Poll."-* 1 Affairs.
CONTINUED.]
the Southern coast.—Davis Hears
Indicted and to be Tried.—His Joy.-
yfeySoT his oicn Defence.
v .u 291/l—Called with Captain Bispbam, 3d Penn-
ivania Artlllery.Olficer of the Day. Found Mr. Davis
Walking up snd down the floor, appsrently better—
but a till laboring under some excitement. He aald ex
ercise bad already done him good; bad slept much
batter last night; and rejoiced to see clear andbrigbt
■veather again, though little sunshine entered bis cell.
Thought though it did not shine on him, it was
•liming on his dear wife and children, safely havened
from the dangers of the ocean.
Complained of the dampness of his cell, ft one
probable cause of bis illness. The sun could never
dart its influence through such masses of masonry.
.Surrounded as the fort was with s ditch, in which the
water rose and fell from three to four feet with the
tide, it was impossible to keep such placet free from
noxious vapors. _ , .
■I am aware." he went on, “that oMoers and sol
diers and thelt families have been In the habit of oc
cupying these casemates ; but when Secretary of War
I issued an order forbidding the practice. Huts or
tents are much healthier, more especially for children.
The casemates of Fort Pulaski are peculiarly un
healthy, that place being erected on what might be
■ ailed a shaking-screw, or sponge of miasmatic vege
tation, thoroughly permeated by tidal action. Its
inundations bad to be pile-driven at an enormous ex
pense of money and labor, and only from the necessi
ties of the cosst could such a selection of a site bare
been justified." . . .
Mentioned thatlbad been at the siege, and gave him
siime particulars explanatory of the actual altuatlou at
the time of the surrender of Col. Ohnstead of the 3d
Georgia Volunteers, whom be appeared at first inclined
to blame as guilty of it premature capitulation. Attar
ail, however, he thought the Colonel was excusable, as
umber holdlug-out promised no advantages to oom-
peusate ita loss, the up-nver batteries of our forces
tusking it certain that Tatnsll’s fleet could render no
assistance. The surrender of Port Royal bs did not
think premature, undur the circumstances, because If
ids people had not retreated wliuu they did, our gun
boats, running round tbu creeks m rear of Hilton
Head. Port Royal sml St. Helena Islands, would have
made retreat Impossible; while the troops of our Hber-
msu expedition when landed ware more than suBoleut
to overpower the ganTsous. The mistake was that
powerful works had not been erected lu roar of the
islands to cover tlio ferries, and thus secure uninter-
rupted communication with the mainland. Had this
been attended to in the Aral Instance, there would
then have been uo excuse for tho abandonment of ins
powerful works designed to proteot Port Royal—at
least none unites preceded by a mors protreotod re
sistance. .. .
Recurring to the subject of his family, Mr. Dsrly
asked me bad' 1 not been called on to attend Miss
Howell, bis wife’s slater, who Usd been vary ill St tbs
time of bis quilling the Clyde. Replied that Colonel
James, Chief Quartermaster, bad called at my quar
ters, and requested me to visit a sick lady ou board
tliat vessel; behoved It was the lady lis referred to, but
could not be sure of the name. Had fueutloued the
matter to Gen. Miles, asking a pas* to visit; but be
objected, stylng the orders wers to allow no commu
nication with the ship.
Mr. Davie exolalmed this was inhuman. The ladlea
bad cartalnly committed uo crime, and there were no
longer any prisoner* ou board the ship when the re
quest was made, be and Mr. Clay having been the last
removed Tb* lady waa very seriously ill, and uo utt-
c#r, no gentleman, uo man of Christian or svsn human
feeling would have so acted. General Miles wae from
Massachusetts, he had hetrd, and lu hi* action both
lu this and other matter* appeared lh harmony With
bis origin. It was much for Maseachneatu to boast
that oue of her aone had been appointed hie Jailor ;
and It was beo iinlog such a jailor to oppress helpless
women snd children. * *
June ls(.—Celled with Captain Korle, offiser of the
day, about noou. Had bean sent lor at 8 A-M., but
waa away flsblng. Mr. Davis waa suffering from a
numbneaa of tbe oxtrenaitiea, which ho feftrea wae in*
Clplent paralysis. Told him it was merely due to an
enfeebled circulation, and recommended bathing and
friction.
He asked me what luck fishing, and appeared in
better spirit* than ueual. Had Just heard, be said,
through an Irregular channel, that be had been is,
dieted with Mr. Breckinridge in the District of flolom
bia and hoped therefore that he was about to have a
constitutional trial—not one by military commission,
to which be would nut have pleaded, regarding It is
foregoes murder. The newt had reached him through
the conversation of some soldiers in the guard room,
who sometimes spoke to each other in loud tones what
they wished him to orsrheer. It was probably in no
friendly spirit they had given him thie news; but to
him it was as welcome as sir to the drowning.
Ms then referred toihe severity of his treatment,
supposing himself at present to be merely held for
trial, and not already undergoing arbitrary punish
ment. As this conversation was a very important one,
I look full note of it almost immediately on quitting
his cell, and it is now given in very nearly, if not
precisely, his own words; *• • >
Humanity supposes every man innocept," urged
Mr. “ “ ”’ ’
laws „ , . _
trial To hold me here for trial, imder.aH the rigors
of a condemned convict, is not warranted by law—is
revolting to the spirit of justice. In the political his
tory of the world, there is no parallel to my treatment.
England and the despotic governments of Europe have
beheaded men accused of treason; but even after their
conviction-no such efforts as In my case have been
made to degrade them. Apart, however, from my
personal treatment, let us see how this matter
stands.
“If the real purpose in the matter be to test the
question of secession by trying certain persons con
nected therewith for Reason, from what class or
classes should the person so selected be drawn ?
“From those who called the State Conventions, or
from those who, in their respective conventions,
passed the ordinance of secession? Or, from the
authors of the doctrine of State rights? Or, from
those citizens who, being absent from their States,
were unconnected with the event, but on its occur
rence returned to their homes to share the fortunes of
their States as a duty of primal allegiance ? Or, from
those officers of the State, who, being absent on public
service, were called home by the ordinance, and re
turning, joined their iellow-citizens in State service,
and followed the course due to that relation ?
“To the last class I belong, who am the object of
greatest rigor. This can only be explained on the
supposition that, having been most honored, I, there
fore, excite most revengeful feelings—for, how else
can it be accounted for V
“I did not wish for war, but peace. Therefore sent
Commissioners to negotiate before war commenced;
and subsequently strove my uttermost to soften the
rigors of war; in every pause of conflict seeking, if
possible, to treat for peace. Numbers of those already
practically pardoned are" those who, at the beginning,
urged that the black flag should be hoisted, and the
struggle made one of desperation.
“Believing the States tb be each sovereign, and their
union voluntary. I had learned from the Fathers of
the Constitution that a State could change its form of
government, abolishing all which had previously ex
isted ; and my only crime has been obedience to this
conscientious conviction. Was not this the universal
doctrine of the dominant Democratic party in the
North previous to secession ? Did not many of the
opponents of that party, iu the same section, share
and avow that faith? They preached, and professed to
believe; we believed, and preached, and practiced.
“If this theory be now adjudged erroneous, the his
tory of the States, from their collonial organization to
the present moment should be re-written, and the
facts suppressed which may mislead others in a like
manner to a like conclusion.
“But if, as I suppose, the purpose be to test the
question of secession by a judicial decision, why be
gin by oppressing the chief subject of the experiment?
Why, in the name of fairness and a decent respect for
the opinions of mankind, deprive him of the means
needful to a preparation of his defence, and load him
with indignities which must deprive his mind of its
true equilibrium ? It ill comports with the dignity of
a great nation to evince fear of giving to a single cap
tive enemy all the advantages possible for an exposi
tion Of his side of the question. A question settled by
violence, or iu disregard of law, must remain unsettled
forever.
“Believing all good government to rest on truth,
it is the resulting belief that injustice to Any individual
is a public injury, which can only find, compensa
tion in the reaction which brings retributive justice
upon the oppressors. It has been the continually
growing danger of the North, that in attempting to
crush the liberties of my people, you would raise a
Frankenstein of tyranny that would not down at your
bidding. Sydney, and Russell, and Vane, and Peters
suffered; but in their death Liberty received blessings
their lives might never have conferred.
“If the doctrine of State Sovereignty be a dangerous
heresy, the genius of America would indicate another
remedy than the sacrifice of one of it9 believers.
Wickliffe died, but Hu9s took up his teachings; and
when the dust of this martyr was sprinkled on the
Rhine, some essence of it was infused in the cup
which Luther drank.
“The road to grants of power is known and open;
and thus all questions of reserved rights on which
men of highest distinction may differ, and have dif
fered, can be settled by fair adjudication; and thus
only can they be finally set at rest."
He then apologized for talking politics to one who
should not hear such politics as his; but out of the
fulness of the heart the mouth speaketh, and in his joy
at the unhoped-for news that he had been indicted,
and was to have a trial which he supposed must be
public, and which publicity would compel to be not
wholly one-sided, there wa9 some excuse for his in
discretion.
To change the subject, he returned to fishing, of
which we had been speaking. Was a follower and ad
mirer of the sport, but more in theory than practice.
His life had been too busy for the past thirty years to
allow his indulging even bis most cherished inclina
tions, except at rare intervals. Izaak Walton had been
one of his favorite authors; and one of the cotxnts he
had against Benjamin Franklin was the latter's fierce
attack on the gentle fisherman. Indeed Franklin had
said many things not of benefit to mankind. His soul
waa a true type or incarnation of the New England
character—hard, calculating, angular, unable to con
ceive auy higher object than the accumulation of
'SQB&bi material of great intellects,
favor in his sight; and with true New England Egot
ism, because he did not possess certain qualities him-
srflf they were to be ignored or crushed out of exist
ed everywhere. The hard, grasping, money-gmb-
blUR pitiless ana domineering spirit or vno -<*»w eng-
land Pari tans found in Franklin a true exponent.
Noble qualities be had. however—courage, truth, in
dustry. economy and honesty. His school oi com
mon sense was the apotheosis of selfish prudence.
He could rarely err, for men err from excess oi feel
ine and Franklin had none. The homely wisdom of
hia writings, judged from the material stand-point,
could never be surpassed; and while he confessed to
disliking him, b* was compelled to admire his "Poor
Riclixrd" fro*n its sinewy force.
Mr Dav*» then spoke of the restrictions placed upon
hi. reeling, which he supposed must soon terminate
if p. was to be placed on trial. Books would be indis
pensable to preparing his defence; nor did be see how
he could be denied free intercourse with counsel.
Books, if he could get them, would be a great con
solation. True, he had the two best—pointing to his
bible and prayer-book; but the mind could not keep
continually at the height and strain of esrneBtness re
quired for their profitable reading. That the
papers and other publications of the day should be de
nied him, he could understand—though even this
would not be right when he was preparing for trial.
He would then require to know what phase of public
opinion he addressed; for in all such trials—and In
this age of publicity there must be two tribunals—one
Inside, but infinitely the vaster one outside the .court
room. To old English or other books for his perusal,
what objection could be urged ? Such indulgences
were given to the worst criminals before trials; and
even after conviction the prison libraries were open
for use. A mind so active as his had been for forty
years, could not suddenly bring its machinery to a
pause. It must either have food, or prey upon itself,
and this waB his ease at present. Except for the pur
pose of petty torture, there could be no color of reason
for withholding from him any books or papers dated
prior to the war.
Jane 1th I received the following letter from Mra.
Davis, dated Savannah, June 1st, 1865, to Dr. J. J.
Craven, Chief Medical Officer, Fort Monroe, Va.:
Savannah, June 1st, 1865.
Dr. J. J. Craven, Chief Medical Officer, Fort Monroe,
Virginia:
8ib—Through the newspapers I learn that you are
the aurgeon of the post, and consequently in attend-
anoe upon Mr. Davis. .Shocked by the moat terrible
newspaper extras issued every afternoon, which re-
present my husband to be in a dying condition, I have
taken the liberty, without any previous acquaintance
with you, of writing to you. Perhaps you will let me
kuoyv front 3'our own pen how he is. Would it trouble
you too much to tell me how he sleeps—how bia eyes
look—are they inflamed V—does ho eat anything ?—
may I aak what is the quality of hia food ? Do not re-
fuae my request. It seems to me tbst uo possible
harm could accrue to your government from my know
ing the extent of my sorrow And if, perchance, ac
tuated by pity, you do not tell me the worst, the nows-
papers do, and theu the uncertainty is such agony!
you Will perealvo, my dear air, that I plead with you
upon tha supposition that yon sympathize with our
sorrows, andin the sufferings of the man have lost
sight of the political enemy, who uo longer has the
power to do aught hut bear what > inflicted.
I will not believe that sou can refuse my petition.
If you are oniv permitted to say he Is well, or he is
better, it will no a great comfort to me, who lias no
other left. If you are kind to him, muy God have you
In His holy keeping, and preserve all thoae sources of
happiness to you which have, In one day, been snatch
ed away from,
Yours very respectfully,
disquietude could be-best reached through the stom
ach. Had slept well; and was greatly refreshed; his
; Davis, "until the reverse shall be proven; and the head almost free from psili.' ( izmieaeracy, Dili no mean® a. co
is guarantee certain privileges to persons held for * Calling me to thesmbtaiuis, he pointed out tome- holders hiding it after the currency had
, - - ■ ■ —- ■* ” “ ! dark spots on the slope of the moat opposite, and ask- “
ed me what they were,’. Ml him they were oysters.
He had thonght so, mit wak not sure. Had Been them
growing in a stranger plane—the branches of trees so
heavily fruited with them- ae almost to break. Told
him I had seen the same thing, but ouly along toe
coasts of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. In the
South the oysters cling to high rocks and drooping
branches of trees, only requiring to be submerged for
a few hours at high tide; while with ns, therltoats of
of winter compel them to keep in deep water.
Mr. Davis spoke of the Coon oysters of the Southern
coast—the long, razor-shaped oysters,growiug ou high
ledges, and referred 4o the negro version of how the
coons obtained their flesh. Tjheir story is„toat the
coon takeB in his mouth a blade of bluebecf, pr mea
dow grass, and when the oyster opens hia shell,drives
the stiletto point of the grass into his flesh, killing
him instantly, so .(bat he has no power to close his'de.
fences. This, though ingenious, is not true. The
coon bites off the thin edges of the shell at one point,
and then sucks out alltoesofterparts of the body'.
In regard to the propagation of oysters, had some
talk, Mr. Davis thinking the spawn drifted iu thp wa
ter unable to control Itself and adhered to the flrat
solid substance—rock, bank, oi- branch—with, which
it was brought in contact. This, I explained, xvas not
so; the oyster, for tile flrat three or four days of his
life, being a tunicated pteropod, able to swim in any
direction he nny please. At the end of this first pe
riod, when he finds a congenial object to fasten upon,
be literally settles down in life and conimehces build
ing himself a house from which there is no annual
“May moving”—no process of ejectment short of
death. *
Talking of the shetl-fish and snails of the ’Southern
coast, Mr. Davis referred to.the beautiful varieties of
helix (builima ininiagulata,' vary rare, and bultlnm
obloncaUi) that may be seen feeing on the wild
orSiige trees of Florida. Also to the sport of harpoon
ing devil-fish by night, first attracting them to the
surface by a fire of pine , knots kindled in a cresset
over the bow of the boat. The skin of the largest
devil-fish ever known, be aaid, had been preserved in
Charleston, its weight when caught being fourteen
hundred pounds. Told him I had seen one caught
about two years before weighing over six hundred
pounds, End the old negroes of the island said it was
the heaviest they had seen. He talked of the mol
luscs and Crustacea of Abe coast, this appearing a fa
vorite subject, and bis remarks being much pleasanter,
though of leas interest, than when given a political
complexion. He possesses a large, varied, and practical
eduoution; the geology, botany, and ail products of
hia section appearing to have in turn claimed his at
tention. Not the superficial study of a pedant, hut
the practical acquaintance of a man who has turned
every day's fishing, shooting, riding, or pic-nicking,
to scientific account.
June 10th.—Mr. Davis out of sorts, very ill-tem
pered. Complained that his clean linen, to be sent,
over twice a week by Gen. Miles, had not been re
ceived. Gen. Miles had taken charge of his clothing,
and seemed to think a change of linen twice a week
enough. It might be so in Massachusetts. But now
even this wretched allowance was denied. The gen
eral might know nothing of the matter; bnt if so,
some member of his staff was negligent. It was piti
ful they could not send his trunks to his cell, but must
insist on thus doling out his clothes, as though he
were a convict iu some penitentiary. If the object
were to degrade him, it must fail. None could be de
graded by Unmerited insult heaped on helplessness
but the perpetrators. The day would come that our
people would be ashamed of his treatment. For him
self, the sufferings he was undergoing would do him
good with his people (the South). Even those who had
opposed him would be kept silent, if not won over, by
public sympathy. Whatever other opinions might be
held, it w-as clear he was selected as chief victim, hear
ing the burden of Northern hatred which should be
more equally distributed.
Speaking of the negroes, Mr. Davis remarked, as
regards their future, he saw no reason why they must
die out, unless remaining idle. If herded together In
idleness and filth, as in the villages established by our
military power, the small-pox, licentiousness, and
drunkenness would make short work of them.
Wherever so herded, they had died off like sheep
with the murrain. But remaining on the plantations,
as heretofore, and employed for wages, they were a
docile and procreative people, altogether differing
from the Indians, and not likely to die oat like the
latter. Tecir labor was needed; and thongh they could
not multiply so fast in freedom as under their former
wholesome restraints, be saw no good argument lor
their dying out.
In ten years, or perhaps less, the South will have
recovered the yiecuniary losses of the war. It has had
little capital in manufactures. Its capital was iu laud
and negroes. The land remains productive aa ever.
The negroes remain, but their labor has to be paid for.
Before the war, there had been 4,000,000 negroes,
average value, $300 each, or total value, two thousand
millions of dollars. This was all gone, and the inter
est upon it, which had been the profits of the negro's
labor in excess of his cost for food, clothing, and
medicines. Still their labor remains; and with this,
and such European labor as will be imported and such
Northern labor as must flow South, the profits of the
Southern staples will not be long in restoring mate
rial prosperity.
The profits of the cotton crop are enormous. Good
rivers, yield a Dale oi *uu pouuua qvi auu-oum..
as high as a bale and a quarter; but this is rare. The
uplands throughout Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
etc. etc., yield about from halt to three-quarters of a
bale; and under the old system of labor, a good negro
averaged ten bales a season. The lands of the ties
Islands ran about 200 pounds to the acre; but its fine,
long, silky, and durable staple made it from twice to
four times the value of other cotton.
In his freedom, if capable of being made to labor at
all, the negro will uot average more than six bales a
year; but as the price of cotton has more than doubled
and is not likely to recede, even this will yield an
enormous profit. Six bales, of 400 lbs. each, will be
w'orth $600 at twenty-five cents per ponnd, while the
cost of this species of labor will be about $150 a year
per hand and found—a profit of certainly not less than
$300 a year on each black laborer employed.
The land will not pass to any great extent from its
former proprietors. They will lease it for a few years
to men with capital, and then resume working it
themselves; or sell portions of it with the same ob
ject, not materially decreasing their own possessions.
When the country is quiet and the profits of the crop
come to be known, there will be a rush southward
from the sterile New England regions and from Eu
rope, only equalled by that to California on the dis
covery of gold. Men will not stay in thamountains of
Vermont and New Hampshire cultivating little farms
of from fifty to a hundred acres, only yielding them
some few hundreds a yea- profit for incessant toll,
when the rich lands of the South, under skies as warm
and blue as those of Italy, and with an atmosphere aa
exhilarating as that of France, are thrown open at
from a dollar and a half to three dollars per acre. The
water power of the South will be brought into use by
this new immigration, and manufactures will spring
up in all directions, giving abundant employment to
all classes. The happy agricultural state of the South
will become a tradition; and the New England wealth,
New England’s graaping avarice and evil passions will
be brought along.
The estimate that a million negroes have died off
daring the war, he considered excessive. They had
fled or been dragged away from their old homes in
great numbers; but much leas than a million, he
thought, would cover their casualties. As to any gen
eral mingling of races, nature had erected ample bar
riers against the crime. Depraved white men occa
sionally have children by black women; but it was
comparatively rare tor mulattoes to have large or
healthy families; and quadroons, though extremely*
amorons, rarely bad children at all. There could be
no danger that Southern white women of the
poorer class, though left greatly iu excess of the
white male population by the war, would either co
habit with or marry negroes. Public sentiment on
the point is so strong they dare not do It; nor had
they auy inclinaton. It would be regarded South aa
crimes against nature are regarded in all civilized
communities.
The blacks were a docile, affectionate, and religions
people, like cats in their fondness for home. Tho
name of freedom had charms for them; but until
educated to he self-supporting, it would be a curse. If
herded together In military villages and fed on ra
tions gratuitously distributed, rum, dirt, and vene
real diseases would devour them off the face of the
earth In a few years. With peace established, they
would return, In ninety-live cases out of the hundred,
to their old plantations, and work for their old mas
ter*. Freedom waa to them an orgle, of wbioh such
aa had enjoyed It were rapidly sickening. While
health luted, and idleness wu uved its pen
alty by Government support, they might get along
well enough. But when tick, starving, and ill-
treated, their flrat wish waa a longing to be back with
tbetr old roasters, and redomictled ou their old plan
tations. Of this, even during the war, and at penalty
of returning to slavery, he bad aeen many instance*—
enough to oouviuce him that with freedom assured, or
Varina Davis
Mr. Duels on the .Vein Snyiund character—Dissen
sions nf the i'unfederate Leaiters—Future if the
South and Southern mark's.
June gift.—Waa called to tlie prisoner, whom I had
UOl seen for a week. Entered with Captain E. A.
Evans, officer of the day. Found Mr. Davie relap
sing nud very drapoudeut. Cnmplaiued again of In
tolerable pains In hie bead. Waa distracted Highland
day by tho unceasing tread of the two eeuliuela In hia
room, and the murmur or gabble of the guards in tb*
outside cell. He aald his caaemeul was well formed
for a torture room of the luqulaltlou. Ita arched roof
made it a perfect whinnering gallery, In which all
aouuda ware Jumbled and repuated. The torment of
Ida head waa so dreadful, he feared ho must low hie
Id* head waa
mind. Alftady hie memory
were Impaired
vision, and hearing,
He had but the remains of one eye
«y*
toft'and*the glariug, whitewashed walls were rapidly
destroying tide. He pointed to a crevice in the wall
where hS bed had been, explaining that he hud
changed to the other side to avoid ita mephitic
v ‘STl'he trial ho had been led to aspect;' had heard
xthtnaT Thle looked aa If the Indictment were tqb*
1. and the action of a Military Ooimnteaiou
* — ■ A . u . J-.U4 aa* 14 Vi lilftat uo itlAU
nothing.
IuSStttutod“"lf so! they might do with' him aa they
pleased, tor bo would not plead, ^<tt Ire^ra- b|#
to toe Justice of the future. A* to taking hie life, that
would be the greatest boon they oould confer on him,
though for the sake of his family he might regret ,III*
manner of ita taking.
Talked with Mr. Davie for aome time, endeavoring
to allay hia irritation. Tha trouble of hia head did
not arias from the cauaes he supposed, but from a tor
pid condition of the liver, and would be fit one* re-
Ueved by a bllloua cathartic which I preaoribed. It
waa impossible that any malarial pqlaona at tbia aaa-
aon at toe year could have influence in hia casement.
The ventilation was through, the place scrupulously
olean; and tha vary whitewash of which he oomptoin-
ed aa hurting hia ayea, wee a powerful dielnfetaWVlf
suoh poisons existed. After tig; action of the medi
cine he would look on the world with* morel*—
view. In regard to hi* expected trial, knewni
never had known anything, and even knowing w<
be forbidden to speak. .
He said he had not mentioned the matter to quaaijoh breaking Into * new c
me, bnt at an ejaculation of impatience, for which hia vjittngtood; Mtthad
intolerable pain must bear the blame. He was no * ‘ “
Stranger to pain, nor aattjy overcome by it.'At BuaO*
’Yleta, though severely wounded, he kept saddle until
state bet
black*
rathor Ita evils to them In their unprepared si
tor uuderetood-the great majority of the
would floek back eagerly. . .
Mr. Devi* sold ho heard my little daughter had un
dertaken to ba bia housekeeper, and sent over hi*
meals. He knew the kind haud uf woman was always
teuderoat lu the greatest grluf. It only needed they
should see misery to wish and labor tor ita relief, un
less some great moral turpitude repelled. He begged
mu to carry to* aasurauce of hi* gratitude,and hoped—
if he might never sec her hlmsttf—that his ahildreu
would some day h tve opportunity to thank the young
lady who bad been to kind to their father.
Mr. Davison Cruelty to Prisoners—Mexico—Turtle
on the .Soulhc 1 n Coast—The Southern leaders an
Aristocracy—Lecture on the Fine Arts, by a
Strange Man In a Strange Place.
June llth. -Called with Captain R. W. Biekley. 3d
Pennsylvania Artillery, officer of the dav. Mr. Davia
etui improving, febrU* symptom* abated, and had
slept, for him, very well to* night before. Thanked
m* for tome fruit eenf vith hia breakfast, and then
•poka or the fruits of tha tropica and their beautiful
adaptation to the wants of toe inhabitant*. Also of
Mexico, It* ettmate and productions; a land for which
God h*d don* everything, and “where only man waa
vile." Considered toe Mexicans not capable of eel*
government; they must he cared for, and It belonged
to America to proteot them. Had the South suooealed
without tb* help of France, tola would have been <ma
of hit flrat cares, and he should not have hesitated a
moment. The South having failed, leaving toe Mirth
more powerful than ever, the duty of establishing a
a eentlnental protectorate wa* imperative, and could
not long be evaded. . t
Mr. Davit remarked that when hie trey of breelMMt
had been brought in that morning, he overheard
on quarter ration* of rqaty bacon anc
yet worse with otnar Southern armlet
in a oountry which hr-* ** 1
time. Shereapn, uAih
bacon and corn. II
•pei
over
forty
trouble in pro^
Colonel Northrop, his Commissary-Genial, had-
mhpy difficulties to contend with;*and, not least, the
incessant hostility of certain opponents of his adminis
tration. who, by striking at Northrop,Really meant to.
strike at him. Even General ,, otherwise so
moderate and conservative, waa finally induced to
join this injurious clamor. There was food, in the
Confederacy, but no means for its collection, the
holders hiding it after the currency had beedtoe de
preciated; and, if collected, then came toe difficulty
of its. transportation. Their railroads were over-
, taxed, and the rolling-stock soon gave out. They
could not feed their own troops; and prisoners of war
In all countries and ages have had cause of complaint.
Some of his people confined in the West and at Look
out Point had been nearly starved at certain times,
thongh he we# knew, or well believed, full prison-
rations had been ordered and paid for in there cases.
Herd men together in idleness within an inciosure,
their anus taken from them, their organization lost,
without employment for their time, and you will find it
difficult to keep them in good health. They ware or
dered to receive prectsely the same rations given-to the
troops guarding them; but dishonest commissaries
and provost marshals were not confined to any people.
Doubtless tha, prisoners ou both side* often suffered
that the officers having charge of them might grow
rich; bnt wherever such dishonesty could be brought
home, prompt pumsbmeut followed. General Winder
andColonel Northrop did the best they could, ue be
lieved ; bnt both were poorly obeyed or seconded by
their subordinates. To hold him responsible for such
unauthorized privations was both cruel and absurd.—
He issued order after order on the subject, and, con
scious of the extreme difficulty of feeding the prisup
ers, made the most liberal offers for exchange—almolt
willing to accept any terips that would fclease
his people from their burden. Non-exchauge,
however, was the policy adopted by the fede
ral Government—just as Austria, in hen later
campaigns against Frederick the Great, refused
to exchange ; her calculation being, that aa heroopu-
ulation was Are times more numerous thau PrfiS&fa’s,
the refusal to exchange would be a wise measure.—
That it may have been prudent, though inhuman,
situated as the South was, he was not prepared toxle-
ny; but protested against being held responsible for
evils which no power of his could overt, and to escape
from which almost any concessions had been offered.
Anxious to hear the opinion of Mr. Davis about the
future of Mexico, I brought back toe conversation to
that point, suggesting that when the country became
quiet, and with our continual influx of Europern im
migration, we might have men and enterprise enough
to resettle Mexico, and colonize out the present indo
lent and inefficient race. ' ,
“The programme might answer," he though “for
the thinly peopled parts, though even there its tulfill-
rneut must be in the remote future. Whe* the Valley
is reached, however, file population is comparatively
dense—twenty to the square mile ; and political econ
omy teaches that no people so numerous’ can be
crushed out by colonization. A new race must come
in to master add guide them, using the present gene
ration as hewers 9f wood and drawers of water, while
educating the,next generation for a happier and foore
intelligent future. It was on a recognition of this ne
cessity toe French Emperor based his scheme of Eu
ropean protection ; but in failing to make terms with
the seceded States, and support them in their struggle,
he proved that his comprehension was not equal to the
problem. The failure of the South rendered a future
of European rule for Mexico impossible.”
June Hth.—Visited prisoner in company with Capt.
Evans, officer of the day. Prescribed for gome slight
return of nervous headache and sleeplessness. Refer
ring to our previoua conversation about the shell-fish,
etc., of the Southern coast, Mr. Davis said that books
of a scientific nature, it allowed him, would keep his
attention occupied, and could do qo harm. Would be
glad to have a lew volumes on toe chonchology, geolo
gy, or botany of the South, and waa at a loss to think
how such volumes could endanger his safekeeping.
Said that the loggerhead turtle appeared a contradic
tion of the rule that nature makes no vain effort—noth
ing that had not a perceivable use. Here, however, wob
an animal averaging from one to three hundred pounds
weight, very plentiful from Hatteras to the Gulf, for
which human ingenuity had yet found no use. But
what part it may perform in the economy of the ocean
mnst of coarse remain a mystery. That it had some
useful mission amongst the denizens ot the deep, all
analogy would . lead us to believe. Early in
the spring they come up' from the Caribbean
Sea and Gulf of Mexico, only approaching
the shore to lay their eggs when the high
tide serves just after du9k of the evening. The male
then remains at the edge of the surf, while the female
crawls up the beach to find a proper place for laying.
The place being selected, she first makes a hole with
her head, then increases its size to about that of a peck
measure, by putting one of her fore-fins into it and
twisting herself around until toe required space has
been scooped out. The eggs are then laid, about
200 in niimDer, nearly the bulk of a hen's egg each,
but with a soft, pliable and very tough white skin. This
done, the packs sand over them to toe proper depth,
and smooths toe place by crawling over U several
times with heavy pressure.
Of these eggs, when undiatnrbed, about eighty per
cent are hatched; in some four or five weeks swarms
of little turtle suddenly breaking out, each about the
size and color o( a ginger snap, and hurrying towards
the water with infallible instinct. The egga have three
active and powerful enemiea—the coon, the crow, and
the negro. The coon hunts the tortle-uest by smell,
as a certain breed of dogs in France hunt the truffle,
and having taken his flrat meal, leaves the nest open
to the crows, who are not long In flniahing what may
be left. The negroes search the shores every morn
ing at daylight in this season, and when they flud the
track maUe^by a turtle’s flippers fallow it up Jocwhere
The loggerhead is famous for its longevity, and occa
sionally weighs from four to six hundred pounds.
Speaking of toe peculiarities of his people—aa he al
ways atyluU the late CaalaLlraU States—Mr. Davis
said they were essentially aristocratic, their aristocracy
being based on birth and education; while the men of
the North were democratic in the masB, making
money the basis of their power and standard to which
they aspired. It always commanded a premium so
cially, and was accepted in lack of other qualities. No
matter how ill-bred or base, no man possessed of vealth
who had not been made judicially infamous, wis ex
cluded from Northern society. This znoney-eluneut
entered into the politics of the North, while at the
South it was, and always had been, powerlew. Al
Northern primary elections and nominating ccnvan
tions, the reina were with him who had monuy to pay
for being allowed control; and the power thus obtained
by money was used to get back what it had cost, and
to treble that sum during ita tenure.
Birth is a guarantee we do not ignore in aiBin;
stock, nor should we in growing men. Which aboulc
be more important—the pedigree of a horse oi which
we stake our money, or that of a man we are aiked to
select for some position of control ? The basis of po
litical prominence at the North has been mon(y first,
and secondly loquaciousness, effrontery, toe arts or
tha demagogue; while at the South—except in die case
of shining talents lifting aome individual to enenenca
by their force—birth, education, and representative
rather thau noisy or showy qualities, formed fie lad
der to distinction. No oue could fail to be impressed
with this difference while attending our Natiouil Con
ventions, Congress, or any other body in whijh the
two sections were represented. Ha must not j)s mis
understood as wishing to imply that we had ip good
blood, uo education, no culture at toe North—fjr from
it, for we knew we had all-in abundance; bu under
our political system, and owing to the vast iutkx of a
foreign population, they were excludad Urdu our
public or representative life. In a word, proninence
at the North has, of late, been obtained eiper by-
money of the man made prominent, or that huserved 1
the money interests of those who pushed bis el ration.
This evil must continually increase with the I crease
of immigration; while at the Souih. birth, ed nation,
and intelligence had been toe chief usual elei ents of
political distinction—the first necessity beie, how
ever, that tho man selected should be a tru repre
sentative of the views of his constituency, thether
those views were rlghht or wrong according t< North
ern notions.
To this representative quality, Mr. Davis wot on.
were due the various positions with which tt South
had honored him. His selection to the chiefiffice of
the Confederacy waa in no manner sought. 1 e rea
sons Inspiring tlie choice were obvious. H was a
MisHssippian; had graduated at the Military A demy;
served with some distinction in the Mexican i >r; bad
large experience In the Military Committee of the
Senate, aud in the War Department. But oni of pis
chief recommendations lay in tola, that after be re
moval of Calhoun aud General Quitman by oath, he
became tho chief exponent or* representative It those
principles of State Sovereignty which tt, South
cherished, and of which, as he claimed, the I hers of
the country hud been tbu founders, Thomas ffersou
tlie inspired prophet, and they thq eloquent postlea.
He was certainly not more responsible for is own
elevation than any of those who had voted to i ike him
President.
June \1th.- Visited Mr. Davis with Captai Korte,
officer of i he day. General Miles, learning .list the
pacing of the two sentinels In his room at s bt dis
turbed Mr. Davie and prevented hit. sleep: ;, gave
orders that the men should stand at eaa* dui ig their
two hours of guard. hgjh^mght^jgd itey.^i tead of
ir him, but cruel ifor tie meu
In one position, aa If icy had
i statues. Feared, i it cost
_. . , w maka then bate h i more,
cause—tlu)iiglilunoe#Dt—of their tnc< venlent
attitude; and there wye pteuty of meu we* ig uni
forms of that color ?H*tel him more tha enough
already.
From this point Mr. Davia glided off to * is con
siderations of statuary, oomuentiug on the rowing
taste for representing animal*, birds end met n pain
ful or impossible attitude* iu the basso rife cost
bronzes, aud other .ornaments of modern ■ lpturc.
Stricken deer ooutorted by death-wounds ; he re with
aides lacerated by the claws of $ cliugl tiger;
partridges, or other birds, choking in a res nr
pierced with arrows; dy lug Indiana, wouudei (ladla
tor*, dylug soldier*—pita or death in «$ery
gride, evened to form toe present staples ft
bronze aud FarUm ornament. Our eculpto made
thetk horses etaud etefually with fore-pews j sed In
air iu su attitude only possible for a momeu to toe
hvtug aulmtl. Such work* were not pleesin; iut toe
reverse. They fretted the reniiblliHre witht ypatn
aud lacked the repo** which, should form t chief
charm of sculpture. The groups of the Lao m aud
Dylug Gladiator ware the ouly eminent work f anti
quity of which he had heard or seen ctiate, whig#
pain or horror had been the elements deph 1; aud
in toelee toe treatment had been to overwl ntngly
grand aa to numb to* aenee Of suffering by t eaten-
dor of their beauty. For modem sculpture, iwever
—the statnare designed for parlor orsar its—he
wished to rermore pleasant themes. The a v of a
wounded dear or blrduould have nothing recoiu
mend It but the Adstlty of imitation with' ch the
agony gjutportrayed; white In the Uoco. mere
W*k toe tSBc atruggte of to* father to ire® i* chil
dren foom. ft* coife at toe serpent, and b ndthe
pytag GUdtetor roejIta the gating circle* o be am
phitheatre—each subject wakening train* ol lought
and emotion which concealed our sente ot nyaical
pain, or only allowed It to obtrude aa a tort < under
tone, orUtepaaoti to the awful beauty of the tore.
3 Mr. Davie, on tote aubjeat, was reallr qun
LA PIERRE HOUSE,
^ PHILADELPHIA.
THIS SUBSCRIBERS hawing leased this favorite
A House, it has been
MISFITTED AND JB^FVRRIflflKD
• IN AN ELEGANT MANNER,
And h now Prepared wit n the Mmt Per
fect Appoint incuts for IhtHMep-
. lieu of Guests.-
Tho first position among first-class Hotel*. will h-
-maintained m the future, as in the past.
' juT-’ tf BAKER A FARLEY.
THE VERANDA HOUSE,
A TWillTE FLUFF, will he open on and after
Monday, the 9tli iust., for the Accommodation
or Boarders.‘transient or permanent.
The subscriber, from bis long experience in the
hust'iess, can safely guarantee the comfort of thote
,who nffiy give hinra call- ,l
tny26-tf MOSES M. BXU8ABIO. <
LITE OAK CLHB HOUSE,
No. 32'0EORGS ffrftEET,
Charleston, South Carolina,
Is now open for the accommodation of transient an
permanent guests.
Choicest Liquors, W ines, Ales and Segu*
ALW AYS ON HAND. _ * * ^
Terms, S9 par Say.
alltf , PETEK JONEB, Proprietor.
CHARLESTON HOTEL,
CHARLESTON, S. C.
mu 13 popalm and well Known Hotel, situated in the
* business portion of tlie city, lias been newly fur
nished throughout by the present proprietor, who has
been sixteen years connected with the establishment.
m2« tl W WHITE, Proprietor.
Port Royal House,
HILTON HEAD, 8. C.
RIDDKLL A
a. a. biddzu..
Jn34f
PaoraiiTOat
■- r. woo.
Miscellaneous.
GEORGIA STATE DIRECTORY:
For 1866 and 1867.
BY CAPT. JOHN C. BRAIN, OF
SAVANNAH, GA.
T HU valuable work of reference will be published
on or about the 1st day of July uaxt. It will
embrace toe exact location of every busiueas and
professional nmn in the S ate of Georgia, aa well aa
the p'lv ire residences.in all the cities, and will be the
most exten-ivo and complete directory ever pub
lished. No business man should be without II, and
none should foil to advertise in It, as it Is doubtless
splendid medium through which to communicate
with substantial classes throughout the country.
Ill the city of New Yolk'alone the publisher
nearly five hundred subscribers, and that list Is dally
ou the increase. The price ol subscription Is within
tile roach o every hu-biess man; however limited hie
means. Tne advertising terms are likewise reason
able.
Capt Bruin mid his General Agent, J. Orris Lea,
of Charleston, muy be conferred wilh at RstiU’g News
Depot, rest- of Port idli. e, ,-ach nay for the next
week, after tlie hour of one P. M. myfio-lu
pacing toeir accUl
waa much pleasant
obliged to stand ao h ,
been bronze .or marl
them suffering, it
Mr. Davia, on tola subject, was really queut,
showing a keen appreciation «C art, and Toe Yegrel
that zay notes report him so la '
mere aatrengeplace for such*
> armed soldiers stu off likh
*■- ‘u . ri cv . ,1 ■
WITHIN TEN DAYS.
T HE undersigned are prepared to supply Planter*
and other parries who muy be In want of WHITE
LABORERS, and have made necessary arrange
ments in the North to tpl any orders for agriculture
Laborers, Woodcut'.is. Mechanics, etc., within Ten
or Twelve days fromt he day the order is given here.
The Laborers are to ,<e received by the Employers
on arrival of the steamer here, and transported to
the points where they are wauled at Employers’
expense, and the Km ploy era have further to pay a
certain sum per head iu advance, partly aa security
and partly lor covering the expenses in bringing the
Emigrants from tlie North to this port.
The rate at which Farming Laborers can be se
cured will average about $160 per year, the Employ
ers finding them. ^
For further particulars apply to
WM. MORVILLE A CO.,
Jones’ Block, Bay street.
One door East of Barnard street,
Savannah, Ga.
REFERENCES:
Jackson A Lawton, savannah.
John W. Anderson & Son. Savannah.
Solomon Oohen, Savannah.
Jno. C, Ferrlll. Savannah.
Nicholls, Camp <£ Co., Savannah
Geo. A. Cuyler, Savannah.
W. R. Fleming, Savannah.
John Screven, Savannah.
Brigham, Baldwin 11 Co., Savannah
Savannah National Bank .Savannah.
m2
epherson SeDbnatil Sm ii fi
BREh'EES OT FINE PALE ALES& PORTF.R
f WEST 18 T -ST 7 8r8AVF? NF.W YORK
WHE undersigned having fiefena’pjkrfmea sole agents
• for tlie city for the above, well known and su
perior Ale, (warranted to stand in auy climate), are
now prepared to supply the Bamu lu package* to salt
purchasers.
apis Smo CUNNINGHAM. PURSE A CO.
KNICKERBOCKER
LIFE INSURANCE CO.,
I 1 i?«JliJ'
•n a
Of New York City*
!N"o. 89 Bay Stre *
SAVANNAH. GA.
^Policies Issued and Losses Paid
AT TBXS OPFIOH.
CREDITS
Given to holders of Mutual Policies of
SO PER CENT.,
if desired, when- the premium amonuts to
$50 or more, and is paid annually.
DIVIDENDS
made to holders of Mutual Policies as follows;
PAID IN CASH,
APPLY ON PREMIUM NOTES, or
ADDED TO THE POLICY.
The latter or REVERSIONARY DIVI
DENDS declared by this Company in. 1865
were from FORTY-POUR to ONE HUN
DRED AND TWENTY PER CENT., ac
cording to age.
G R E A T SOUTHERN
PAPER WMMR
. AND
Depot forPrintera’Supplies
210 Bay Street, Savannah 6a.
Ten Year, Non-Forfeiture,
ENDOWMENT,
Life Policies
Issued by this Company.
No Extra Charge for Southern Residence
Directors:
Hinry Balaam, President Merchants’ National
Bank.
Colon*! Wm. S. Rockwell.
B. A. Crake, or Crane A Graybill.
Jorm D. Hopkins.
A. A. Solomons, of A. A. Solomons A Co.
K. A. SOtTLLARD.
*- J. Moses, ot Brady, Smith A Co.
Fred. M. Hull, of Holcombe A Co.
M. A. Cohen, Secretary Home Insurance Co.
A. WILBUR, General Manager
WM. R. BOYD, Agent.
Dr. B. YON OK, Exiulala, Phyilclaa.
Dr. R. O, ARNOLD, Coasaltlng Fkyilc’a.
ieMf
ACCIDENTS,
Pioneer Company
OF THK SOl’TH.
THE SOUTHERN
Accident Insurance Co.,
menuis, VA.
Authorized Capital, $1,000,000
INSURES AGAINST
ALL ACCIDENTS,
Giving the holder ol an Annual Policy the
lull amount insured in cose uf death, and
compensation each week, if disabled, for a
period
NOT EXCEEDING TWENTY-SIX WEE
SHORT THE Pi
($3,000 FDR TKN CRNT81)
Travellers' Tickets, from one to thirty
days, may be bad at the Railroad Ticket
Offices, Steamship Agencies, and st the
Office of the General Agent.
The Stock of this Company Is exclusively
in Southern hands, and represented by a
Directory widely and favorably known.
We, therefore, appeal with confidence to the
good will and patronage of the
public.
1JLATNKR A BOSWORTH keep'consi
L a laigo stock of Ledger, Wri
lai go stock of Ledger, Writing and trapping
Paper,, ot all sizes and weights; also, Bladen' Boards,
Card Boards, Printers' Cards, Envelopes, Twines and
Printing Inks.
Having had long experience In the business,
buying our goods in large lots direct from the ■
iHcturers enables us to compete with New York
prices
Agents Cot Wade's celebrated Printing Ink*; Agents
In tills city for the limb Paper Mills.
The lily ii Oh I cash pi ices paid fur all kind* of
t ark
THE LAWYERS' TEST OHM
United States District Court
Southern District of
treorghi.
Argument of
HON. HENRY S. FITCH,'
brtmte aud partEn ornament. Our eculpto made «*****•,
TJ. H. District Attorney.
IN PAMPHLET FORM.
PRICE F’lV’ 1'KKN cents.
Fqrealehy
ESTILL St BROTHER,
Bull street, corner Bay lane,
SCHREINER. A SON,
Congreaa *t«*t,
And
natoMwithin s datoto hare given origin inch’* ceivetL above tax for the peat rnoak
mlad to a Uetore so the ■etoatlce of xtpoae iltedki -■ Ht. T.
COOPER. OLCOTTS A FARRELLT.
*4 tf ■
/NOTICE.
B Y the Ordinance 1
the 27th day of I
gross sales of every ('
Bey payable.in
*. City Treasurer,
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE.
LEXINGTON, VA.
r E BOARD OF VISITORS will meet at the Vir
ginia Military institute on the 27th of June, to
make appointment* of Cadeu. Applications for State
and pay Cada* appointiaoBU will be made to the un
deratened, accompanied with the anal testimonials
moral character
tor appointment moat l>e exempt from
of age* between 16 and 2* years, and
let applicants, must satisfy
Itytomeet the expenses of
thfflaktftattoo, .
tor edmintiOB most be tbte to read and
' to perform with tociUty and accuracy
—of the four ground rule* of
MR of Ample and com; cram]
rar and decimal fraction*.
" ~tltrlct) will
it charge.
I» toe Board
ttoc
OFFIOXm
PRESIDENT AND TREASURES,
. COL. MAURICE S. LANGHO
VINE PRESIDENTS,
GEN. JOHN B. GORDON, of
GEN. HARRY T. HAYS, of LoSsll
GEN. JOtilf B. GORDON,
Chief dgent at Atlanta, Ga ,
Agent for the State
o. c.
my23
MYERS,
General Agent,
SAVANNAH, GA
TUB O-RUffi.
SOUTHERN AND WESTERN
Life and Accident
INSURANCE COMPANY
N"ew Orleans*
Capital,
$300,000
GEK. JAMES L0K6STREET, Presifeil.
AH FHtFAktD O
TAKE RISKS
Reaaonable Terms.
WILLIAM C. COSKNS, Agent,
WTgl-tr At Marine Rank
THE OGLETHORPE
of Vtelton to maintain the high
In rail
character
or thelnattta.ta, and to pat in fall operation ita well
- ~ OttinSIWyiltol nfdUdptlne and taatruc-
ot the lnatlflitlon wiU
toe «:u of July. The
on toe 2Tth of Jane,
omnlittd The public
if tnin estrdKi
Man will be
FRANCIS H. SMITH.
Superintendent
please Insert tax times,
Insurance Comp’y
of aaiMMiiaH
Are prepared to take
tFire Risks on Reasonable Terns.
At toeir Office, 117 Bay Street.
M. W. MERCER. President
W, STEELE,
J. T. Taoiua, Bee.
II MuftSbrIb*Swr, MH— H«Ri,gff. C«
AaM comer MUkgemMMeorge Me., Charleston,
and Bat all
H. W. Mercer
O. & Hardee
William Banter
A. 8. Hartrldge
A. Porter
R. Morgan
J. Stoddard
J. T. Thomas
Dirmotorn:
M. 8. Cohen
J. Lama
J. W. Nentt
D G. Faroe
a. Fullerton
■* J. McMahon
U J. GaUmartto
F. W.8Uns
ft Tenhtteott
E.P. CUton.4
4. W. Knott,]
B-*.RoaAl*
W. H-Xoun*. Oatomhna
S'SHra Claret Wine.
and peeeagr money payahtt.In .ir- ■ pu r
kCtoMi
STib* I
WINE tor ante by
R. W. MARSH** Cto.
Qomer Wbttafc*rudCoagrea**tre«t*.
Rockland Lime,
FJUVHCla COBB’S MANUFACTURE.
JO0 BBL8 tat qnaBty. now