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j>y g. HOSE & CO. T c,[VPU W & S. BOSE, Editors. I r e 1C M 8 • I- r.anid journal H Messenger is piibli*hed eve- I .rtViSSy morning in the city of Macon, nt the |,;ilotng re dl(El RATE: „ m :A ttriclly in advance, per year, @2 50 unpaid v> advance 2 00 I Lid HU l>‘ r ,ml °f t! "’ year - 4 00 1 l ... terms will he rigiilly enforced, without re flie above n |H o | )jecl 0 f ,| ie Publishers is to do spool to P'T'-rlv as possible upon the cash principle— btsiwf “ P ( |j e j r subscribers should reap the profits prefrmngm 0 a4 , elltsan d collector*. In no case *bicb r of the State unless first paid reference is given in Macon or its neI ?I!woTNPMBNT3 inserted nt the usual rates— ADVERT ‘ wh( , n lmn ,ied in, will be inserted till i those not limit j ltl( . ount will be allowed to persons l, ’ r) " J i b 'lbvthe yefir, and who pay on demand. wl Ttl marriage notices, and obituary notices o/ ocer 4 Ctlfhe charged at the usual rates. U of candidates for office,to be paid \ll ami ral , B w hen inserted. rrl’ aUrran-rcinents made with County Officers, I Auctioneers, and others, who may wish to uiakr banted eontiae . oliserve the following: K7fU fflhpl, by Hxecutors Adn,nt,s- L L and Guardians, are required by law to be adver- SiUn public gazette, sixty days previous to tlic day 01 IV*. Hales must be held on the first Tuesday in the 1 h bo ween the hours of ten in the forenoon and Ktffie afternoon, at the Court House in the county “njatlesTpSai’ must be advertised in ‘‘Nonce‘to Debtors and Creditors of an Estate must be that application will b.t made to te Court of r t’d e ms or Letters of Administration must be puh- LL‘a ;*irty duvs-for Dismission Iron, Administration, Lssdiiy su month* —for Dismission from Guardian- of mortgage must be published LVthlu for four mouth,- lor establishing lost papers, \j he full spare of three mo/itAs—for compelling u k l trom Executors or Adimnistratore where a bond lias been given by the deceased, the full space of three ‘betters on business to be post-paid. Millinery and Dross Making. MRS. WORTHINGTON, m- RESPECTFULLY informs the Ladies of Ma i-'con and vicinity, that she is prepared to execute jny orders in the above line, in a neat and fash ■enable manner. f BLEACHING. —All kinds Leghorn and Straw honiieu bleached and altered in the latest style—also, Ccntiemeu’s Panama, Straw and Leghorn Hats bleach td and pressed in a superior manner. She is confi dent from a thorough knowledge of the business, of E v h'satisfaction to those who lavor her with their fctraV lit Residence over Messrs. Graves, K': jd &. Co’s Store. I Macon, March 8 49 3m 1 Pinos 1 PIANOS!! JUST received from J. C flickering, & Clark (with and without Cole- Hn £ * Inman's Julian attachment,) Lemuel Gil n ; others, a line assortment ot PIANO FORTES. .0114 and well known reputation of these instru precludes the necessity of puffing. We have a assortment of wood and brass instruments of H kl uryriptions, consisting in part of Seraphims, Gui- V.-nins, Accordians, Flutes, Bugles, Trouiboons, Comonions, Opheclides, Mellodions, Violin- Drums, Bites, Concert Hornes, &c. &c. Fash- j r music instruction books lor Piano, Guitar, | H*;e and Violin, Violin and Guitar Strings,&.c. Slc., Ku,:! and Silver Watches of the finest quality, Jewel- S. or Spoons of pure silver, Castors, Candlesticks, Lamps, &.C. Watches and Clocks repaired in the most perfect and warranted. Thankful for past favors, hope to receive a share of public patronage, for ’h we will give value received. I BRUNO Ac VIRGINS. H Macon, Jan 12 41 6m ■ WOOD AND BRADLEY, ■ maiwtactukems and dealers in Bdugf AIIINET FURNITVE ■BBSS JITTn CHAIRS. V r OULD most respectfully inform the citizens of Macon, and public generally, that having avaii- Hl hiemselves of the services of some of the very best j rkmen, and having a supply of the best, materials, prepared to make to order any article in their line. to our present stock, such as Dining, Tea, | re, Side, Work, Toilet, Quartette and Sofa Tables; Ottomans; Tettetetes; Foot-stools; Secreta- H-, Desks and Book Cases ; Ladies’ Work Boxes and Desks ; Piano Stool; Looking Glasses and Plates of ull sizes : Gilt, Mahogany and Walnut of all sizes for Pictures and Portraits ; Cane Setu-es and Counter Stools ; Mahogany ami Wal- B Chairs, Plush and Hair Cloth Seats ; a great varie -81-1’ curled Maple and Walnut Cane seats and other . Rocking Chairs of patterns too numerous to and Pine Bedsteads, cheaper than ever ; Win w Shades, new, beautiful and rare patterns ; Feath- Feather-Beds ; Muttrusses of curled Hair, Cotton iiave many articles not enumerated or introduc m this market. Manufacturers —For sale, Fumitue Varnish, Walnut, Plush,and Veniersaqd Bed Posts. R fumitue repaired neatly and with dispatch. Solas and Chairs reseated or covered with llair or Cane. Nov. 3,1847. 6m—tf B Pisino Fortes. subscriber respectfully informs the citizens of Beorgia, that Ir* has the Agency for the sale ot IS from a manufactory in New York—the urti- is of the best workmanship and materials, me latest style, very superior at low prices.— wishing to purchase, can see one ot these in- die suliscribePs residence. ■ X( JAMES VAN VALKENBURGH BMacon, Jantj, 1848. 40 ts I SADDLES! SADDLES! MORRIS Sc WEBTCOTT have on hand S|S. * lirat rate aanortnient of SADDI.KS, H AR- T * NESS and C A RRIA(. K TRIM MINGS, ol ■ i.ndi, which they will aril at prices to suit the times ■air tacilities are such that they can sell lower than ■v 11 her establishment of the kutd in the city. E' lv '’ tut call before you hay, wall we aak fora re ■mmcndation. RKPAIRING done at reduced prices, ■ ’ “ rkinan-like manner. li,?’ 0 ” Avenue,next door to A. J. Sc D. W. Orr. W*c 3, I*l6. 43 fa 1 . AO * \HKI YGKK \ HARNESS. Ot Loiun. & VViixojson hnve on hand, ut their old ataud on Mullierry D street, Macon, one of the most exlen- R “'Hi valuable stocks of ready made H CARRIAGES, BUGGIES, SULKIES, I Ac# Ac* Ac# B. found in the Southern Stales. Customers cun In* ■T‘fjdanrd either with Northern mucles or with ■T () ■ Domestic manufacture, us they prefer. Their K, 1 ~i;‘ trrinU it very superior, and their workmen Bn by ny hi the Northern shops, They Britter?’ WMrra,, t every article which they oiler Ktv niiH * etd niIWU,t, J that,lor extent,beauty ,vu- Bn. i “ w ' ,r knmnship f tltetr present stock is not sui- South. made to order, and all kinds of ■ p UJWdoUo w th neatness and despatch. on the most accommodating terms, ■Lr /l 1 !* 1 ’ Axle*, Steyn, Hand*, I.amp*, Coach B himnli/' 1 * an, l l-f other, l’luted ami Ja ■m fa arnt ” ,iuntln d* i I‘oini*, Oil*, Car 5i B PINE spring goods. U , now receiving a very superior! D i"** “#'* Vosliitits lor Sprint! i 1 Ul 7 *"■ |>r. |.nr. dto make uii ill line style HU ) laoderui ■ Ic-rms, particularly lor Cash. ■ March s I'KTER Sl JAIUSTKTTKU. ■ - 411 mm|i ull’h. ■J b r * 1 "11 1 1 resiartlally inform the rill ■u",,l | )r “ , ;"".urna || "f ||, i{ country and all pur s’ l DRV a ° ODS ’ ■tii Ul j,, ‘ 111 rcusrmalrle prices. Aim.nu Ins “‘J; 1,1 “••"ellmiu entirely new lor l.adies 1 | ‘’"'i l"’ I.nn,mime, Hrnclie Ihesilletiea, | >' Ih ianesand Silks, Oriental a ms, (a ri Inn, Scotch K r>l *’ H, K M,,’' '** .fueonet, Nstisook, Mill ■ “ I.n.itV l ‘ ,l, V' <:u '' l *'cHdMs. Hard I’ve 1)1- ** laliV ”" r Broad Cloth", ('us! me res, |Bl “ ,^r ‘ ‘'"."n, s, ‘eetinj/. cotton nnd silk ’ m,|, . ’ ‘llls,hiowu nml blenched sheeting m ■ v., i.' v *'’ ( ,r l” inns. K n*ra. A c Ate fo* v,, variety ol ihikmlh usually kept BB'.‘ % v, ‘■ to nil come and ex n mine H‘ Vron / “"'lollht tl,,* ( onhls Will plensc H ‘ ,fl rf t, next door to G. IT. /Vict'i. (!>cort|in Journal mb 4Ucssctu]cr, NEW GOODS! NEW GOODS!! rpHH subscriber would respectfully call the attention I. of the citizens of Macon and trading community generally, to the extensive and carefully selected slock ot Sptin; r >iii<l Summer Goods which is now ofiered for sale at the lowest market pri ces. From the unusual care and pains taken in* his se lections from the different importing house s in N. York, he flatters himself with the hope ofluiiiH able to give en tire satisfaction to all who may favor him with a call; Ilia stock is not Hiirpasseil by any in the city, in variety, Hlyle, quality, &.c. Among othei articles he is now receiving and opening, I French, English and American Prints, Furniture do. ! Fiiiiey rul'd,checked,striped&. plaid Ginghams, Organ drys & striped Chambrays,Fancy col’d A strip’d Lawns Mourning do. and Mourning Balzarine Prints, French Muslins, do. (iinghnmsuud Bnrugr LlrrsH Patterns, a great variety, Colton llalzorines, French Jaconet and Cambrics and India Lawns, White Jaconet, Checked, Corded, Cross-barred, Swiss and Book Muslins, 10-4 and 12-4 Linen Sheeting, Pillow-case Linen, fi, 10 A 12-1 Bleached and Brown Sheeting, Damask Towel ing, Do. Table Cloth, Bird's-eye, Scotcli and Russia Diapers, Irish Linen, Nankeens, Cottonade, Colored and Plaid Domestics and Fancy Plaid Linen, White, Colored, Brown and Black Cotton Hose, Colored, White ond Black Silk Hose ; with a general and as sorted slock of READY-MADE CLOTHING, the goods carefully selected in the pieces and made to or der after the latest and most Insliionable styles, and al so a variety ot Gems. Dress Goods. Notice. THF. subscriber will constantly have on hand here nndut hisshopin Forsyth, n general stock of the best article of home Manuluctured NEGRO SHOES, with every description of Leather. Fine BOOTS and SHOES made to order as his shop in Forsyth. ISAAC WINSHIP. At the stand formerly occupied by A. ./. I) IV. Orr, on the corner of Cotton Avenue 6( Cherry St. Macon, March 8 4y IMoticc to lllercliaiiis. THE subscribe™ take this method of informing the Merchants ot Middle and Southern Georgia, and Alabama, that they are making at the Flint River Fac tory, jn Upson county, a very superior article of Shirt ing, 7-8 wide. They offer this article to the friends o. Southern interprize and industry as cheap or cheaper, than it can be obtained from the North ; while it is in every respect much superior. It is remarkable for the strength and roundness ot the thread,and for the smooth ness and compactness ot the cloth. Specimens may be seen at Ross &. Brothers, in Macon, Richards Jeffer son’s, Columbus, and at Herrington’s in Griffin. Merchants and others wishing an article ot the kind, and who are disposed to uatromze Georgia labor and skill, would do well to call and examine the gooila. It can be had low, and if necessary on time. FLINT RIVER MANUFACTURING COM’Y Fat) 23 47 9 t HOUSE KEEPING ARTICLES. LOGAN &. ATKINSON have just received and oiler for sale, Carpetings, Rugs; Blanket,, Tick ings, 10-4 and 12-4 Linen Sheeting and pillow case Linens; 10-4 and 12-4 Cotton Sheeting and pillow case Cotton; Irish Linens; American and F.nglish Long Cloths; table Linen and table Cloths and Napkins; Russia, Scotch and Hucaback Towellings; furniture Calico and furniture Dimity; Table Covering of vari ous kinds; 10-4, 11-4 and 12-4 Blankets, of best makes; Woolen and Cotton Flannels, all qualities; Striped. Plaid and Embroidered Curtain Muslins; colored and white Marseilles Quilts; together with their usually large variety of black anj colored Dress Silks, Cash meres, Plaid Goods, Shawls, Worked Collars, Ameri can and British Prims, Silk and Cotton Hosiery, Gloves, Hdkts,, &.C., &c , to which they invite the attention ot their friends and the public generally. —Cloths, Cassi meres, Sattinets, Kentucky Jeans, Kerseys, Linseys, English, French and American Tweeds, Vestings, just received; which we will sell at the very lowest prices LOGAN &. ATKINSON. sept 29 26tf. RICH SILKS AND CASHMERES. THE undersigned have received anew nnil beauti ful stock of Rich F’all Dress Silks and Cashmeres, consisting in part of plain changeable, striped and plaid, Gro de Rhine, Gro de Royaie, Gro de Algier, Gro de Pekin, Satin de Chine, Ottoman and other DressSilkd* black Taffeta, Poult de Soule, Satin Russe, Gro Grain, plain, striped aial watered Silks, lor Scarfs. &.C.; new style rich printed Cashmeres-, striped and plaid .1 lous seline de I.aine, in various patterns: super plaid Cash meres-, Lupin's best qualities F’rencn Alermoes of all shades; Gale. Clarence and Oregon Plaids; Worked Collars and Capes-, embroided, revere, hemstitched and corded I eiwn and Linen Cambric Hdk’fs.; Silk and Cotton Hosiery, Gloves, Slc , All of which will be sold by the piece or otherwise, at usually low prices. LOGAN &, ATKINSON. sept 29 26 ts. Crockery and Glass Ware. DINING and Tea Sets, superfine Stone and China Ware, Liverpool and Plain Ditto, Plain, and F'luited Glass Ware of every description, Tumblers, Decanters, Wines, F'ruit Baskets, Pitchers, Ac., a very large and general stock just received by. LOGAN & ATKINSON, sept 29 26tf. Griswold’s Cotton Gins. THE Subscriber is better prepared than ever before, lor lnaiiulacturing a superior article of GINS, hav ing procured better materials, better workmen, better machinery for doing work, and added all new improve ment suggested by past experience. The previous ce lebrity of these Gins since hia introduction of the Pat ent Water Boxes, has increased their sales to over one thousand in a single season. No exertion will be remitted necessary to render them worthy of a still higher reputation. Engage ments can be made on accommodating terms, either with his Agents, who will call on Planters generally, or by letter directed to him, at Clinton, Jones county, Georgia SAMUEL GRISWOLD. March 15 50 3m* Taylor's Celebrated t'otfon dins. mHE undersigned inform the public, that they have X been appointed Agents for the sale of those celebra ted COTTON GINS, manufactured by E. T. Taylor Al. Cos. formerly of Girard, Ala. but now of Columbus, Ga., where is established one of the most exten sive and complete manufactories in the South. The materials used are of the best quality. The machinery is all new, and constructed on the most approved plans for the manufacture of Cotton Gins. The machinists and workmen employed in thaestab lishment are skillful and experienced in the business ; and they have made such improvements in the mechan ism So coiißtruction of the Gins that they feel certain, in every case, to furnish a Gin which will perform admi rably well, and give the purchaser entire satisfaction. In the way of recommendation, we need only say, that we furnished several hundred of the late improved Gins to planters in various imrts of the country during the season, and not one of that number has tailed to give general satisfaction, both in speed and the sample of Cotton. Bar ORDERS can be sent to E. T. Taylor & Cos. by mail, or contracts made with their Agents who arc travelling through the country. GINS will be sent to any part of the country, and in ail cases warranted to perform well. Persons addressing the Proprietors by mail, will di rect their letters to Columbus, Gu N. OUSLEY At SON. March 22 51 Masiejr’i Improved lotion Gins THE suliscrilier is now nrepared to manufacture a *u |**rior article of COTTON (11NS, having procu red materials ol the l>eat quality and being supplied with the best of workmen. Resides he is now mukmg con siderable addition to his machinery, which will enable him to furnish as good gins, and on as reasonable terms, as uny factory in the State. The Hulocnber has the exclusive right of Simpson's Patent, (for applying mctnlic rubber to drums, pullies, Ate ) for some fifty of the best cotton growing counties in i m State , which lie intends applying to his ns when required. And it is certainly ol great advant age to the cotton gin, for it not only requires out third less power to propel it, where the metalic rubber is ap plied, but the gin, running geer. and every thing con nected with it, will last hh much longer in ptoportion. 1 believe there is no one of common sense but will ad mit. that the lighter machinery of any kiud can run, the longer it will Inst. It nppenr* that a great many persons peeler what is called u water butt to all such 1 would say, that it is not worth oil' 1 cent for the purjroae recommended—that is lo prevent the gin from takuig Are, for this simple rea son, n gin never takes fire irotnthe box, hut invariably from the brush inside the gin, (when it takes lire at ail.) Rut as every man has lus own notions, 1 will furnish a I box ol tuy own invention (to ail who may requite it,) equal to the patent water box. N 8.-Uifli sent to any part of the country, and in every case warranted to perform well. Latter* addressed to the subscriber at .Macon, Ga., will receive prompt attention. O. W. MASSEY. MsrehW It lv l ine riitiitstlion Tor feitlc. THE subscriber intending to remove to Alnbs ’Py inn, for the punxiot of taking ptraonal his interest* tbsre, ofleru lor wile his PLAN PA- TiON and settlement in thsmn county, situated with in otie aiil a half miles of Thomnston. and w ithin one mile of the Kuiiroad from Hsrnesville to Colutnhas, consisting ol 607 acres tirst quality land, M) ol which are cleared and in a line state of cultivation, having been highly and frequently immured On the premises are u good Dwelling ami Negro lions#, ■ sigrerior (fin House and every other iHiildmg and covemencs necessary on a well arranged plantation. The improve ments tire all in good condition, the wcMdlsn*ls are of superior quality—dtt whole located in one of the very I rest neighborhoods in Georgia. This property will positively Ire sold at a bargain, provided application he made immediately. E A. PEARCE. March 15 M MACON, GEORGIA, WEDNESDAY MAY 3, 1848. FASHIONABLE AND CHEAP. I TAMILTON A SYMONS, No 17, Whitaker I X Street, Savannah, have on hand the most choice niul extensive assortment of French, English, and Belgian C'lotlis, fussimpres mid Vrslinp* that can be found in the Southern States. They have been selected with the great€t rare frot n the very best importation#, and will be manufactured to order in the neatest manner, and upon short notice, either for Cash or approved credit. Persons from the up-coun try are particularly invited to call, ns they cunnot fail to be suited both in price and quality. If A MILTON X SYMONS have also on hand a very large and extensive assortment of READY-MADE CLOTHING, manufactured in the best style,and from materials care fully selected by themselv** in the Northern markets. ‘J hese they are prepared to sell nearly, if not quite ns low as an idea ol the same quulity can be purchased in New York. Wishing to extend their business particularly in the up-country, they invite Planter a and Country Merch ant* to call and examine for themselves. Savannah, Oct. 20, 1847 . 29 ts Washington llnll Stables. THE undersigned have taken tli Stables formerly kept by A. C. More vfv/ —Ur h°use, and offer Carriages, Buggies, Sulkies, Saddle Horses, &c. Slc. to Hire. nave also careful and competent grooms, and will keep single Horses or Droves by the Day, Week, or Month, on the most reasonable terms. . MASON Sl DIBBLE. April 4, 1848. j \ y .llncou ami Western Rail Komi. ntAMir o” limns “” ON and alter the 27th March, the Passenger trains oi this Road will run daily as follows, connecting at Atlanta with the Western and Atlantic and Geor gia Rail Roads. Is>ave Macon at 6 A. M.—arrive at Atlanta 121, at Dalton 8 P. M. Leave Dalton 4 A. M.—arrive at Atlanta 1!A. M. and Macon, 6P. M. Passengers for Savannah will sleep one night in Ma con, and leave next day at 7A. M. The Trains of the Western and Atlantic Road do not run on Sundays Fares between Dalton and Savannah, sls Macon 9 Atlanta and Savannah 10 “ • “ 2 Macon, 4 EMERSON FOOTE’ Superintendent. Macon, March 22 51 NEW ARRANGEMENT. United States Mail Line—Daily, Between Savannah and Charleston via Hilton Head and Beaufort, Inland two-thirds of the way. TIIE well lxuwn (j£pfc!!=aa£l j Steam Packets j' 1 jg METAMOKA, CnptainF. Barden, WM si: All KOOK, Capt T. Lyon, GEN. CLINCH, Capt. Win. Curry, Will hereafter leave Savannah every evening at half past 8 o’clock, and Charleston every morning at 9 o’- clock, precisely, touching nt Hilton Head and Beau fort each way, and avoiding two-thirds of the sea route. For Freight or Passage apnlv on board or to BROOKS A TUPPER, Ag’ts Savannah. E. LAFITTE, A CO. Ag’ts Charleston. N. B—All Goods, intended for Savannah or Charles ton, will be forwarded by the Agents if directed to their care, free of commissions. All way freight payable by shippers. Jan 2G 43 Semi-weekly U. S. .Mail, fc JX'” L.~* Steam-Packet Line. ■£££§’ 5 -— h'~‘ BETWEEN SAVANNAH & PALATKA, FLA. BY THE WAY OF Darien, Brunswick, St. Mary's, Ga.; Jacksonville, Black Creek and Picolata, Fla. In connection with the Charleston Daily Mail Steam packets at Savannah, the steamer SARAH SPALD ING, Iront Palalka to Lake Monroe, the U. S. Mail Stages from Picolata to St. Augustine, and from Black Creek, via Ncwnansville, Alligator, Mineral Springs and Columbus, to Tallahassee. OCAMILGLi:, Cap!. P. McNelty. ST. MATTHEWS, Capt. N. King. WM. GASTON, Capt. J. Hebbard. The Packets leave Savannah every Tuesday and Saturday mornings, at 10 o’clock, and arrive at Picola ta in time for the Mail Stages to go through to St. Au gustine before night every Thursday and Monday. Returning, leave Palatka every Tuesday and Friday morning a 7 o’clock, touching as above each way. BROOKS A TUPPER, Agents. Savannah, Jan 26 43 N. B,—Goods consigned to the agents forwarded free of commission. P’reight from Savannah and Charles ton, and all way freight, payable by shippers’ HOLT & ROBERSON. FACTORS AND GENERAL COMMISSION MERC HANTS, Savannah Georgia, RESPECTFULLY tender their services to their friends and the public. Having been actively en gaged in this branch of business for several years past, their actual experience and observation has afforded them every opportunity of becoming perfretly familliar with th duties and responsibilities attending its opera tions Their personal altenliou will be given to sales of COTTON AND ALL OTHER PRODUCE con signed to their care, also to executing orders for B AG GING. BALE ROPE, FAMILY AND PLANT ATION SUPPLIES, at the lowest Prices. Their charges will be as few and reasonable as the actual cost can be made, by strict economy, with facil ities for Storing, Weighing, Ac , which are not surpass ed in the city. They ho;** by continued application and personal attention, tu promote the interest, and give sat isfaction to those contiding.btisiiiess to their care. ASA HOLT, Sept 8,6m23 W. B ROBERSON. ROBERT A. ALLEN, Factor and Com mission Merchant, No, 11 9 Hay street, Savanimh, Geo. UyiLE attend strictly to the storage and sale of Cotton, Com, Flour, and other produce, and will make liberal cash advances on gooJs consigned to his House. References — Mr James A. NisbeO E. H Weed, J . r J HR. Washington, J acon - Grav4*s, Wood Al Co.J Dye &. Robert Din, Augusta. Branon At Young, Marietta. Dr. George F. Pierce, Sparta. July 21, 18-17. ly 16 HARDEMAN Sc HAMILTON, Wnre-llouxe and Com mission .Merchants, MACON, HAMILTON Sc HARDEMAN, Factors and Commission .Merchant*, SAVANNAH, WILL give prompt attention to the sale ol ’ J C/otton and Country produce, as well us to ® the tilling of order?* for Ragging, Rope, and family supplies. Sept 29. 26 ts WAREHOUSE AND COMMISSION BUBINEBB. THE sulsrtilrer, having removed front the sk occupied by huu Inst year, and WBWI itkeii (luitlonukiu)wn ns Graves’ WAKkUot'SF, op|Mae t Graves, wurn kV Co’s. Store, respectfully tenders his thanks to his former patrons and friends, and solicit* n cnimimnc*ot their patronage, withthe assur ance that he will devote his whole tune Slid span* no el- I orts to uromon* then interest. Lnu rai. auvancem will I be tnaife to thrsa* who require tlietii: nnd orders for ’ RAG(HN(i, ROPE and TvV INK, ami other Mercliun- i di/e, promptly tilled on lire most n neoiutbl* terms GEO JEWETT. May Hih. 107 7 DYSON, OOOPDD Sl ROBERTS I Wll.Lcontinue the W ARE-HOUSE snd i ■iWi'OMihsio\ IIINIMHH tha ensuing DHsn, nt their Fire-Proof Ware* I louse. Thankful t<> our friends lor their I*•rmer patronage, wc respect fully ask a continuance of the same, with ! the nisfurauce that our liest cHotts will be given to pro mote tltelr iutereata. lils*rnl advances will be made on cotton In Store, at customary rates. THOMAS DYSON, JOS * coofFß, AND WM. M. BOMRfV. Macon, March I, 1848. 48 ly Tell Ooll'ii's Rcuiml. A THE above reward will be |id Ibra large ft— l ■ ,ier*s Rest, or W. R Battle, I#ee county, Georgia ; she is a very Inrge yellow slut, with a white ring half round fair neck, with faet whits and white belly, and white on the end ol her tail, small white Streak 111 the face, and will run any body's'track when tried She strayed from the residence of W R Rat tie in Leecount* WILLIAM WATEREA April 1 < 4* AGRICULTURAL. From the Albany Cultivator. Manures—their Nature and Action* The subject of Manures, what they are ?—what constitutes their active principles!—how they uct in promoting vegetable growth l— as well as the best mode of preparing and multiplying them, is one that has been frequently discussed—filled many pages in our agricul tural journals—ami occupied the attention of some of 4 the strongest minds devoted to the study ol agricultu ral science.—These facts we may adduce as evidence that the right understanding of this subject is regar ded as the foundation of all correct and profitable fann ing. Not only is this remark true when applied to our day—it was so two thousand years ago. We learn from Pliny that the Roman farmers decreed immortal ity to Sterculius for inventingfraanurfsjwhiie they them selves devoted much of their atttention to their prepar ation. To this end, the mineral as well ns the animal and vegetable kingdom were called into requisition, The directions left on record for preparing their com post heap, selecting a shallow basin, and advising to cover the top, when completed, with twigssnd branches of tree# with their foliage, convince us that they were aware the sun and the rain would dissipate their active principles The value they placed upon human ordure, und the liquid excrements of animals, the use of fish and other substances as manures, satisfies u-< that they pos sessed much of the practical skill for winch the Belgi ans ot the present day have been so justly celebrated) When 1 commenced tanning operations* 1 had given but little attention to the subject ot manures, and re garded it us of comparatively little moment ; but as I progressed, it has risen in importance, until it is with me the absorbing subject about which, although I have learned many things, I am more anxious to receive in struction tliau on any other topic connected with farming. Manures may he said to be the elements of fertility, containing both the inorganic aalts.and the organic ele ments of vegetable growth. In common language, they are the food of plants. How plums stake up and digest this food--first; requiring’it to be dis solved in water, thut by their open mouths at the ter mination ol their roots they may drink it in—then conveying it in appropriate channels up through the trunk and branches, to be elaborated in the leaf, where it appropriates to itself the elements that enter into iti structure,and give out to the atmosphere such as are not essential to its growth—is the interesting study oi* the vegetable physiologist. On this department of the vegetable kingdom it is not our purpose nt present to remark—but rather to inquire what are the elementa ry substances that contribute moat to the growth ond fertility of plants ? With these, we must not fail to be familiar if we would be wise in the adaptation of means to the end, by which only can we ex|iect success m this interesting department of humup labor. Chemistry teaches us that four elementary principles enter into vegetable structure, and hence they ore term ed organic substances-they ar e Carbon, Hydrogen, Ox ogeu, and Sitrogen. The first three are furnished by the atmosphere in sufficient quantity to meet the de mand of the growing plant—the remaining elementa ry principle, .Nitrogen, that enters into every port of the vegetable structure, and hence may b* regarded as es- I sential to vegetable as it is to animal life ; while it ex | ists in the atmosphere,is not furnished in sufficient quan tity for the perfection of vegetable growth. And if ‘we would obtain vegtable products rich in nitrogenized principles, we must surround the growing plant with animal or vegetable manures, containing an additional amount of these principles In illusirntioii of this po -1 sition, we find wild plants to contain less of nitrogeni zed principles than cultivated ones—and as the value otall vegetable food for animals depends on the amount of these protein compounds, wild plants are decidedly lessnutritous. It would seem then that one of the great problems for the agriculturist to solve, is how to furnish plants with the requisite supply of Nitrogen with the leist ex pense ? And the question, too, for the skilful fanner is to learn in what substances he can find the most ni trogen, Hnd how he can preserve it in nature, to apply to the soil. The great number of substances used as manures would seem to render this subject extensive and complex. In the suggestions I have to make, I shuil endeavor to show that the amount of nutriment which each ma nure can furnish to the support of vegetable life, will be in exact ratio to the nitrogen which it contains, —in other words, that manures are valuable to the farmer in proportion to the nitrogen with which they con tain, or have the power of forming nitrates. It has long been known by practical farmers, that our most common manures ptissessed very fertilizing prop erties, viz : the Cow, Horse and Hog manure, ;uid hu man excrements. On what does this difference depend ? We learn from chemical analysis, that the quantity of salte which they contain is very nearly the same in all, 1 hence the inference is legitimate, that it does not de pend on the salts—for if the salts were the source of their fertilizing projierlies, they would contrary io the experience of practical men, be of equal value to the ag riculturist. And so of the humic acid, or genuine—tor that is of equal quality in the horse and human excre ments ; hut not so with the nitrogen, which exists in verv different proportions. The experiments made by the Prussian authorities, to ascertain whether the contents of the sewers, in the cities of Berlin and Dresden, could be applied with profit to the barren lands in their vicinities, are re plete with instruction. Those experiments were made and continued through a series of years The result satisfactorily demonstrated, that if a soil in its natural condition without manure, would yield a cron of three to one, for the seed sown, it would with cow dung yield seven, with horse dung ten, and with human excrement fourteen. While analysis show's that this, their relative value, is just the relative pro portion of nitrogen. Her* then is science harmonizing with the experience of the practical farmer While we can find science in the laboratory of the chemist, confirming, while it explains the experience of the prac tical husbandmen, we are strengthened in following on in the pathway she would lead us. When science goes farther, and sheds her light where all before was darkness, we are rejoiced to follow reverently, if not confidingly her teachings ; but when those teach ings conflict with w hat experience has demonstrated to be true, we should interrogate her farther before we I venture to proceed. Professor Johnson has told ns, that the influence ol | ammonia on vegetation appears to be of a nowerf ul kind—it seems not only to promote tbe rapidity and I luxuriance of vegetation, but to exert a powerful con trol over the functions of vegetable life. And again j he says, the important influence which ammonia ex ercises over the grow th of plants, is only to be explain ed on the supposition that numerous transformations of organic substances are effected in the interior of liv ing vegetables, or a rr-nrrangeinent <>t the elements of which ammonia consists. Ammonia is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen —and out of every 100 ports by weight of ammonia, we have 821 of nitrogen. Am monia is the form in which nitrogen istbund in our ma nures, and is evolved as the product of the decomposi tion of animal and vegetable substances. If then, this principle is the agent upon which fertility in the vege table world mainly depends, as I have endeavored io show, we have a scale by which we may measure the relative value otmnnuies, and by which our rules may be formed for the construction ol our compost heaps, that will enable us to secure, with the least diminution, their active principles. Our senses will always dis cover to us the substances contnning nitrogen from the tendency that characterises them to run into a s ate ot putrefaction, and in the process of putrefaction to form alkalies: while other manures decay, with out putrefying, and form acids instead of alkalies. In the list of substances, valuable as manures, ar ranged according to their relative value, taking such a scale for our guide, ws place first on the list those sub stances that nave received the leant care, und have bsen regardsd by the generality of farmers as of the least practical value—l refer to the liquid excrement of | man and animals In the compcMtion of human urine, there does not enters single salt which is not essentially ail ingredi ent in all plants i its terldixing property is fbundin the fact, that almost all the nitrogen that makes its escape from the body, makes its exit through the urine. That •mount ins full grown man or smuml is equal to the amount of nitrogen contained in the food on which the body it daily led—nnd as nitrogen is the only snb atAMce thin loMuNNiusrie, and meets the daily u lur expenditure o( every working man ann aiuimal, (unless there be other sources ut SDumilutioti than those now known to physiologists,) that amount is not in i urine ol tlie hosts isbut Uttls less valuable than that of man—and that of the cow but little less than the horse. When we consider with what ease these may be saved by means of absorbing substance*, that me w ithm the reach of txiy Inin, i, how cun we juwtity their shameful waste? RepeuteJ trials of their use, have abundantly sntislied me, that the increased growth of the crop to which they have been applied,iiasabuiiuantly compensated far the little labor bestowed m their collection. Next on ibe soils,according t*> tbsli rslativs i we liave the cxcrsgMMits of our domestic fowls, hioce Uieir fiodconsist* mainly of nitrogemsed •uhstanccs, ! and ss we iinve in all the leathered tribe, tlie liuunl and j solid excrement combined, we may readily uiidetsnmd why to the prudent fanners, tle poultry yard rainier* j such efficient aid in increasing his resource* Analo | in its composition and value is guano— the excrement ih- ai • fowl To tbom in tbs inti ilot of tin cmn y . that have not at their commaitd this rich fart Hue#, an admirable aulmtitutr is lound in the dung of lof Uio domestic i**. In *• i.:. .i .• -n .t the poaitlot) that it is tl,.- nitrogen that oontributet moro | than any of the salts to the value of the Kitano, we i mny remark, that analysis gives us in tlie best article I from Bto 9 per cent, of nitrogen, while in (hose that I have disappointed tire agriculturist ill tht ir uss, not more than 11 |ier cent hasTM*en found Next fallow Llmd, an l anininl u*stt r—-the carcaws ot our domestic animal*—as noiqp, cows, hogs, sheep, dogs, nnd (ish ; with Uieir coverings- the hides, hair, wool, feathers,hoots, horns, and nails# Ac Rubstan | oet rich in nitrogen should lie made to impart to beds of peat and loam,tlie animonia thatrscap* * during putre faction, instead of “wasting Uieir sweet ness on the des ert air.” And when they have done this, the wise fai nter will see to il, that the bones that have constituted | Uie frame work of the animats, be restored bt some farm to the anil, sttd thus tie made to five back to it the fihos phates that have been abstracted by the successive crops that it lias yielded. t ' Jt * follow the droppings of tin* domestic animals. Jhe resourcesof the farmer will be much increased by couponing the horse ami yard manure with pent, with i which the careful fanner will see that his yard is well supjdied. lAy this process, not only are the gases which | are involved during fermentation secured by the peat, us rui absorbent, but the mineral substances, and salts whiah it contains, locked up ns they are by super I abounding acids, are set fee, and neutral salts are form- I c, ‘ by which the pent iUttHbecomes almost ns valuable to file fi inner, us the dung itself with which it is cuuv j posed. Science and experience Hannon ire in their testimo ny that when compost heaps ore made under sheds, their active principles are more certainly secured, I saved front tbe wasting process of leaching under rains t on the one hand, und evaporation underexposure to the burning t un on the other. Protection i r oiu the rains would seem to be necessa- j ry, from the fact, that whatever there is in manure tluit , I contributes to vegetable growth , must be soluble in wa- j i f ()r plants tajie if up in no other condition than that 1 :of solution. And on the other hand, if there is a large 1 quantity of vegetable matin in a dry stole, to be com posted, experience lias taught us, it should l** combined jhi some way with the liquid excrement of tin* animal, : or else thrown into a ro upoet heap immediately after a | rain, when it is saturated with water. For soon u re | quire n lent science turnisd.es us the following solution:— Ammonia, being a compound of hydrogen and tiitro gen, or instead of amnoria, we shall have cyanogen I formed, which is also a compound ot hydrogen mid ni ! Irogen ; but the hydrogen is in a smaller quantity llran j . wh it is requisite to form ammonia. Among the artificial iiidziures, peat may be used with | greut benefit, either alone, tl* exposed for a length of nine to the ameliorating in flue nvs of the frost, rain, or atmosphere, or combined witlr the mineral manures, i fine, potash, or ashes. To the potato crop it may be used uncombined with mineral manures, not only to the increase of the quantity,but mun festly to the improve ment of the quality—the nbund tnt huinus which it ! yields, contributing to increase the starch, upon which the mealiness of the potato, that we so much prize, de- pends. I ‘1 he most satisfactory explanation of the action of gypsum us a manure, is that given us by Liebig—that n fixes the ammonia of the atmosphere ior the benefit of the growing plant. Charcoal , considered in itself, is one of the most in destructible substances—remaining unchanged, and apparently unchangeable, in ns form, for many years ; and yet, from the increased fertility of the soil to which it has been applied, remaining long after the action of ail other manures with which we ure acquainted has ceased,and all traces of them has disappeared, it evi dently possesses a influence on vegetable life as yet unexplained, unless it be its power of absorbing ammon ia, and holding it in readiness to be given up to the growing plant. at every successive ruin. 1 he importance which we thus attach to the influ ence and value ol nitrogen in promoting vegetable growth, may. at the first glance, seem to war w ith the doctrine ot special manures, as well as with the tact, that a number of elementary inorganic substances, must always be present in the soil in sensible quantities; the absence ot either one of which, without a doubt, will seriously affect vegetable growth Such impressions would seem to find support in the tact, that where in a particular field or section of country, from the growing of one crop a succession of yea is, instead ot a system ot rotation of crops, there has been an attraction of one of these elements, the use of some manure contniti inga large quantity ol that particular substance, will restore nt once fertility to tbe soil, as w r as the case with gr asslands i nCheshire, in which the phosphates hav ing been exhausted, bone dust proved more valuable < than any other manure, and so of lime in other sec tions. In such cases the action of the specific ingredient is only salutary, because in its use there is a restoration of a lacking element —the increased use of which instead of being salutary, often proves prejudicial to the inter est o I the farmer. To this fact we owe the expression, almost grown into a proverb, that lime, “while it en riches the lather, impoverishes the son.” Not so with nitrogen, or its compound ammonia—the more liberal the greater the yield, and the better the tilth tbe sod ac quires. The admission of the necessity tor tlie presence of all the elementary inorganic substances in the soil, does not, in our judgment, at all invalidate the position which we have endeavored to sustain, that the value of manure s in common use, may be measured by the quan tity of nitrogen which they contain, or their power of forming nitrates. *„ . J. M. WARD. Albany, March, 1848. The Homestead and the Gardeu. It is not sufficient that a farmer or planter should be attentive to the cultivation of bis field*—that he should provide for them ample supplies of manure, see that his ploughing, harrowing, and his rolling is well done,and his crops well tended. He may have done all these things, and success may have crowned his ef forts to fertilize his arable lands, increase the quantity and uuality of his crops, ami add to his (iccumary wealth—still if he shall have omitted to adorn his dwel ling with shade and shrubbery, and provided a good garden tor his household comfort and convenience, he will have failed in the discharge of his duty. A house in the country without trees and shrubbery, to relieve the eye and ensure protection, is among the most cheer less sights which can be presented to human vision,and never tails to impress the strunger with an unfavorable opinion of its owner, with regurd to those enjoyments of sense which so essentially enter into, and are com mingled with, the outward sources of the happiness of one’s family. Well convinced are we, that improve ments of the kind around one’s home, besides endearing that home to its possessor, by all the ties of esteem, give him additional claims to the love of his family, and ensure the respect of all ; as while it proves that his heart has not been indifferent to domestic sympathies, nor turned a deaf ear to the obligations of duty at home, it is also evincive of that respect for public opinion which the virtuous and good ever cherish, and who e possession and display, so commend one to the kjndy regards of his fellow men. Independently, however, of these considerations, which,of themselves, should exert potential influence upon all well regulated minds, and find a response in every generous heart, —as a mere matter of the profitable part of a farmer’s estate ; for besides furnishing daily supplies of vegetables for histable.it may lx* a source of no inconsiderable, emolument, through its surplus products, disposed of at market—or if, per chance, he is too remotely situated to avail himself of this advan tage ita offal and surplus produce, will enable lam the better to feed his stock, and thus find his remit aeration lor the labor bestowed in its culture. When we speak of the garden, we would not be considered as looking to it solely for its edibbsi, for its man comports—for although we would have in. appoint ments, in that respect, to embrace all the vegetable tnlies that have been converted to culinary uses, yet our views go further and embrace a wider field than these. We would have its borders adorned with shrubbery and flowers of every tint and hue, from tins Rose, the queen of all, the Dahlia, the gorgeous fa voritr, the Lily of the Valley immortalized in holy song, to the tiniest blossom that challenges admiration or w arns into be ing gratitude for the mighty works of the Creator. A garden, with such adornments, is grateful to the ma tronoly pride of our wives, and awakens kindred emo tions in the minds ofourdaughCrs; and uule? he be in sensible to those beauties which Providence has so mu nificently leslowed, to sweeten the thorny paths of life, it must make the hunbandu ud the talker, not only bet ter contented with his home, but nil linn with love for all around hint, as the gratification of the rational appe tites of those we cherish in the warmth of our affection, should ever and must lie, foremost in our thoughts. Everything connected with rural life all its associa tion*—all its duties—would imply, (slides rendering such a home tributary to our wants, it should be so un proved, that ita embellishments ahoedd tel! that it was the abode of refinement—and that its ui-dweliers were equally n 1 1\ .• to the elegancies, aud to the necessaries o! life. Never in our travels through the country, have we seen the woodbine or the honeysuckle, twining around the porch of the form house—and its small court filled with shrubf*Ty, without inf ulging, w ithout know ing them, profound respect for the inmates, and some times, when such attention to the extern 1 appearance es have been so isolated ns almost to partake of the character of (hue* in the desert, we have felt our heart , yearning to become the fniiiilinr of the occupants, that I wr might offer up our poor thank* to tlieni, and thus I bear n pleasing, though Imtnbir testimonial of the ac ceptable service they had pUlfonnrd, in relieving the I eye of the traveller from the dull monotony of cheer i lens homes, of quickening ii Jo freshne** those feelings, | which spring from a high apfweciatioti of the merits of those who may be the sublet of our thoughts, whose taste had challenged our Admiration nnd won our es j teem. — Haltunoie American /'aimer. The Disci limn it jug power of f’litntn. Researches iu vejetubfe physiology, such us the’ mere prti'-tiral man would not know how to fwgin to prosecute, liovn feft no doubt with the curious inquirer that plu* la asms the faculty of breathing | through tli**r leaves, tltese lie mg to them what lung*, are to aumi l* They search, too, industrioudy for j their food where the earth la sufficiently |Kr**uH and or rules bio ; ftdmomxhing tlie farmer and gardener to keep titn *>ii,by all tlie means m their power free from j Ht'igmiU water, which reduces its temperature and ex | eludes tlio air, with ah tlie nutriment which it contains I mill to keep it in that open and accessible condition I which leaves tin* food it contains nuwt easily to be fount! sud consumed by llie toots sent out in pursuit of aml line hrs the phylusophy of thorough draining an I thorough tillage. (That plant* fwtsse**, too. the power of diarrimi noting V t went what laoongemul to their nature or otherwise, some affecting one kind of food ami some another,ha* bsen abundantly shown by the ex|tciiiin nts of Bou*s . Miugsult, wle.it, for instance, growing on the name •glut Willi beet* and tnnou*, will lake up eight miles as lunch of |>ltos|honc bgiu aa they will Leguminous plants,glowing on the same sod with wli at will gree dily consume and thrive on plaster of’ Faria or sulphate of lime, while to wheat it affords no nourishment. Certain substances contribute again to tlie growth lof one /-n 10l u piaiit, but not m another part The I straw of oats and wheut contains fi ty tim *es nsmuch 8.- licin an the grain of some plants. These facts prove that flie fanner should study to offer to his crops the moat dint he can of what their ashi's are found to contain. But this is not nil. Agricultural chemistry, or chem istry applied to agriculture, tenctics ftrfher tnnt the food which is adapted to ih*? growth mid purposes of vegeta bles at one stage of their existence may be unsuitable and valuelcMSMt another; just ns the inothei's milk is at once the most natural and wholesome diet for the child, but not for the adult. Thus a manure which at the tiine of germination may (*• without effect, if not pernicious, may be most profitably administered and greedily consiNiu'd by grain or gra. s ns it approaches or reaches the period of forming its fruit. AH these are mysteries wliich such men ns Day, or Dumas, or Leihig, or Bouissangault, or Jackson, or Norton, or Teschomacher, by the lights of s*fence can detect and explain, but which the me re practical observer could not in uges systematize and act upon with certainty. ic of Green and Dry M ood, i Some years ago I was led to ascertain the weight j I°t by wood in drying or seasoning. For tins purpose I weighed’ green rock maple and beech, taken from the sopwood and from the heart wood, and from both to gether, and dried tlle specimens carefully in a warm oven, so as to be more tree from water than common wood as ordinarily seasoned. The loss was from one fourth tootie third of the weight. This loss was water. II the wood is burned while green, this water must be evaporated and thrown into me atmosphere, and a con siderable part ot the onlolio of heat produced by the j combustion ol the wood must be in this way curried oti, and be of no use in heating or warming. ! To ascertain the caloric lost, we must find the weight of water in a cord of wood, hi hi* careful experi ments on the coitibustiun of wood, Count Kumlord proved that a cord of dry beech weighs about 2800 lbs. which must be three fourths of tlie weight ot the green beech; that is, a cord of green beecJi must weigh 3700 lbs.,or taking the mean between l and 4 must be more than 3900 pounds. In burning a cord of green beech, at least 1000 pounds of water must be evapora ted, and 1000 lbs. of water would fill three barrels of 32 ale gallons, or nearly two hogsheads of 03 gallons wine measure. Tlie quantity of caloric lost in this may be estimated in a rough way by the quantity of wood con sumed m evaporating these barrels or nearly two hogs heads ot water. ‘J he limner will nt a glance see that a cord of green wood must form a load of nearly two tons in weight, and he will probably conclude that his team has a much greater load than is commonly supposed. Timber three feet in diuinebT will have a cord ol solid wood in every eighteen feet, and it 36 feet long, will weigh about Jive tons. It is also obvious that in drawing green wood, the far mer must load mid transport three tmrrels of water in every cord, or 60 barrels n\ twenty cords, allowing that wood is commonly seasoned in a summer, has lost only two-thirds ol its water. In cords of such dry wood there will be u saving, in loading and transport ing, of 200 barrels of water. A barrel of water con tains about five cubic feet, and weighs more than 300 Ilia. In the combustion/)! 20 cords ol green wood, 6Jbar rels of water nuwt.be evaporated. Now, it takes six nines as much heat to evaporate a pound of water, as to heat a pound from 50 ol temperature to the boiling points. The economy in using dry wood is well under stood by many. These views give adequate reasons for it. —Genesee Farmer. (■nano to Corn in the Hill* “ How much Guano will it take to manure un acre gfi corn in the lull !” We answer that sdbs will be enough, and that it should be mixed with three loads of mould from tlie woods, or the same quantity of rotten manure, and one plaster to each acre. These should be thoroughly mixed together—the quantity named will give a pint to each hill of oorn, which we consider will be sufficient to start the com plants at tlie onset, nnd ensure their Tnpid and luxuriant growth until the roots shall have got down to the manure winch may have been plough ed in, We would not apply Guano alone, in the hill, os the ammonia already formed, is in too concentrated a state to be allowed to come into immediate contact with the seed while in a state of germination. Uy incor|>o ratiug it with tlie mould and plaster, we render the Gua no harmless, prevent the escape of its most active und valuable principle, convert what would otherwise be an evil, into a positive benefit, prolong the period of its action, and besides which, add too oilier ingredients to the soil, which, of themselves, ure invaluable as food, and as the provider of food, to the com plants. If the land may not have been manured broadcast, it will require double the quantity of mould, or rotten dung and guauo, but the same quantity of plaster will answer, even in that event. We would remark here, that we feel it due to the cause of good husbandry to slate it to be our opinion. that nothing but necensity can justify any farmer in relying upon manuring in the hiil'for the improvement of ins land, as nothmg short of broadcast manuring con effect that object—and we will further state, no systemof improvement can be considered good, which does not embrace rotation of crops, liming,clover and piaster. Manuring in the hill may, and no doubt will ensure a single good crop, but it is too partial in the distribution ot the fertilizer to eflect general benefit. —American Fanner. The Moral influence of tioixl Houses. Avery little observation will convince any one that, in ilie United Stales, anew era, in Domestic Architec ture, w already commenced. A lew years ago, and all our houses, with rare exceptions, were built upon the most meagre plan. A shelter hum the inclemencies of the weather, space enough in which to eat, driulc %nd sleep: perhaps some excdlciu us mechanical work manship in tire details; tin were the characteristic features of the great muss of our and welting-houses—and especially country houses—n lew years ago. A dwelling-house, lor a eivih/.ed man, built with no higher aspirations than these, we look upon with the same feelings that inspire us when we behold the Indian, who guarded iuiuseil against heat and cold by that primitive,tnd,as hs considers it sufficient costume —a blanket. An unmeaning pile of wood, or stone, serves as a shelter to the bodily Irame of man ; it does the same for the brule animals that serve him ; the blanket covers the skin of the savage from tfie handiness of the elements, us the thick shaggy coal protects the beasts heliums in ths foKst. Hut these are only manifests tions of the grosser wants of life ; and the mind of the civilized and cultivated man as naturally manifests it self in fitting, a ppropriete, and beautiful forms of habi tation and costume, us it does in fiue and lofty written thought and uttered speech. Hence,as society advances beyond that condition, in which the primary, wantsol'banian nature are satisfied, we naturally find that literature and the arts flourish.— Along with great orators and inspired poets, come fine arcliMecture.und tasteful grounds and gardens. Let us congratulate ourselves that the new era ie fair ly commenced m the United Slates. Weby no means wish tube understood, that all our citizens have fairly passed the barrier that separates utter indiHerence, or puerile fancy, from good taste. There are. and will fie, fora long tune, a Large proportion of houses built without any defiuitr principles of construction, except those of the most dov/nngia necessity. Hut on the othsr hand, we are glad to perceive n very considerable spunk hue over the whole country—from the Misaissip pi to me Kennebec —of houses built in such a manner, aa to prove, at the first glance, thru the ideal of their owners has risen above the platfoiui ol mere animal wants; that they perceive the intellectual superiority of a beautiful design over a meuuingless and uncouth form ; am, that a house is to them no longer a comforta ble shelter meiely, but an expression of the intelligent life of mail, in a slate of society where the soul, the intellect, and the heart, arc all uwake, and all educa ted. There are, perhaps, few peraons who have examined fully the efi.ots of a general diffusion ol good taste,of well heiugi and a love of order and proportion, upon the community at large. There are no doubt, some who look upon fine houses as fostering the pr ide of the few, und the envy and discontent of the many ; and—in some transailanuu countries, where wealth and hm avenues are dosed to all but a few —not without reapou. Hut, in tbs country, wlirie integrity and industry are utmost always rewurded by more than the means of subsistence, we have firm laitfi in the ttutral effects of the tine arts. We lie neve in the bettering influence of lieautiful ( ullages and country houses—in the improve ment of human nature in cessaiily resulting to all cla*see, from the possession of lovely gardens and fruitful or chard* We do not know how we can present any argument of this main . ao good as one of that tinguisln *1 in in I). f)w Ile is des cribing, in hi* Travel* in America, the influence of good architecture, as evinced in itseffects on the man ner and diameter ol the mhubiiunta mu town in New tCnglun “ There is n kind of symmetry in the thoughts, feel ings and eflortaof ths human mind. Its taste, uitelii. gence, affection*, and conduct, are so intimately related, that no precotterrttoti cun prevent them from being mutually cause* and elfects The first tiling powerful ly operated upon, and,in its turn, proportionately oper ative, is the lasts. The perception of beauty and de lot nitty,of refinement aud grueuness, of decency and vulgarity,of propriety and indecorum, is the first tiling w inch luHucnces man to uttetimt an escape from a grovelling, humid character; a character in which mo rality is chilled, *r absolute Ip fro sen. In moat per son*,‘this pit c ption is uwakenedhy what may be call d e rutii uu \ pm lu uli.tly by building. Uncouth, mean, ragged, dirty nouws.coaati* t.t ng ilie lu.tiy of any town, will tegular y* e |KUMed by coaiw, grovetling manners. The dies*, the furniture, the inode of living, and (lie mariners, will all correspond with the upp arnnee of the building*, and will universally be, m every such ease, of u vulgar and dobasrd nature, (hi tlu* mliahitantsof such a town, it will be difficult, if not unpuasiUe, to work a conviction tli it intelligence is either nvet <*ary or uaelut. Cieneisl ly. they will regard both learning ondacience only with ooniettpt. Oi except in the ooanrst form, and that winch lias th Least mflienee on the heart, they wU m -nicely have any apprehension*. Tie-’ rights cn torccd by municipal Law, they may he compelled to res pect and the corresponding duties they may be necewi luted to perform ; but ths rights and obligations which lie bey mid the reach ol magistracy,}!! which the chief duti * ol morality are found, and from which tl ’ chief enjoy - mein* of society eprutg wLil wafrely gain rveti tbeir VOL. XXVI —No 5. pawing notice. They may pay i>‘ ir debts , but they will neglect almost every thing of value in the educa tion of their children. “ The very fact that men see good houses built around them, will, more than almost anything else, awaken in diem a sense of superiority in those by whom such houses are inhabited. The same sense is derived, in the sinne manner, from handsome dress, furniture, and equipage The sense of beauty is necessarily ac companied by a perception of the superiority which it poasewes ovar deformity ; and is instinctively felt to confer tltij superiority on Khxhs who can call it their own, over those who cannot. 44 This, I apprehend, is the manner in which course society is first started towards improvement ; for no objects, hui those which are sent* at*, cun make any considerable impression on coarse minds. ” The first motive which leads men to build good houses, is, no doubt, that of incressing largely their own com fort and happiness. But it is easy to see that, in this country, where so many are able to achieve a liome for themselves, he who gives to the public a more beautiful ami tasteful model of a habitation than his neighbors, is a benefactor to the cause of morality, good order, ana the improvement of society where he lives. To place before men reasonable objects of ambition, and to dig nify and exalt their aims, cannot but lx; laudable m the sight of all. And in a country where it is confess edly neither for the benefit of the community at large, nor that ol the succeeding generation, to amass and transmit great fortunes, we would encourage a taste for beautiful and appropriate architecture, os a means of proraming public virtue and the general good. We have snul beuutiful and rjpfn opr to fe architecture not without desiring that nil of our readers should feel the value of tins latter qualification as fully as we do. Among the many strivings after architectural beauty, which we sec daily mude by our countrymen there are’ of course,some failures, and only now and then exam ples of perfect success. But the rock oil which all novices split—and especially all men who have thought little of the subirct, and who are satisfied with the fee ble imi tali on of some great example from other coun tries—this dangerous rock is t vast of fitness, or promt rty. Almost tne first principle, widen an apostle of ar chitectural progress ought to presell in America, is, “keep m mind propriety.” ito not build your dwell ing-homes like temples, churches, or cathedrals. Lei thein.be,cliamcterisricnlly r dwelhng-hous. .s. And more than this; always let their individuality ot purpose be Inirly avowed ; let the cott(q;e be a cottage—the farm house a farm-house—the villa a villa, and tfo> mansion a mansion. Do not attempt to build a dwelling upon your farm after die fashion of the town-house of your friend, the city merchant do not attempt to give the modest little cottage die ambitious air ot the ornate vil lu. Be assured that*there is,if you will search tor it, a peculiar benuty that belongs to each of these classes of dwellings that highteii9 and adorns it almost magical ly ; while.it it borrows the ornaments of the other, it is only debased and falsified in* character and expres sion. The most expensive ami elaborate structure, overlaid with costly ornaments, will fail to give a ray of pleasure to the mind of real taste, it it is not appro priate to the purpose in view, or the means or position*of its occupant; while the simple farm-house, rustically and tastetully adorned, and ministering beauty to hearts that answer to the spirit of the beautiful, will weave a spell ih the memory not easily forgotten. Ohio Cultivator* Tlie Negroes in the Free States. Perhaps the most singular development of public sen timent which has taken place in the United State* within the last quarter of a century, is that exhibited by the popular vote of Illinois, in regard to free negroes, by o majority of two to one the people of that State have engrailed upon their constitution a prohibition against tree persona of color, more stringent than the laws of any of the slave States. They are actually forbidden entrance upon the soil of the State. They are not to be allowed to settle upon its territory on* any conditions whatever. This is a lundainental, con stitutional prohibition. In some of the Southern States, our own amongst others, free negroes from oth er States are forbad to settle ; but these legal disabili ties may be removed, and are often so removed, by ex ceptions provided for by the LsfpaUiure. In Illinois the interdiction is sweeping, universal and organic. We trust that hereafter, when our Northern brethren gel up their next crusade in favor of the African race, (hey will give Illinois all the advantages of their philan thropic interference. Would it not become Mr. WH mot to remove thither and enlighten the people of that benighted State upon the rights of man in general and black men in particular? And when Massachusetts raisss her next embassy to look after her colored citi zens in her sister States, would not Illinois be a better destination for Messrs. Hoar and Hubbard than eith er Charleston or New-Orleans-? What a field for the missionary tods of Abby Folsom ! What a harvest tor the pious labors ol Garrison and the black Douglass— provided the latter gcntlemau were not taken damage feasant by the constabulary. The legal disimctions between the two races which admit of one holding property; iu the other, is not broad er than tiiat established by the constitution of Illinois.— And wi r h what force can the free States insist upon emancipation w hen one of their own nuinbei refuses to permit tree jieople of color to cross her boundaries? Ver ily the decision of the people of Illinois betokens tile quietus ol the most arrant and disgusting humbug that lias vet arisen to threaten the peace and integrity of ibis union.—iV. O. Vicayunt. Hang up a Picture in your room. May we exhort such of our readers as have no pic tures hanging in their roo.i s, to put up on*- immediate ly I We mean in their principal sitting room-—in all their rooms, if possible—but at all events in that one.— no matter how costly, or the reverse, provided they see nomrthing in if, and a gives them a profitable or pleas ant thought. Some may allege that they have no taste lor pictures —for trees, lor landscapes, lor human beau ty, for scenes of life ; or if not for all these, vet surely for some of it is highly useful lor the human mind to give itself helps towards taking an interest in things apart fromits immediate cares or desires. They serve to refresh us for their better conquest or endu rance—to render sorrow unselfish—to remind us that we, ourselves, or our own personal wishes, are not the only objects m ihe world—to instruct and elevate us, and put us in a fairer way of realizing the good opinions which we would all fain entertain of ourselves. Mr. llazlitt has said, somewhere, of a portrait of a beautiful tamale withs noble oountenance, that n seems as if an unhandsome action would be impossible in its presence. Tne companionship oft another greater or better man than ourselves, must do us good, unless we are desti tute of all modesty or pannier And a picture is a companion,and the neat thaog to the presence of what it represents. We may livs ui the thick of a city, for instancs, and can seldom go out, and “feed” ourselves “■ With pleasure of the breeding fields ; M but we can put upn picture of the fields before us, and us we get used to it, we shall the next thing to seeing the fields at a distance. For every picture is a kind of window, which supplies us with a fine sight; and many a thick, unpierced wall thus lets us into the studies of the greatest men, and most beautiful scenes of nature. By living with pictures we learn to read them—to see into every nook and corner of a landscape, and eve ry lecture of the mind, and it is impossible to be in the habit of these perusals, or even of being vaguely consci ous of the good and beautiful, and considering them as belonging to U 9, or forming a part of our common places, without be mg, at the very least, leas subject to trie dis advantages uusing from having no such thought at all. Now, it so happens that the cheapest engravings though they cannot come up to the merits of the origi nal , often contain uo mean portion or aha do w of them— and when we speak of putting up pictures in u room, we use the word “picture” in the child's sense, mean ing any kind of graphic representation, oil, water color, copper-plate drawing or wood cut.— Leigh Hunt. MiiMsncliusettN Railroads. Fourteen years ago (April 7; the first train of Rail road passenger cars left Boston for Davis's Tavern, ui Newtown, to which place the Worcester. Kabroad was then opened. The number of miles now comple ted and m operation within the territorial limits of Mss sachusetts is 728—a ratio of one mile of railroad to each ten square mikes of its surface, and constructed at a cost of $34,161 £l3. We extract from an artiole up on the Hull roads of Massachusetts in Hunt s Mer chants’ Magazine for the. present month, written by David M. Balfour, Kaq. of Boston, the following synop sis of their operations for the year 1047. The Wosces terand Providence, and the Vermont and Muasachu sstts, are omitted * for the reason tliut the former was not opened until the close of the last yeai, and that ths latter is still uncompleted : receipts. From passengers,. • • .$3,630£1$ From freights.. From 199£0J Total Receipts - - -$5^01,081 umuia. Road bed M uo-o..M{M Motive p0wer,........•••••••••* .476,698 Miscellaneous, •... 1£74,686 Total exp un— 3 £53,331 Net income, 3,6W£9U Average net income per cent 7,71 N limber of uiik* run by pasaengrr trains,... . I 097001 Number of miles run by height trains,...... 1.311,793 Number of tubes run by oilier trams, .32607$ Total number of miles run,....... .3,335,669 Average total receipt per mils run sl^6 Average total expense per mile run 0,77 Average nett income,. l\\ $0,79 Number of pnsacugers carried in cars 5£54£7$ Number of passengers can tod one mile,.., .103,0517,404 N umber tons merchandise carried I.7jjJJ*J Number ions me rcliauduw carried I m ~. 66,187,617 [Ckmlsstsm