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l’,Y S. ROSE & CO. f,,** Georgia Journal and Messenger übJtoht'J fc ,.ci***** r * at the regular charge will be D*K Dollar ’ and itt of ON* Ht'xnaa* wnans ub less, for ltie Brit niter ’ u 1 Arif Ousts for each sabaequeut insertion. AH >flMrncnM Mt •pciMed * to lime, wilt be publiutied * r ,rl>. 1 and charged accordingly. A liberal discount *;! .j t .th *se who advertise by the year. 4 (Hirvaaf N>irMb of uvua t** uses will be charged at u ,nil rates. .rv vbents of candidates for nSSce, to be paid for at iitii rates, when inserted. * l ’ f4 | made with county ofilcers, Drng \ i -tioneers. Merchants, and others, who may wish to 1 ’ j, titled eoatrac's. * , f l.axj aSi> Niciiaoifcs,by Executors, Administrate,rs r'l is irdi-in*, are required by law to be advertised in a * i c ,/.ette, iortv days previous to the day of sale. f r . • ,ale 4 most be held on tile tlrst Tuesday in the month. tjie hours of ten in the forenoon and three in the al ;.r.ioob, a* toe Oonrt-honse in the county in which the i.rioert f is situated. . scLS’ or Pnrsonal Pbopkbty must l>e advertised in like n inner, forty days. - ‘ ■, ro Oußroas and Chkditobs of an Estate must be i forty days. * \ - that application will be made to the Ordinary for t > sell Ltiidackd Negroes, must be published weekly tor , ii n o- f'*r I, -Iters of Administrations, thirty days ; for i*. -.ion from Administration, monthly, six months ; for r. •*’ m iro-iv <Jaartli tnship, weekly, forty days lln 8.~ roa Fokkcuisino or gnuratei, monthly, four f>r enxMishing lost papers, for the full space of :i re- ninths; for compelling titles from executors or ad -j -tr ‘or> where a bond has been given by the deceased, the full space Os three months. ,#* Letters addressed to 8. HOSE t CO. Professional aud Business Yl*n. iv sessional and Be tunas Cabds will be inserted under *hu t etd, at the following rates, vis : Fur Three lines, per annum, $ 5 00 •’ .Seven lines, d0.,... 141 <lO •* Ten lines, do 12 00 “ Twelve lines, do 15 00 N , fdvertiseineiits of this class will he admitted, unles 1 s et fur to advance, nor for a less term than twelve months. \ rii-o-iuenta of over twelve lines will lie charged rao bata. * -rtisements not paid for In advance will be charged at ;f,r regular rates. K ItXi Ula A K M & LITINGHS OF MASONS, KNIGHT TEMPLARS, ODD FEL LOWS AND SONS OF TEMPERANCE, HELD IS THE CITY OF MACON. MASONS. Or id 1 Lodge of Ge irgia for 1360, October 31st. M.i iti Lodge, No. 5, first aud third Monday nights in each month. c . ,: ie Chapter, No. 4, second Monday night in each [.until. Wio.iugton Council, No. 6, fourth Monday night in each, . ,an. 5 ,1: i r’n Encampment. Knights Teroplar, No. 2, Meetings every nrst Tue-day n-ght in each month. ODD FELLOWS. Grand Lodge, first Wednesday iu June. Grail K i :am,iuent, Tuesday previous. ( i .an Lo.lge, No. 2, every Thursday evening, f • ;.| brothers, So. 5, every Tuesday evening. Ea’ I'niou Eneampm-nt, No. 4, second and fourth Mon day evenings in each month. SONS OF TEMPERANCE. Grand Division, fourth Wednesday in October, annually. PROFESSIONAL CARDS. J. BRAIIHAH, Jr. ATTORNEY AT LAW, .fIAeON, LA. Oil 1( S; on Cotton Avenue over the BaptUt Book store, room formerly occupied by Dr. Green. leb 6-iy S. k. COOK, ATTORNEY AT LAW, MaCON, GEORGIA. OFFICE with Speer ft Hunter, over Bostick's Store. left. 20, tsbl—y la AX A K COUII, ATTORNEY AT LAW, MACON, GEORGIA, I tFFII'E on Mulberry street, over the Store of A. M. * * Sa-ailicsc * 00., is Boardman’s Wastungtou it.ock. V,i raet.ee in Bibb, Crawford, Dooly, Uoustou, Macon, Tr. c gj, Worth, aud auuiier. f*--b 21-y LAW CAlii). MESSRS. COOK, ROBINSON & MOXTFORT, Y\f iLL practice Law in the coontiei of Tajrlor, Macon, >V H>oiloB v lhN iy, Sumter, .Vlanon, Schley, aud iu such 01. r couuuee in Hie stare as their busiueas will authorise. itTutl U liiai Wgteiliorpe. PHILIP COOK, W. H. ROBINSON, jane 2b-’D—tf T. W. MON IFOKT. . -Til , JKO. B. HILL Law Partnership. HILL & MILL, |-CCC£S.*OHS to TUI LATE FIBB OF STCBBB * HILL.) Wiki, practice in the Macon and adjoining Circuits, f and in the Supreme and Federal Courts, the same as I .jfore by the late firm of Stubbs ft Hill. T nndersiged will close up the business of the late firm : vt ..s A Hill, as speedily as possible ; and to ihlsend,all v ri, indited to said firm, are requestral to make pay a.-Lt *t as eariy a day as practicable. B. HILL, Surviving partner of iagmt 2<J-tf Stubbs k Hill. LA.\IER tV A^DEKSOS, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, mcot, a. J JKtCTICR in the Counties of the Macon Circuit, and in 1 p.e 0 .unties of Sumter, Monroe and Jones; also in the • ieral Courts at davar.nab. _ , . [apr 21 ’SB-ly] i VLI I *{llt>l m: A ASltlfs ATTORNEYS AT LAW, KNOXVILLE AND FORT VALLET, GA. G P. CULVBRIIOUfiK, F. A. ANSLKY, Knoxville, Ga. Fort Yalley, Ga. oct *l—'6o-ly L. V WHITTLE, ATTORNEYAT LAW, MACON, GEORGIA. IFFICK next to CONCERT HALL,over Payne’s Drug Store j*n., [4l-ly.J i llO'l AS B. CABABISS, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Porsyth, <>■ ltrn.t ttteif! promptly to mil business entrusted to hi* yy care in the Counties ot Monroe, Bibli, Unit*, Crarfrd, dm, Pike, Spilling and Upson. [mj 12 VS] I>tLFLEi JtCABA.USS ATTORNEYS AT LAW, FOHBVTH, LA. WILL practice law in the counties ot Monroe, Bibb, Up a ,n, Pike, Si>ldiu, Henry and Butts. Mr. VtU glve pioapt and constant attention to the eollecUon and “TrSswSSl* Clai, “‘ GKO. A. CABANIBB. formerly of JOEL R. GRIFFIN, attorney at law, MACON, GEORGIA. WI I.L. practice in the Counties of Macon and the ad joining Circuits. Also in the vounties of the V, est and 8 .uth-Went Georgia, accessible by Kail Koad. Particular personal attention given to collecting. i-ar Oitioe with 0. A. Lochrane, Damour’s Building, 8d g trtt . t _ feb - CO—Sb-tl Drt. AI*I>O.V\ I.R & VAil tiIESKH, DENTISTS, Office in Washlßgisa Block, Macon, La., electricity used in extracting teeth. Ml DONALD’* Tooth Paste s>vt|ri on hand and for sale. ‘ /Waff | , • upp :e-i with the finest style of TEETH. told Foil Gold and Silver Plate and Wire, Lathe Fixtures, Ac., also with any kind of Instruments or Materials on short notice. oct **_ A. C. MOORE, D E N^TIST, thomaston, Q--A-, / vK FI (T‘ oTCf Dr. Thonp*on’*Btore. My work Is my Vj iLfereoM. Upr 7 Vtf] Clothing! cltiii*S J! Cloiliiug! Ai. 1 HtiE Stock for sale, without r eg*-d toeost. So* n the time to get cheap Clothing at . , iuneia J. and. m V* . A. u w Whoal. Uyc, Barley and Oat*. ttF.LF.I'TEI> e-Decially for Tjonu n sale, by Kay. OAfk BALKS Prime selected Hay, f'j sale l'-w b, mar*) COffußß A ANDERSON. Plantation iiholanl-novld I store the beat assortment of Negro Shoes, we baveever offered in tills Market. Men’s double soled peg lad nailed black anti r asset ts ; do. heavy single soled black and rassetts; do. boys and youths black and russetta, all of ■Hick wears telling very low. MIX k KIRTLAND. a** l, OHKSTNLT VHOVK, Sopenor old Rye and Me (Georgia Joitirnol ond ittCGsoiacr. BUSINESS CARDS. ,f. i. tV Wi A, U< >ss, iVholesalt* Dry Goods Jobbers. Corner Cherry and Second Sts., Macon, Oa. I ~,;f ion to their Urge and new stock of Dry Goods, , Clothing, Hats, amt Groceries, are receiving Soo case? ‘.loes, fresb .torn U.e Maiiutacturers, to wl.icl. they respect >.lly invite attention of Dealers and consumers. jane 13 nos. shdksh, s*. o. a. spsbkm HARDEMAN & SPARKS, WARE-HOUSE AN D Commission Merchants. MACON, GA.. l\r ILL give prompt at.ention to the selling and storing VT of Cotton, tn-l to the filling of orders for plantation n l family supplies. With niauy years experience and • ith their bestetf.rts to serve their friends, they ho)> to .are a en itinaanee of the liberal patronage heretofore to ts. —tii Liberal advances made when required. August Istli IviO. (ly.) /OUS SCBOFIBLD, JuSSIli SCHOVIKEI) Bcliofield & liro., FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS MACON, LKOKGIA, WV. arc pre|<ared to Manufacture Mteum Fnirincb. CIKCGLAK SAW MILLS, MILL and GIN GEAR ING, fiCUAK MILLS. BRASS AN I) I RON CASTINGS, Os every description IKON HAILING anti VF.K INDAII*. Having the mo.t complete assortment ol Iron Railing in the State, which for elegance, neatness, du rability and design, cannot be surpassed, and are suitable for the fronU of Dwellings, Cemetery I is, Public Squares, Jhnrch Fences and Balconies. Persons desirous of purchasing Railings will do well to -live a call, as we are determined to oiler as good bargains ts any Northern Establishment. Specimens of our Work can be seen at Rose Hill Jemetery, arid at various private residences in this city, jan 1-1661. moist woeks, VIACOM, GEORGIA. “1". C. N I S li ET, ITAVAIIi removed his FOUNDRY AND MACHINE al WORK3 to the line of the Kail Road near the Macon A Western Shops, he is now prepared to manufacture all kinds of MACHINERY AND CASTINGS, ALSO Steam Engines & Boilers, On terms as favorable as any Establishment either North or 3outh. (mar 18) T. C. NI6BET. A. M'QUEEN. MACON, OEORGIA. lIANIFACTI URU of Wrought Iron ±.V.M_ RAILING oi every description, and for all purposes, Pla>u and Ornamental, from the lightest Scroll Iron, up to the heaviest Railing used. Having an endless variety of New aud Original Designs, purchasers cannot fail to be suit ed. Being entirely of Wrought Iron, their strength cannot be questioned, and for beauty they cannot he surpassed any where. All kinds of Fancy Iron Work made to order. Par ticular attention given to making all kinds of Geometrical Stair Bailings. PB 1- Specimens of the work can be seen at the Residences of T. G. Holt, L. F W. Andrews and W. J. McElroy, Esqrs. Also at Rose Hill Cemetery. . July 18 16-ts Corrugated Wrought Iron aud Mire Railing. {Secured by Letter Patent.) A DIII It AIS L V adapted for enclosing Public r\ Grounds, Cemeteries, Balconies, Cottages, Ac. Sheep ind Ox Hurdle. Pa'ent Wire, Sacking Bedsteads, with every variety of Folding Iron Bedsteads and Iron Furniture.— Patent Wire Coal Screens, Ore, Sand and Gravel Screens, Wire Netting for Musquito, Sheep, Poultry and other pur poses. Wire Summer Houses, Fancy Wire Work in great variety for gardens, Ac. M. WALKER A SONS, Manufacturers, No. 535 Market, N, E. Cor 6th St., Phila telphia. (oct 24-1 y) D. 0. HODGKINS &, SON, DEALERS IX AND MAN UF ACT BRERS OP C3r TJ 3ST S5, RIFLES. „ PISTOLB, and Sporting Apparatus, OV ITBBT DBSCBirriOH, i nw DOOR 9 BELOW THE Lanier House, \>r/ M \con, Ga. Jan. 1,18450. ts II HR 1101 l fisli. THOMAS MORSE, OF the late firm of Marcwaltbr A Mobsk, having t>ur chased the entire business, will continue the manufac ■ g of Double Gnus, and best Rifles and Pistols made in the United States, on an entirely new plan of Mr. Horse’s. ... . GUMS re-stocVibl and repaired in the best manner, and on ■ easonable terms, at short notice. The undersigned being practical workman, will guarantee all his work, and in vite the public to give him a trial. SMF” The Stand is under the Floyd House, opposite nr. Thompson’s. i“"e 13-’6O-y NEW FIRM. L. P. STRONG & SONS. LKWIS P- STRONG ten ders his gratefulthanks _ or the liberal patronage /N 77/ ended to him for thelast A , wenty seven years.and re- AgP aB ertfully announces that he , associated with him in e further prosecution oi he business, his two sons, , , KDGAK I* STRONG and r. FORREBTRR W. STRONG. iuder the name, firm and— ityle of L. P STRONG A SONS, and will continue to teep on hand and offer, a large and s.dect assortment of Roots, Shoos ami Lt aflior if all kinds, and Findings for Country manufacturers. He respectfully asks for the new firm, a continuance o: the lib eral tavor extended to the old. Macon, January S.ISCO. *l-y ZEI LIN K HUNT, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DRUGGISTS, MACON, GEORGIA. Messrs. T- & G. WOOD, aA V I', thi* day assocl nanufacture and sale Macon, Georgia. NOTICE. Having ataociatsd with us in the Fumitare business. Seth G Wood* wVsre partlcalarly desirous of closing up ths old hnMwss is soon as possible, and respectfully request all la debtsd, aaU M W call MACON, GKO ltd A, WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 1861. EXTRA SESSION OF THE SOUTHERN CONGRESS. Montgomery, Ala., April 20, 1801. Congress asseiubled to-d;;v at noon, in compliance with proclamation of President Davis, convening an extra session. It was a gratifying scene to notice the cordial greetings, the shaking of hands, the pleasant smiles, and other demonstrations of welcome, which were intercharged am on ■ the mem hers as they met this morning in the Congress hall. An unusual number of strangers and citizens were present, and in the hali and gallery there were many ladies. At 12 o’clock, the President of Congress, the Hon. Howell Cobb, took his chair, and the Rev. Basil Manley offered a fervent in vocation to the Throne of C race. The President then called Congress to order, and stated that they had been assem bled at this time by a proclamation from the President. The iirst business in order was the call of the roll, and few names were called which were not responded to. The President stilted that a quorum was present and that Congress was now ready to transact business. Mr. Walker of Alabama, stated that there were two new members present from his State, who had not been qualified, and moved that they now have an opportunity of doing so. fie referred to Messrs. 11. C. Jones and Nich Davis, Jr., who hud been elected to fill the vacancies created by the resignations of Messrs, David P. Lewis and Thomas Fearn. Mr. Ochiltre, of Texas, said that Mr. Louis T. Wigfall was present, and he had not been qualified. Mr. (’layton, of Mississippi, announced that Mr. J. A. Orr, (the successor of Mr. W. S. Wilson,) was also present, and moved that all these gentlemen be requested by the Pro sident to come forward and be qualified. Messrs. Davis, Jones, Wigfall, and Orr, came forward, took the oath, and subscribed to the Constitution. Mr. T. R. 11. Cobb, of Georgia, said that as a quorum was present, and tjie Congress had been conveud by the proclamation of the President, he moved that a committee of three be appointed to wait on the President, and inform him that Congress was now ready to receive any communication from him. The President appointed Messrs. T. It. It. Cobb, James Chesnut, jr., and John Perkins, for that committee. The committee retired, and in a few minute returned, and stated that the President would in a few minutes communicate in writiug to C ingress. Mr. T. It. It. Cobb, offered the following resolution which was adopted : Rexotoed, by the Confederate States of America, that the Secretary of Congress be authorised to appoint an assistant in the place of A. B. Clitherall, Esq., resigned. The President presented to Congress the annexed communication from a portion of the people of New Mexico : Messilla, March 18, 1851. To the Hon. llowcll Cobb, President of the Congress of the Confederate States of America. Sir : In pursuance of a resolution adopt ed at a Convention of the citizens of that portion of New Mexico known as Arizona, held at this place on the 16th inst. 1 have the honor herewith to transmit the enclosed preamble and resolutions, unanimously adopt ed, with the hope aud request that you will lay them before the Congress of the Confed erate States of America for their considera tion. Signed by the Secretary. On motion of Mr. Chesnut, the reading of the preamble and resolutions referred to, was postponed for the present, and the com munication was refered to the Committee on Territories. Mr. Ochiltree, of Texas, requested to pre sent to Congress a communication from the Governor of the Territory ot Arizona, trans mitting a copy of the Provisional Constitu tion, with the request that it be presented to Congress. The communication was receiv ed, and referred to the Territorial Commit tee. Mr. Joselyn, the President’s Private Sec retary, then appeared in the Hall, and stated that he had a message from the President, with accompanying documents. Mr. Withers asked the question whether there was anything in the message that would prevent its being read in public ses sion. Mr. Toombs replied that there waß not. The message was then read in a very dis tiuet tone by Mr. Dickson. Advice to Volunteers —llovv to Pre pare fer the Campaign.— A writer, who signs himself “An Old Soldier,” gives the following advice to young soldiers : 1. Remember that in a campaign more men die from sickness than by the bullet. 2. Line your blanket wifch one thickness of brown drilling. This adds but four ounces in weight, and doubles the warmth. 3. Buy a small India rubber blanket (only 81.50) to lay on the ground or to throw over your shoulders when on guard duty during a rain storm. Most of the East ern troops arc provided with these. Straw to lie on is not always to be had. 4. The best military hat in use is the light colored soft felt : the crown being suf ficiently high to allow space for air over the brain. You can fasten it up as a continent al in fair weather or turn it down when it is wet or very sunny. 5. Let your beard grow, so as to protect the throat and lungs. 6. Keep your entire person clean; this prevents fevers and bowel complaints in warm climates Wash your body each day, if possible. Avoid strong coffee and oily meet. Gen. Scott said that the two free use of these (together with neglect in keep ing the skin clean) cost many a soldier his life in Mexico. 7. A sudden check of perspiration by chilly or night air, often causes fever and death. When thus exposed do not forget your blauket. Military Service Preferred. — We are informed that Gov. N. P. Banks, who has recently located in Chicago as resident vice president of the Illiaois Central Rail way, has gone back to Massachusetts, and i„ expected to command the regiment of that State. We do not know of a man bet ter qualified for a commander in this war. — He is personally known to most of the Mas sacusetts volunteers, and only a year ago he was commander-in-chief of the military foiratf that Statfc-*C*w<*ss luterroiii’sc of Nations in tinio of War. In relation to these rights and duties, which arc not sufficiently generally under stood, we find in an exchange, ready to hand, some appropriate extracts from Kent’s Com mentaries, a standard authority on interna tional law, for which we bespeak an atten tive perusal : INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL” INTER COURSE. “One of the immediate and important consequences of the declaration of war, is the absolute interruption and interdiction of all commercial correspondence, intercourse, and dealing between the subjects of the two countries. The idea that any commercial intercourse or pacific dealing can lawfully subsist between the people of the powers at war, except under the clear and express sanction of the Governments, and without a special license, is utterly inconsistent with the new class of duties growing out of a state of war. The interdiction flows, nec essarily, from the principle already stated, that a state of war puts all the members of the two nations respectively in hostility to each other ; and to suffer individuals to I carry on a friendly or commercial intercourse,! while the two Governments were at war,! would he placing the act of Government and : the acts of individuals in contradiction to! each other. It would counteract the opera tions of war and throw obstacles in the way of public efforts, and lead to disorder, im becility and treason. Trading supposes the existence of civil contracts and relations, and reference to the courts of justice ; and it is, therefore, necessarily, contradictory to a state of war. It affords to the enemy in an j effectual manner, by enabling the merchants of the enemy’s country to support their Gov ernment, and it facilitates the means of con veying intelligence and carrying on a trait orous correspondence with the enemy— These considerations apply with peculiar force to maritime States, where the principal object is to destroy the marine and com-| merce of the enemy in order to force them to peace. It is a well settled doctrine in die English jurists, that there cannot exist, at the time, of war for arms and a peace for commerce. The war puts an end at once to all dealing and all communication with each other, and places every individual of the respective Governments, as well as the Gov ernments themselves, in a state of hostility. This is equally the doctrine of all the au thoritative writers on the law of nations, and of the maratime ordinance of all the great powers of Europe. It is equally the receiv ed law of this country, and was so decided frequently by the Congress of the United States during the Revolutionary war, and again by the Supreme Court of the United States, during the course of the last war ; and it is difficult to conceive of a point of doctrine more deeply or extensively rooted in the general maritime law of Europe; and of the universal and immemorial usage of the whole community of the civilized world. ! “It follows, as a necessary consequence of the doctrine of the illegality of all inter course or traffic, without express permission, that all contracts with the enemy, made during the war, are utterly void. The in surance of an enemy’s property is an illegal contract, because it is a species of trade and intercourse with the enemy. The drawing of a bill of exchange, by an alien enemy, on the subject of the adverse country, is an illegal and void contract, because it is a com munication and contract. The purchase of bills on the enemy’s country, or the remis sion and deposit of funds there, is a danger ous and illegal act, because it may be cher ishing the resources and relieving the wants of the enemy. The remission of funds, in money or bibs, to subjects of the enemy is unlawful. The inhibition reaches to every communication, direct or circuitous. All endeavors to trade with the enemy, by the intervention of third persons, or by partner ships, have equally failed, and no artifice has succeeded to legalize the trade, without the express permission of the Government. Every relaxation of the rule tends to corrupt the allegiance of the subject, and prevents the war from fulfilling its end. The only exception to this strict and rigorous rule of international jurisprudence, is the case of ransom hills, and they are contracts of ne-| cessity, founded on a state of war, and en gendered by its violence. It is also a fur- ( thcr consequence of the inability of thc i subjects of the two States to commune or j carry on any correspondence or business to- ( gether, that all commercial partnerships existing between the subjects of the two ( parties prior to the war are dissolved by the mere force and act oftho war itself; though other contracts existing prior to the war arc not extinguished, but the remedy is only suspended, and this from the inability of an alien enemy to soe, or to sustain, in the language of the civilians, a personi standi in Judicio. The whole of this doctrine res pecting the illegality of any commercial in tercourse between the inhabitants of two nations at war was extensively reviewed, and the principal authorities, ancient and modern, foreign and domestic, were accu rately examined, and the positions which have been laid down established in the case of Griswold vs. Waddington, decided in the Supreme Court of this State, and afterwards affirmed on error.” Rev. Dr. Adam* on the tVar. The Rev. Neheruiah Adams, of Boston, so well known as a conservative constitu tional man, and author of the “South Side View,” and who within a month has pub lished a volume favoring the South, called “The Sable Cloud,” preached a sermon on Sunday, the 21st ult., in which he said: The commander of the Massachusetts troops was the candidate for Governor, at the last election, of the party who represent ed the southernmost ideas; but he and his command have forgotten this in the vital struggle to maintain government. He is mistaken who sees in this popular excite ment only a war spirit. Blind passions and impulses, of course, mingle but you can not fiud the man who does not feel that gov ernment must be maintained at all hazards and at whatever cost. It is a question of civil life or death. Shall mobs rule us or constitutional authorities ? They in whose hands the National and State governments are reposed, are, while they abide, by the Constitution and execute the laws, as though the very angels of God were over us in His stead. A people may change their government, hut ii to it and frify they are guilty of treason. Honesty of pur pose does not save them. They should have been certain that the people were prepared for the change, and now they must die, and deter others from disturbing an ordinance of God—which disturbance in a country may be as harmful as though one should tamp r with the seasons of the year. Nothing would gratify me more, as your minister, than to have you make a subscrip tion, to he transmitted by bur Treasurer to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth, for the use of necessitous families in Massachusetts, from whom a member or members have gone or shall go into the military or naval ser vice of the United States at the present time. This \*ill be virtually in the cause of gov ernment, though its immediate objects are the families of soldiers. Our name is “U n ion Church,” and this is Essex street, of which Lafayette said in Boston, in 1525, “The world should never forget the spot where once stood “Liberty Tree/’ so famous in your annals.” lam not seeking to ex cite a war spirit, for a formidable demonstra tion of Union feeling at the present time, with arms, is a necessary means of peace and reconstruction. If we are to negotiate, all must under stand that we are not a •conquered people, treating for their lives and liberties, but that we are able to defend and maintain them. The emblems and inscriptions on the Mas sachusetts coat of arms are appropriate now : A sword is lifted up—“ Ease petite plaeidam, sub libertafe quietem ,” —Sword in hand he seeks peace, iu liberty. Let that hand al ways be lifted, but only as an emblem, till the angels’ song at Bethlehem shall still the drum and fife with “peace on earth, good will towards men.” At the close of the services, the congre gation were requested by the pastor to re main, and consider the proposition, which was with great enthusiasm adopted. Twen ty-three hundred and twenty-five dollars were subscribed. No subscription was over one hundred dollars. Fortress Houroe. This stronghold of the Federal Govern ment, commanding Hampton Road and con troling the mouth of James river aud the entrance to Norfolk, and Portsmouth, is doubtless destined to be the locality of an exciting struggle and a protracted seige. It is described as the most complete and ex tensive military work in the country, with walls more than a mile in circuit, very thick and high, surrounded by a moat from fifty to one bundled feet wide, with eight feet of water, draw-bridges and outer batteries. It mounts some four hundred heavy guns, in cluding, of course, mortars for throwing shells, and ordinance of the heaviest and most ef fective kind. The walls enclose about twen ty five acres, which will give the readers an idea of the extent of this fortress. In the centre is the parade ground, and all around are the quarters for the troops. Its cost was about $2,500,000. A correspondent of the Savannah Repub lican explains why it is that this place is called a “fortress,” while the other defensive works commanding the harbors of the coun try are styled forts. The latter are simply defensive works, with accomodations for only their working and active force, while a for tress is a stronghold arranged for the accom modation and protection of a large garrison, and whence they may issue for offensive as well as defensive operations. Monroe is the ouly “ fortress” in the country, and it was designed chiefly for the protection of the United States Navy Yard, nearer Norfolk and Potrsmouth, which is now partially des troyed and in possession of the Virginians. Fortress Monroe is too far from those cities for its guns to menace them with shot or shell. Fort Norfolk is much nearer to them. It is announced that the Federal Govern ment has succeeded in throwing 2,400 troops into Fortress Monroe (nearly its full complement,) and with this number of healthy and resolute men, amply provisioned, it may be expected to bid defiance for a long time to a seige by the Confederate or Virginia forces, even if all reinforcements are cut off. We presume that it will be the present aim of the South to invest it completely, cutting off all succor and reducing it rather by the slow but sure process of privation and anx ious vigilance than by assault. I lie latter mode of attack would involve an immense loss of life, and the advantages secured by the quicker release of the commerce of Nor folk and Portsmouth from its surveillance would hardly compensate for such a cost. — It is too far removed to bring its guns to bear on the Navy Yard, but its control of the en trance to that establishment, as well as the mouth of James river and the approach to Norfolk and Portsmouth, will be very au noying and hurtful.— Columbus Enquirer. major General Beauregard. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard was born near New Orleans, and is now about forty-three years of age. lie graduated at West Point in 18118, taking the second honor in a class of forty-live, was appointed 2d Lieutenant iu the first Artillery, and, a week afterwards, was transferred to the corps of Engineers.— lie was promoted to the tirst Lieutenancy, June, 1839, and in that capacity served dur ing the Mexican War. He was twice bre vettcd for “gallant and meritorious conduct in the field” —first as Captain for the battle of Contreras and Churubusco ; and again as Major for the battle of Chepultepec. — He was wounded in the assault upon the Garita de Belen in the city of Mexico. On his return home he was elegantly sworded, and appointed master of the Mint and Cus tom House at New Orleans, as well as of the fortifications on or near the mouth of the Mississippi. About two months since he was ordered to West Point as Superintend ent of the Military Academy, but was re lieved by President Buchanan, within forty eight hours, as a it is alleged, to the secession speech of Senator Slidell, who is a brother in law of Gen. Beauregard. Gen. B. is in the prime of life and vigor ous health, erect as a soldier, well made and. remarkably active. There is great spirit and determination in his look, and he evi dently possesses great muscular power.— The great characteristic of the General is a perfect method in all his plans. He is re garded as one of the best officers that was ever in the American Army. Brave, up right and of incorruptible integrity, he is one of those few characters that circumstan ces could never change. Eminently social, simple and affable in bis manners, it js, in deed, a great eulogium that can bo passed upon him, when it is said that he J^e<|uallj lik'd tttd rented hy &U wh f > fcyro hist, PRESIDENT// MESSAGE. To the Special Session of the Congress, Convened at ty&inery, April 1861. Gentlemen of the Congress: It is my leaning duty to announce to you that the Constitution framed for the estahlishment of a government for the Confederate States has been ratified by each of those States to which it was referred. To inaugurate the government in its full proportions and upon its own sub-ÜBtitial basis of the popular will it only remains tlut flections should he held for the designation ol the officers to administer it. There u every reason to believe that at no distant dav, other States identified in political principles and community of interests with those w hich you represent .vili join this Confederacy ; giving to its typical -cot.stelbition increased splendor— to its government of free, equal and sovereign States a wider spheri* of usefulness—and to the friends of constitutional liberty a greater security for its harmonious and perpetual existence. It was not, however, for the purpose of making this announcement that I have deemed it my duty ot convoke you at an earlier day than that fixed by yourselves lor your meeting. The declaration of war made against this Confederac” bv Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, in Ins proclamation issued on the fifteenth day of the present month, rendered it necessary, is my judg ment, that you should convene at the earliest prac ticable moment, to devise the measures necessary lor the defence of the country. The occasion is indeed an extraordinary one.— It justifies me in a brief review of the relations heretofore existing between us and the States which now unite in a warfare against us, aud in a. succinct statement of the events which have result ed in this warfare ; to the end that mankind may pass intelligent and practical judgment on its mo tives and objects. During the war waged against Great P.ritian by her colonies and this continent, a common danger impelled them to a close alliance, and to the forma tion of a Confederation, by the terms of which tho colonies, styling themselves States, entered “sever ally into a firm league of friendship wiili each other for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made upon, them or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade or any other pretense whatever.” In order to guard against any misconstruction of their compact, the several Suites made explicit declaration, in a distinct article, that “each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right which is not by this Confederaion expressly delegated t<> the U. States in Congress assembled.” Under th : s contract of alliance, the war of tlm revolution was successfully waged, and resulted in the treaty of peace with Great Ltritian in 1783, bv the terms of which the several States were, eßcii by name, recoguized to be independent. The articles of Confederation contained a clause whereby all alterations were prohibited, unless confirmed by the Legislatures of every Stale, after being agreed to by the Congress; and in obedience to this provision under the resolution of the Con gress the several States appointed delegates who attended a convention “for the sole and express purpose of revising the articles of confederation , and reporting to Congress and the several Legisla- | lures such alterations and provisions therein as shall when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the States, lender the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preserva tion of the Union.” It was, by the delegates clioscd, by the several States under the resolution just quoted, that the Constitution of the United States was framed in 1787, and submitted to the several States for rati fication, as shown by the 7th article, which is in these words: “The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Cons'.itution between the States so ratifying the same.” I have italicised certaiu words in the quotations just made, for the purpose of attracting attention to the singular and marked caution witn which the States endeavored, in every possible form, to ex clude the idea that the separate and independent sovereignty of cacli State was merged into our common government aud nation ; and the earnest desire they evinced to impress on. the Constitution its true character—that of a compact between in dependent States. The Constitution in 1787 having however, omit ted the clause just recited from the articles of Confederation, which provided in explicit terms, that each State retained its sovereignty and inde pendence, some alarm was felt in the States when invited to ratify the Constitution, lest this omission should be construed into an abandonment of their cherished principle, and they refused to be eatified until amendments were added to the Constitution, placing beyond any pretence doubt, the reserva tion by the States, of all their sovereign rights and powers —not expressly delegated to the United States by the Constitution. Strange indeed must it appear to the impartial observer, but it is none the less true, that all these carefully worded clauses proved unavailable to prevent the rise and growth in the Northern States of a political school which has persistently claimed that the government thus formed w*as not a com pact between States, but was in effect a national government, set up above and over the States. An organization created by the States to secure the blessings of liberty and independence against foreign aggression, has been gradually perverted into a machine for their control in their domestic affairs; the creature hr s been exalted above its creators ; the principles have been made subordi nate to the agent appointed by themselves. The people of the Southern States, whose al most exclusive occupation was agriculture, early perceived a tendency in the Northern States to render the common government subservient to their own purposes, by imposing burthens ou commerce as a protection ho their manufacturing and shipping interests, tfluig and angry contro versy grew out of these attempts, often successful, to benefit one section of the country at the ex pense of the other ; and tbe danger of disruption arising from this cause was •enhanced by the fact that the Northern population was increasing by im migration and other causes in agreater ratio than the population of toe South, fey degrees, as the I Northern States gained preponderance in the Na tional Cor.grees, selffinterest uugirt their people to yield assent-to any plausib e atkmeacy of their right! as a majority to govern the uDHiority with out control; they learned to listen .with impa tience to the suggestion of any constitutional im pediment to the exercise of their will;; and so utterly have the principles of the Constitution been corrapted in the Northern miod, that in the inaugural address delivered by President Lincoln in March last, he asserts as an axiom which he plainly deems to be undeniable, that tbe theory of the Constitution requires that in all cases the majority shall govern ; and in another memorable instance, the same Chief Magistrate did not hesi tate to liken the relations between a Slate and the United States to those which exist between a county and tbe State in which it ia situated and by which it was created. This is the lamentable and fundamental error on which rests the policy that has culminated in his declaration of war against tbeae Confederate States. In addition to the long continued and deep Seated resentment felt by the Southern States at the persistent abuse of the powers they bad dele gated to tbe dbngress, lor the purpose of enrich ing the ■manufacturing and shipping classes of the No. that the expense of the Soutit, there has exist ed f-n nearly half a century another subject of disomd, involving interests of such transcendent magnitude, as at all times to create the apprehen sion in the minds of many devoted lovers of the Union, that its permanence was impossible. When the several States delegated certain pow ers to the United States Congress, a large portion of the labo ring population consisted of African slaves iin pc ‘ted into the colonies by the mother country. In twelve out of thirteen Sfcites, negro slavery exiaad, and the right of property in slaves was protected by law. This property was recog nized in lha Constitution, and provision was made agair.st its loss by the escape of the slave. The iucieaae in the number of the slaves by further impoitotion from Africa wa9 also secured by a clause forbidding Congress to prohibit the slave trade anterior to a certaiu d*t ; and in no clause can tjbere be found any delegation of power to the Congress authorizing it in any manner to eg islaue to the ptkiadioe, detriment or discourage ment of the ovuiera specie* P ro P^‘^ it frya \k% VOLUME XXXIX—NO. 7. The climate and soil of the Northern States soon proved unpropitious to the continuance of slave SoutVi >, kil9t''’lh e converse was the case at the ‘ n 1 ‘ ‘ nder the unrestricted interconrse be seydons, the Northern States con ,j c-. , c ” ° w ,” * nter est by selling their slaves to MTi*lig a *2‘*sr’ ’t“ ,Wr . !a stsvs [ i.w ol tbe acquisition .K„ cion that their quiet possession was to be disturbed by those who were inhibited, uot only by want ot constitutional authority, but by good faith as Teo dors, from disquieting a title emanating from themselves. As soon, however, as the Northern States, that prohibited African slavery within their limits, had reached a number sufficient to give their rep resentation a controlling voice in the Congress, a persistent and organized system of hostile meas ures against the rights of the owners of slaves in the Southern States was inaugurated, and gradu ally extended. A continuous series of measures were deviled and prosecuted for the purpose of rendering insecure the tenure of property ia slaves; fanatical organizations, supplied with money bv voluntary subsciiptions, were assiduously engaged in exciting amongst the slaves a spirit of discon tent and revolt; means were furnished for thefr escape from their owners, aud agents secretly em ! ployed to entice them to abscond ; tbe constUu i tional provision for their rendition was first evad ‘d, then openly denounced as a violation of the con scientious obligation and religious duty; men were taught that it was a merit to elude, disobey and violently oppose the execution of the laws enacted to secure the performance of the promise contained in the constitutional compact; owners of slaves were mobbed and even murdered in open day, solely for applying to a magistrate for the arrest of a fugitive slave; the dogmas of these voluntary organizations soon obtained con trol of the legislatures of many of the Northern States, and laws were passed providing for the punishment by ruinous fines and long continued imprisonments in jails and penitentiaries, of citi zens of the Southern States, who would dare to ask aid of the officers of the law for the recovery .of their property. Emboldened by success, the the atre of agitation and aggression against the clearly expressed constitutional rights of the Souther it States was transferred to the Congress ; Senators ami Representatives were sent to the common councils of the nation, whose chief title to this dis tinction consisted in the display of ultra fanaticism, and whose business was, not “to promote the gen eral welfare or ensurp domestic tranquility,” but to awaken die bitterest hatred against the citizens of sister States, by violent denunciation of their institutions; the u&ysaction of public affairs was impeded by repeated e/orts to usurp powers not delegated by the Constitution, for the purpose of impairing the security ,tifproperty in slaves, and reducing those States which held slaves to a con dition of inferiority. Finally, a great party was organized for the purpose of obtaining the admin istration of the government, with the avowed ob ject of using its power to the total exclusion of the Slave States from all participation in the benefits of the public domain, acquired by all tbe States in common, wiLexuer by conquest or purchase; of surrounding itbow entirely by States in which si verv should be (prohibited ; of thus rendering the property in slaves $y insecure as to be com paratively worthless, and thereby annihilating, in effect, property worth thousand of millions of ! dollars. This party succeeded in ,the month of November last, in the election of its candidate for the Presidency of the United Scates. In the mean time, under the mild and genial climate of the Southern States, and the increasing care and attention for the well lieing and comfort of the laboring class, dictated alike by interest and , humanity, the African slaves had augmented iff number- from about 600,000, at the date of the adoption of the constitutional compact, to up wards of 4,<iGO,QOO. In moral and social condi tion, they had been .elevated from brutal savages into docile, intelligent £nd civilized agricultural 1 laborers, and supplied not oqly with bodily com forts but with careful religious instruction. Un der the supervision of a superior race, their labor had been so directed as not only to allow I ual and marked amelioration of their own condi tion, but to convert the hundreds of thousands of I square miles of the wilderness into cultivated lands, covered with a prosperous people ; towns and cities had sprung into existence, and bad rap idly increased in wealth and population under the social system of the South ; the white population of the Southern slaveholding States bad augment <l from about 1,250,000 at tbe date of the adop of the Constitution, to more than 8,600,000 >mj SS6O; and the productions of the South in cot ton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, for the full develop ment and continuance of wbic/i, the labor of the ; African slave was, and is, indispensable, had swo)- : ln to an amount which formed nearly three fourths of the exports of the whole United State*, and had become absolutely necessary for the ■wants at.civilized man. With interests of such overwhelming magnitude imperilled, tbe people of the Southern States were driven by the oeiwiuet of the North to the adop tion of some course action to avert the danger. With this view, the Legislatures of the Severn States invited the people to select delegates to fkmventions to be held for the purpose of determ ining for themselves what measures were best adapted to meet so alarming a crisis in their hjs tory. Here it may be proper to observe that from a period as early as 1798, there had existed in all of the States of the Union a party almost uninter ruptedly io the majority, based upon the creed that each State was in the last resort, the sole judge as well of its wrongs, as of the mode aud measure of redress. Indeed, it is obvious, that under the law of nations, this principle is an ax iom as applied to the relations of independent sovereign States, such as those which had united themselves under the constitutional compact.— The Democratic party of the United States, repeat ed in its successful canvass in 1866, the declara tion made in numerous previous political contests, that it would “faithfully abide and uphold the principles laid down in the Virginia resolutions of 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to tbe Vir ginia Legislature of J 799; and that itadoptetho.se principles as constituting one of the main founda tions of its political creed.” The principles thus emphatically announced, embrace that to which I have already adverted, the right of each State to judge of and redress the wrongs of which it complains. These principles were maintained by overwhelming majorities of the people of all the States of the Union at differ ent elections, especially in the elections of Mr. Jefferson n 1805, Mr. Madison in 1809, and Mr. Fierce in 1852. In the exercise of a right so ancient, so well established, and so necessary for self-preservation, the people of the Confederate States, in their Con ventions, determined that the wrongs which they had suffered, and the evils with which they were menaced, required that they should revoke the delegation of the powers to the Federal (foverc meut which they had ratified in their several Con ventions. They consequently passed ordinances resuming all their rights as sovereign and inde pendent States, aud dissolved their connection with the other States of the Union. Having done this, they proceeded to form anew compact amongst themselves, by new articles of Confederation, which have also been ratified by the conventions of the several States with an ap proach to unanimity far exceeding that of tbe conventions which adopted the Constitution of 1787. Ttiey have organized their new govern ment in all iW departments ; the functions of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Magistrates are performed in accordance with the will of the people as displayed, not merely in a cbeerfol ac quiescence; but in the enthusiastic support ot the government thus established by themselves; and but for the interference of the government ol t > United States in this legitimate exercise 0 t io tight of the people to self government, peace, happiness and prosperity would now smile on our kU That oeacc is ardently desired by this govern ment and has been manlfeßted m ever y i,o-dt>]e way/ Ee4.rce.ly had you assembled in Feb ruary last, when, even prior to the inauguration 0 t the Chief Magistrute you had elected, you passed a resolution expressive,of your desire for tbe appointment of coinmissiouers to be sent to the government of the United States, “for the purpose of negotiating friendly relations between tnat government and the Confederate States of America, aDd for the settlement of all questions lof disagreement between the two government upon principle# of right, justice, equality, ana good faith.” Iv wm my * w