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VOL. II.)
ATHENS, GEORGIA: PRINTED BY ALEXANDER M’DONNFLL, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, iso.
( From Mitchell's Tour t Niagara.)
Reajons for fufpofmg that the great
Lakes of North America were ori
ginally comfefed of Salt water .
The remains ef marine animals
througout the continents of the earth
hive long been cited as proofs that
the ocean foranerlly covered them;
fithcphytrus and tcft’ccous fub
ftances are fo numerous and dilhn
guifhable, that in the prefent cafe
the mind is eafily led to this conclu
fion. They abound the greater
part of the way from Cayuga to
Buftaloe and Erie through the coun
tries of Seneca, Ontario, GennelTee
and Niagara, a diftance of more
than one hundred miles. They
ere found dfo in Montgomery,
Madifen, St. Lawrence, Oneida an.d
other counties. At the remarkable
fuiphurcus fpring in the town, of
Ptlphs, eleven miles Northweft of
Geneva, they appear like coralines
and madrepores. On both fides of
the GenndTee and Tcnewanto fi
vers, they reieisibie marine fhefls,
while, on the Eaft and Weft baoka
of Niagara river, they affurae, in
addition to the already enumerated
forms thefe that have ermnectifly
been called wafpfaefts and honey
combs. In fomefcafes thefe calcar
eous pet**ifa£tions are blended with
py rites j and in others, they are
impregnated with a petroleum or
bituminicus matter called Seneca
oil. On viewing thefe appear
ances, the mind recurs t© the un.sf
cenamed time when oceanic writer
or the primitive globe rolled over
this land, and afterwards on the
emergence of the latter, withdrew
to valleys and lower
The faiine waters were thus collect
ed in the places they have /ince
occupied, while the upland became
bare and dry, on the fubfidence of
the deluge.
It may therefore be reasonably con
cluded that the inferiors lea, now
mi fc ailed lakes, were originally
filled with fait water. Their pre
lent frefnaefs, on this fuppcfiti©o,
is the confequence of the dilution
they have undergone, changing
them from briny ftas to frefb. lakes.
1 o underftand the fubjeft, let On
\ Erie and the Upper Lakes of
i- : ith America, he compared with
the colkThons of fak water, In the
other pens of the world. The
Cafpian is naturailjf fait, and retains
that quality he erne there is no out
let, the waters it receives by the
rivers and rains are fo nearly bal
anced by that which goes off by
evaporation, that this refervoir has
never burft its boundary. The like
cbk*rvatin applies to the Lead Sea
1n Syria. The exhalation from its
fur face Gems to be flip plied from
T ’--c irfiux of the Jordan. And
‘•her* has bsen no ft fficient accumu
'3tion to force a psifage out. Ihe
Mediterranean has a communication
Foreign Correspondent
* ** v*'.
GEORGIA EXPRESS.
MANY SHALL RUN Tft AND FRO, AND KNOWLEDGE SHALL BE INCREASED.
with the Atlantic, Sc its faltnefs.is
preferved by the fupplies it re
ceives through the Herculean Straits
near Gibraltar. The fame remark
may be made concerning the Euxine j
though the large and numerous
freffi rivers which empty into it,
co-operating with its more Nor
thern and cold ficuation, impel the
faline part of it through the Terra
cian Bofphorus and Straits of the
Dardanelles into the Archipelago.
Should the fup.pl y through the
Danube, the Dnieper, the Dmefter,
the Don and other tributary rivers
be mere cor. fide table than the
quantity carried off in vapor, the
Black Sea muft find a difeharge in
to the Egeaa, and a diminution of
its faltnels by dilution with river
water, be the confequsnce. It is
accordingly well underftood that
the Euxine is undergoing the frUh
ening procefs, which has long ago
been completed in the great Ame
rican lakes. The Mexican prefents
a cafe, which ftrengly corroborates
tins doftrine. Of the two lakes
which impart health and conveni
ence to the city of Mexico, the up
per one is frefh & the lower fait.—
The fait is not a muriate, but a
carbonate of feda, like that of the
Nitrian pools of Egypt s the argu
ment lofes none of its force on that
account. . Two /beams which enter
the upper lake have wafhed out the
alkali, and carried it down to the
l®wer bafon. From this latter in
dry feafor.s, more water goes off by
exhalation than come in by the cur
rent. Exten&ve ffioals are left bare
and enarufted with aikelinc cryftala
which the natives gather and fell,
when from copious rains this lower
lake rifes above a certain height, it
overflows as fome other ponds are
known to do, and finds an occafion
al outlet.
The inland Gas of North Ame
rica differ from all thofe cafes, ex
cept that of the upper lake ©f Mex
ico. They are unlike the Cafpian
and Judean feas, becaufe thefe latter
have no sutlers. They vary from
the Mediterranean and Euxine intf
much as their fupplies are abundant,
and the outlets of the American
lakes pals along fuchdeclivities, and
are fo rapid and precipitous, that
the current always lets vehement
one way, and wholly prevents a re
flux, and they can fcarcely receive a
more apt and happy illuftration
than the Mexican lakes afford.—
Their original faltnefs may there
fore be conceived as having been
fudjeffed to inceffant dilution, and
the frelhened waters as having left
their refer veirs never to flow back.
Under fuch circumftances where
the fait water was conftantly going
forth and the rrefh water running in,
it muft neceffarily have happened,
that the former would gradually be
exhaufted and its place occupied by
the latter. Thus, it may be con-
ceived, that the ancient faltnefs of
our lakes was loft. When howe
ver we furvey the marine exuviae
on their fhores we can with difficul
ty refufe full credit to thefe evi
dences of the former ftate of
things.
When alfo we refleft that Erie
abounds with Burgeons, who never
vific the ocean, we muft conclude
that a fiffi, which uftd ca migrate
fiom fea to river, and from fait to
feffi, has gradually been weaned
f om his marine habits, and become
a peiLA frefli water animal. The
Salmon of Ontario is believed by
feme to be a witnefs of the fame
faft. Since the tranfitien, it is faid
he has acquired the faculty of living
without brine, and become content
ed with the unfalted water of his
mtive lake.
LONDON Augustus.
By the new Swedifh conftitution,
waich has. lately been made public
atStockholm, in five fheets quarto,
the king is to be affllted by a coun
cil of date, confiding of nine mem
bers, by whole advice he makepeace
or war, and tranfafts all important
affairs. All public offices muft be
filled by natives. The king has
the fupreme command of the land
and naval forces. The royal age of
maturity takes place at twenty.-
Should the male branch of the toyal
family becom extinft, the council
governs until the dates are con
voked. No prince royal can
marry without the confent of the
Bates.
, August 29.
The people of England are at
length beginning to awake from
the delufive dream by which they
have been amuled for the lad month.
The expedition, as we predicted,
and as every perfon of common un
derstanding might have forefeen, is
about to return, without having ac
complished the avowed ohjed for
which it was prepared. Whether
a difference of opinion among the
fupertor officers does ©r dots not
exiftj whether col. Congreve did
or did not tome hme for order?,
with refpedi to the ulterior objefts
of our armament, we will not un
dertake to fay -but this wc know,
that our force has lingered before
ficondary objects, until the grand
primary objeilt of the expedition is
believed to be now unattainable.—
Thus ends the conqueft of Holland,
and expuifion of king Louis. Even
Flufiling, aimoft the firft fruits of
our efforts, is already threatened, cz
compelled to (land on the defenfivc!
When we look back even but a
few weeks, and reflect on the op
probrious calumnies, with which
every one prefuming to doubt the
full fuccefs of the expedition, was
leaded, we furely may be excufed
for exclaiming—what infatuation!
The accomplilhmert of the ulte-
(No. 75.
rior objefts of the expedition feeras
to be completely given up, and the
belief is now’ very generally preva
lent that the operations of the ex
peditions in Holland are at an end.
r l he aimoft univerfal queftion now
is, where does the expedition go
next—fome fay to Sicily—fome to
Cadiz—others to Lifbon—Peijt/’wt?
it will puzzle ©ur v
ters to know where to feno| U e ra p t ,.
We now relinquifh all hope 01 ‘lne' 1
power of England being ufu3lly dl
re<fted by men who have fo repeat
edly exhibited proofs of utter inca
pacity in that refpedL
In what part of the peninfula the
late Sir A. Wellefley will receive
the notification of his exaltation to
the rank of Vifcount, is uncertain—
for brilliant as is the luftre reflected
on the Britilh army and command
er, by their gallant defence at Ta
lavera—they have retreated—are
retreating—and muft retreat, before
a difeipiined and experienced force,
of acknowledged numerical fuperi
oricv.
From Germany, we are without
intelligence. Amongft the next
that is received may be anticipated
peace between France and Auftria ;
and long before Chriffmas, we ap>
prehend, that neither on the Great
Feninfula, nor on the continent c£
Europe, with the exception of Gib
raltar, will there be one Britiffi re
giment,
Laft week William Conftable &
Richard Cockcroft, two manufac
turers, were apprehended at Hull,
for preparing to leave this kingdom
for America,
The dominions of Hanover, to
the amount of two millions oflivres
yearly, have been diftributed by
Bonaparte among his generals and
rninifters, The following have the
largeft grants: —■
Bertnier, Bernadotte, Mortier,’
Duroc, Key, Angereau, Maffena,
Caulincourt, Davouft, Gault, Lefe
bvrt; Lebrun, Beffieres, Junot,
Vic)or, Fcuche, Cftampagny, De
eres and Creteto
Glasgow, Aug. 24.
Extra?, of a letter from a gentleman
at Dornoch y to bis friend in Glaf
gozt'y dated v/tb Aug. 18(59, re
ceived m town yefterday.
“ I have to relate one of the meft
awful and the moll melancholy ac
cidents that ever occurred in this
part of rhe world. Laft Wedneiclay
being the fair-day ar. Tain, the fer
ry boat in croffing from that fide to
the fouth fide, funk, and the whole
on board perifhed, amounting no
upwards of 120 fouls, among whom
were Sheriff M £ Cu!loch, Mr. John
Lnfiie, merchant, and Label his lif
ter, Szc. There were upwards of
20 from the town and 63 from th *
Parifti. It is eafier for you to
conceive than for in: to deferibe
the awful fi liation of the whole
