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BY S. ROSE & CO. lilt Georgia journal & Messenger I- /*. i <• vstyWe-inea-lay aiortiag at f‘2 'Opcr ariaum. aij> nc th» rfßular charge wWI be One Dollar .r u ,.r« vtoia mumhCD rouio« for the first inssr ;! ,!■ aui i'ii-rt oh<T3 for cacti aubsequent iMertwn.All j. rtuemcQt* not *jx>eit)«d a* to Uiae, »lii be pubiu-hed B . il tot oi l hul charged nccordfagiy * iiberal d ‘ icodnt aiton Ito ttioae who advertiae bj tee ye:.r . , O-.fCARr Su-HOB. of ofM • *’* *•*■’**• ">*l be Charged at t:,e u-u U rates. ctfi> e, to be paid for at the j- : 0 ratß3. when fnaer-cJ. officers, Drug glm! AultSC^?^« d others, who cnay wish to ti.ak.t-llurite t contracts. „ r - t ir.inktn.t-rt -..v.0. Livmsß.'f»«3» byE .^ut„r=. A dmlntstrators , t j t>-Jt are required by la* to t>e adrertiaed in a u rtte forty day* previous to the day of sate. pl *fnejc .ial-3niu.:t b« held on the first Tuesday In the month, the hour* of ten In the forenoon and three In the "[i ni n at the Court house In the county in which the Pkrjonal Property must b* advertised in like \ r fort} daj3. L T. £ i o Debtor3 and PhedalOXs ©t au &3tats mutt be [ 1 j that application will be made to the Ordinary for I ~.ve t. J h hind and Negroes, must be published weekly for I Letters of Administrations, thirty days ; for ;.' U j on from Administration, monthly, six months ; for r,w-u*H.on from Guardianship, weekly, forty days. t> CLK ; fCjR FoBKOnoaiNG of Mort.iaok, monthly, four u Mht" for establishing lost papers, for the full space of tl* ree* months; for compeUlng titles from executors or ad uiioi jerators where a bond has been given bj the deceased, (».> tun of three m mths. F#”* betters addressed to S. ROSF i CO. Professional and Business ftleu- Profc-hiovii. iND BosiNJWfi Cards will be Inserted uudet hls heai, at ihe following rates, viz : F u r ibrea lines, per annum, $5 00 •• SiVen lines, do }® 0® “ T-n lines, do 00 “ Twelve lines, do l. r > 00 Nu i tvertliementß of this class will be admitted, unles' paid lor In advance, uor for a less term than twelve months- Advertisements of over twelve lines will be charged pro Rita- Advertisements not paid for In advance will be charged at he regular rates. REGHJHAH MEETINGS OF MASONS, KNIGHT TEMPLARS, ODD FEL LOWS AND SONS OF TEMPERANCE, HELD IN THE CITY OF MACON. MASONS. Grand Lodge es Georgia for 1860, October Slat. Macon Lodge, No. 5, first and third Monday nights in each month. Oonsiantlne Chapter, No. 4, second Monday night m e-ach month. .... , Washington Council, No. C, fourth Monday night In each month. . „ . . fit Omer’s Encampment. Knights Templar, No. 2, Meetings every Amt Tuesday night in each month. ODD FELLO WS. Grand Lodge, first Wednesday In June. Grand Encampment, Tuesday previoaa. Franklin Lodge, No. 2, every Thursday evening. United Brothers, No. 5, every Tuesday evening. Ma- on Union Encampment, No. 2, second and fourth Mon day evenings In each month. SONS OF TEMPERANCE. Grand Division, fourth Wednesday In October, annually. PROFESSIONAL CARPST CULVKitHOfTSE A ANSLEY, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, KNOXVILLE AND FORT VALI-EY, GA. G. P. OULVERHOUBE, F. A. ANSLEY, Knoxville, Ga. Fort Valley, Ga. octßl-’6O-ly 1.. N. WHITTLE, ATTORNEY AT LAW, MACON, GEORGIA . JFITCE next to CONCERT HALL, over Payne’s Drug Store lan. 6, [4l-ly.]‘ TIIO?IAS H. CABAN ISS, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Porsytli, AIT ILL attend promptly to all business entrusted to his W care In tbeCountiesof Monroe, Bibb, butts, Crawford, nes, Pike, Spalding and Up3on. [may 12 ’sß] REMOVAL, Bill 1,1. Ins removed his Law Office to Cherry street , up stairs of building next below B. A. Wise’s furnish ing store. Hi will attend the Courts as heretofore. Macon, Oct. 1,1861. oct 9-ts Millinery! PARIS *wj[ STYLES V ia. New Orleans. SsPRIING OF l«ai. Mrs. HOWLAND HAN opened a fine assortment of the newest Paris Styles of Ladles’ Hats and Milliner} Goods, Os recent and Direct Importation to Ntw Orleixs. Her customers and others are Invited to call, and she Is satirfittd that they will be pleased. Milliners from a distance can be accommodated with PATTERN HATS and any style of MILLINERY GOODS. apr 8 ~~THE GEORGIA HOTIE INSURANCE LOMPAVV, OP COLUMBUS, GEO. CHARTERED CAPITAL - - $250,000 DIRECTORS. John M. SlcGough, W. H. Young,l Rob’t. M. Qunby, J. G. Strupper, C. C. Cody, J. P. Illges, Daniel Griffin, W. 11. Hughes, James T. Bozeman, James Ennis, L. T. Downing. JNO. McGOUOH, President. D. F. Willcox, Secretary. Insures dwellings, stores,merchandize, cotton and othei all kinds of Insurable property, against loss or damage by fire. Applications received and policies is sued by JOSEPH M. BOAIIDMAN, feb 20—yt Agent for Macon and vicinity. Hardware Home made Smiths Bellows Portable Forage, Cast Steel, > Block Tins, Tin Plate, Bolt Copper, Glue, Rubber and Hemp Packing, Brass Wire, Sheet Brass, German Silver, Babbit Metal, Horse and Mule’Shoe, Shoe Nails, for sale by i u, y 10 NATHAN WEED. McCallie & Jones, the recent fire, have located nearly opposite hJ their old stand on Cotton Avenue, where they are pre pared to supply all customers with Bacon, Lard, Flour, Corn, &c., &c., GIVE US A CALL. jul y 8 GEORGIA MANUFACTURE \V MEAT FAVS, a superior home made article v v warranted to vrork well. Straw Cutters, for * 6ltb 7 •*** lß Nathan weed. RAILROAD SCHEDULES, &x MACON & WESTERN KAIL HOAD. ON ana after Mur.day, May 12th, P »*.■>«• nger Train: will be mn as follows : Leave Macon 9 30 a. a Arrive at Atlanta 4.00 p. k Leave Atlanta li.on a! * Arrive at Marcn 4.55 a.* The 10.00 a rn. i ram from Macon connect* with the \V s A K B si 6.00 p in. and Georgia R. R at 8.00 p rn. ALFRED L. TYLER, Saptrintendent Macon s Western R. R. Cos. may 14 Central Tiail Road. Change of Schedule. ON and after Sunday, October 27th, 1861, the Trains on this Road will be run as follows ; DAILY DAY TRAIN. Leave Savannah 2.30 p. m. Arrive In Macon 12.40 a. m Leave Macon 12.80 p. m. Arrive in Savannah 11. If. p. ru DAILY NIGHT TRAIN. Leave Savannah 950 p. m. Arrive in Macon 9oOa. m Leave Macon 850 p. m. Arrive in Savannah 7.40 a. m Savakmah, May 21,15C ! 2. On and after Sunday, June Ist, 1862, the Passenger Trail between Gordon, Milledgevllie and Eatonton, will run a. follows : Leave Eatonton 4.50 a. u Arrive at Gordon 7.89 a. u Leave Milledgevilie 6.27 a. m Connecting at Gordon with Up Night Train to Macon, At lanta, and 8. W. R. R. Leave Gordou 1.40 P. M.; arrive at Milledgeville 2.52 Eatonton 4.81 p. M., connecting at Gordon with Down Daj Train from Macon aud Up Night Train from Savannah, may 28 GEO. W. ADAMS, Gen’i Sup’t. MACON k BRUNSWICK RAIL ROAD. CIIAX6GOP 8-(’HEDVTLE, The t rains on this Road, will leave Macon daily (Sundays excepted,) at I*' A. M., returning at 4 P. M Daily connection made with Hawkinsville by line ot Stages. A. E. COCHRAN, Macon, Nov. 26,1861. Prest. and Sup’t. UPSON COUNTY RAIL. HOAD. THE daily train on the road connects with the train oi the Macon & Western Railroad from Macon to Atlanta: Fare from Thomaston to Macon $2 85. “ “ “ “ Atlanta 8 85. Through tickets can be had at the office of this company n Thomaston; anil at the general ticket office of the MaooL A Western Rail Road, at Macon and Atlanta. Passengers wishing to go to Chalybeate Springs, Warn Springs, or White Sulphur Springs, will find this route verj pleasant. Fine Stage Coaches will leave Thomaston dallj on the arrival of the train, and connect at the Chalybeat* Springs with coaches to the Warm and White Sulphui •Springs, returning daily to connect with the train from Thomaston to Barnesville. A. J. WHITE, july 25-ts Sup’t. Change of Schedule. SOUTH-WESTERN RAIL ROAD ON and after this date Passenger Trains will run as fol lows— UETWKKV MACON 3XI) COLUMBUS t Leave Macon at 1.80 a. m Arrive at Columbus at 7.18 a. m Leave Columbus at 2.25 p. m Arrive at Macon at 7.56 p. u BETWEEN MACON ASD CAATTAIIOOCHKE ; Leave Macon 9.80 A. m Arrive at Chattahoochee 6.44 p. y Leave Chattahoochee 9.55 a. m Arrive at Macon 7.18 p. 11 The Mail and Passenger Trains from Albany connect daily at SmithviUe, No. lo S. W.R.R.,and from Fort (Mine dally at Cuthbert, with Chattahoochee Mail Tra(n. Leave SmithvUle at 2.45 r. m Arrive at Albany 4 20 p. m Leave Albany at 12.45 p. m Arrive at Smlthvtlle 2.16 p. k Leave Cuthbert at 5.05 p. m Arrive at Fort Gaines 6.40 p. m Leave Fort Gaines at 10.06 a. m Arrive at Cuthbert at 11.65 p. m Making the connection with the up aud down Chatta hoochee Mail Train. Trains tu Columbus form a through connection to Mont goiaery, Ala., and Augusta, Kingston, Wilmington, Savan nah, Biiliedgevllle and Eatonton. Post Coaches run from Albany to Tallahassee, Baintrldge Thomasvllic, Ac. Passengers for points below Port Valley, should take the Night Tiain from Augusta and Savannah to avoid detention , at Macon. F'or Columbus take the Day Train. VIRGIL POWERS, Eng’r A Sup’t. , Macon, Nov. 8,1861. IVpsit’iii A: Ailautif Railroad. Atlanta to Chattanooga, 188 Mile» —Fare, .. 6 Ot> 1 JOHN S ROWLAND, Superintendent. PUS3BNGBB TE4IS. Leaves Atlanta, dally, at 7.80 p. v, Arrives at Chattanooga, at 4.67 a. m Leaves Atlanta, at 2 80 a. m Arrive® at Chattanooga, »t ,6.15 p. m ACCOMODATION PASSENGER TRAIN. Leaves Atlanta, dally, at.... 2.40 p. m Arrives at Kingston, at 6.67 p. m Leaves Kingston daily,at 4 80 a. it Arrives at Atlanta at 8.45 a. as This Road connects, each way, wdth the Rome Branch Railroad at Kingston, the East Tennesssee and Georgia Railroad at Dalton, and the Nashville A Chattanooga Rail road at Chattanooga. aug 6 Change of Schedule G EORGIA R AILROAD. ON AND AFTER SUNDAY, JULY 27T11, Sunday Da.v Train resumed on main line, also Trains on Athens and Warrington Branches will run to connect until further notiee. Leave Atlanta 6:10 a. m. “ “ 7:15 p.m. Leave Augusta 6:45 a. m. “ “ .... 4:00 a. hi. Arrive at Augusta 5:04 p. m. “ “ “ 5:80 a.m. Arrive at Atlanta 5:82 p. m. “ “ “ 2:05 a.m. Trains connecting with Washington and Athens Branches leave Augusta at 6:45 a. m. and Atlanta at 6:10 a. m. No connection with Warrenton on Sunday. Bel-Air Train leaves Augusta 5:15 p. m. GEO.’ YONGE, Sup’t. Georgia Railroad, Augusta, July 24,1862. aug 6 Atlanta & West Point Rail Road. To tal:c Effect an and after Sunday , Oct. 27, 1861. MAIL TRAIN. Leave Atlanta 2.15 A. m Arrive W T est Point 7.09 a. m Leave West Point 1.80 p. m Arrive Atlanta 6 IS f. m FREIGHT TRAIN. Leave Atlanta 7.15 a. m Arrive West Point 5 00 p. m Leave West Point 7.10 a. m 1 Arrive Atlanta 4.52 p. m oct 80 1861 Macon & Western Rail Road Cos, MACON, GA., Acgcbt, 2nd, 1562. THE present high and daily advancing prices- of all Rail Road Supplies, and the consequent necessity for increasing the pay of operatives, obliges this Company to advance its rates of Freight and Fare. Notice is ltaseby given, that on and after Wednesday, the 6th Instant, tlnyates on ail Freight, both through and local, except Coal and Live Stock by the Car Load, will be advanced fifty per cent, on the old rates as published Octo ber 15th, 1857. And Live Stock by the Car Load will be charged from Atlanta to Jone boro’, 121.00') “ “ Griffin, 25 00 1 Double these rates 44 44 Barnesville, 81.00 )-will be charged by 44 44 Fopsyth, 84.00 I Passenger Trains. 44 “ Macon, 87 00) And the rates of Passenger Fares will be Scents per mile for Whites, and about 81$ cts ’ P er for Blacks «tg 6 AjuFREL L. JYLER, Sup't, MACON, GEORGIA, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 28,1863. BUSINESS CARDS. «oa. nipn.l, ;;; ;»»■ HARSiMAN At SPARKS^ WARE-HOUSE AND Commission Merchants. jUgg MACON, OA„ WILL give prompt attention to the selling and ri,,i-;r„ of Cotton, and to the filling of orders for oUmatj.-u md family supplies. With many years ew*'-*']ei.oc- ,i u | sith their best efforts to serve their ffi« u is, they hop! L Tsve a continuance of the liberal patronage fcsrotoforp •steaded to tham. Liberal advance:.'m,i i vrh.m : , , tlu red August 15fh 1860. (ly ) DGATES & WOOLFOLK, Ay COTTON FACTORS. Ware Ifotiuc ou Tiiir«l Sltph. Wli-E continue to give prompt attention to buffness entrusted to tlieir care. Advances made on Cotton -a Store. Sept. 25,1681—tt IRON WORKS, M ACON, Ui:ORUI t. T. O. N I S li ET, HAVNIG removed his FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS to the line of the Rail Road near the Macon t Western Shops, he is now prepared to manufacture all MACHINERY AND CASTINGS, ALSO Steam Engines & Boilers, )n terms as favorable as anv Establishment either North ox louth. (mar 18) T. C. NISBET. OHN SCHOFIELD, JOSHUA SCHOFIELD Schofield. & JBro., FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS MACON, GEORGIA. WE are prepared to Manufacture Stt*a in Engines CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, MILL and GIN GEAP'- iNG, SUGAR MILLS, BRASS AND IRON CASTINGS Jf every description IHOIN HAII.INti and VEK INDAIIM. Having the most complete assortment of iron Railing in the State, which for elegance, neatness,du rability and design, cannot be surpassed, aud are suitable or the fronts of Dwellings, Cemetery Le ts, Public Squares, Jhurch Fences and Balconies. Persons desirous of purchasing Railings will do well to {ive a call, as we are determined to offer as good bargains is any Northern Establishment. Specimens of our Work can be seen at Rose Hill Jemetery, and at various private residence* in this city, jan 1-1861 D. C. HODGKINS &, SON, niSALERS IN ASD ItANUFACTERERS OF GUNS, RIFLES, PIBTOLS, MSHING kjlggjtepisL TACKLES. And Sporting Apparatus» OF E V KRV DKSOAIFTIOM, 'yQ V FEW DOORS RKI.IIW TH E Lanier House, Macon, Ga. Jan. 1,1660. ts F. H. BURGHARD, 'WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, AND DEALER IN FANCY WARES, DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES, IN GENKRA L, AR'l’IC LEfl OF V ERTU, AN l) MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, CUTLERY, FINEST IMPORT ED AND AMERICAN WATCHES, TIME PIECES, CLOCKS, CHRONOMETERS, CHIROGRAPHIC IMPLEMENTS, Ac., Ac., Ghottry St., Macon, Second door below tbs Telegraph Feinting House* mH AN KFi L forpasttavora reminds SSL 1 the public that all the most fashionable, elegant and desirable goods in this line will I continue to be found at this elegant stand % - in the greatest variety. No trouble to show Goods. feb 29-*6i>- y For Sale Cheap * CARHIAIiES, HOI'KAWAVS & BLGtiIES, JIAKNKSS AN D WH IPS. Bra 11 lcbovo 13 u ess, (MiDE BY ASA MILDER.) NEXT DOOR TO THE BAPTIST CHURCH, jan 1 1862 *J. DeLOAPIIE. GRANITE HALL. IWOn.D respectfully inform my OLD FRIENDS and PATRONS, that since the fire, I have obtained the Rooms i in the building NEXT ABOVE the ‘‘Granite Hall,” and over i the store of R. P. McEvoy and Messrs. Bostick A Lamar, : where I have opened, and will be pleased to see my friends I and customers, and will do my best for their comfort and ‘ pleasure. Very Respectfully, ! ma y l BF.NJ. t. DENSE. BHOWX HOUSE, Opposite the Passenger Depot, Macon, (xii. THE undersigned take charge of this establishment from the Ist November, 1562. oct 22 GEORGE B. WELSH A CO. ! THE STUBELEFIELD UIOUSU “ Like the Phcenix from its Ashes.” ITH IT large, new and elegant House, recently erected . on the ruins of my old establishment. Mulberry street, j Macon, Ga., is now open for the reception and aecommda : tion of Boarders and transient guests. I The House has been newly furnished throughout, in the ; best manner, and the Proprietor will endeavor to make it a FIRST CLASS HOTEL. Its situation Is eligible, a little below the Methodist and . opposite the Presbyterian Church, and near the Banks and i places of business. Connected with the House is a large Livery and Sale Stable, where Drovers and others can find accommodations for ! their stock. The patronage of his old friends and of tbe traveling public generally, is respectfully solicited. V nov i- ts M. STUBBLEFIELD. Washington Hall IS STILL OPEN TO THE PUBLIC. SASSEENE, Proprietor. Atlanta, Ga.. December. 1861. Pure Corn and Rectified Whiskey ■y i"k/A BBLS. Whiskey, consisting of “ Ward A Carey 6 Extra Rectified,” 44 Kentucky Pure White,’’Ten nesseeCorn, ’’Georgia Planters,” 44 Pike’s Magnolia, ’ an other Brands, all received direct from the Distillers,an to tale low by MoCALLIF, A JONKB tnar 7 ~IIOnE MAMUFACTIKE. WE are prepared to make to order and repair, at shor notice, MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, Ac., Ac Alio,Sewing Machinesrepalred, and new parts made, and machines adjusted ,by a practical and ex pe r ienced workman Public patronage respectfully solicited. jaa 13 S. j. JOHN6TON k CO. OF PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DIYIS. 1 U ihc Sen at. and fj. use 0/ Representatives of the Confederate States : At the date ol your last adjournment the preparations of the enemy for further hostili ties had assumed so menacing an aspect as to excite in some minds apprehensions of our ability to meet them with sufficient : promptness to avoid serious reverses. These i preparations were completed shortly after i your departure from the seat of Government and tiie armies of the t'nited States made 1- ni’Rtaneous advance on our frontiers, en j the western rivers and on the Atlantic coast i iii ntasses so great as to evince their hope of overheating all resistance by mere weight of numbers. This hope, however, like those previously entertained by our foes, hi? van ished. in Virginia, their fourth attempt at invasion by armies whose assured success was confidently predicted, has met with de cisive repulse. Our noble defenders, under : the consumate leadership of their General, j have again, at Fredericksburg, inflicted on j the forces under General Burnside the like j overthrow as had been previously suffered ! by the successive invading armies comman ded by Generals McDowell, McClellan and 1 P°Pe iu the West obstinate battles have been j fought with varying fortunes, marked by j frightful carnage on both sides, but the ene i my’s hopes ot decisive results have again j been baffled, while at Vicksburg another for midable expedition has beeu repulsed with inconsiderable loss ou our side and severe damage to the assailing forces. Ou the At lantic coast the enemy has been unable to \ gain a footing beyond the protecting shelter I of his fleets, and the city of Galveston has just been recovered by our forces, which I succeeded not only iu the capture of the ; garrison, but of one of the enemy’s vessels ; ol war, which was carried by boarding par j ties from merchant river steamers. Our i fortified positions have everywhere beeu j much strengthened and improved, affording { assurance of our ability to meet, with suc | cess, the utmost cflorts of our enemies, in | spite of the magnitude of their preparations j for attack. A review of our history of the two years i of our national existence affords ample cause for congratulation and demands the most fervent expression of our thankfulness to the Almighty Father who has blessed our cause. W c are justified iu asserting, with a pride, f surely .loounbecom&g, that these Uonfeciei'- ate States have added another to the lessens taught by history for the instruction of man; that they Lave afforded another example of the impossibility of subjugating a people determined to be free ; and have demonstra ted that no superiority of numbers or avail able resources euu overcome the resistance offered by such valor in combat, such con stancy under suffering, and such cheeiful endurance of privalion, as have been con spicuously displayed by this people in the defense of their rights and liberties. The anticipations with which we entered into the contest have now ripened into a conviction which is not only shared with us by the common opinion of neutral nations, but is evidently forcing itself upon our enemies themselves. If we but mark the history of the present year by resolute preaervanee lin the path we have hitherto pursued; by | vigorous effort in the development of all our resouioes for defence; aud by the continued exhibition of the same unfaltering courage in our soldiers aud able conduct in their leaders as have distinguished the past we have every reason to expect that this will be the closing year of the war. The war which is its inception, was waged for forcing us beck into the Fnioo, having failed to ac complish that purpose, passed into a second stage in which it was attempted to conquer aud rule these States as dependent provinces. Defeated iu this second design, our enemies have evidently entered upon another, which can have no other purpose than revenge and thirst for blood and plunder of private pro perty. But however implacable they may be, they can have neither the spirit nor the resouices required for a fourth year of a struggle uncheered by any hope of success, kept alive solely for the indulgence of mer cenary aud wicked passions, and demanding so exhaustive an expenditure of blood and money as has hitherto been imposed on their people. The advent of peace will be hailed with joy. Our desire for it has never been concealed. Our efforts to avoid the war, forced on us, as it was by the lust of conquest and the insane passions of our foes, are known to mankind. But earnest as has been our wish for peace and great as have been our sacrifices and sufferings during the war, the determination of this people has with each succeeding month become more unalterably fixed, to endure any sufferings and continue any sacrifices, however pro longed, until their right to self-government and the sovereignty and independence of these States shall have been triumphantly vindicated and firmly established. In this connection, the occasiou seems not unsuitable for some reference to the relations between the Confederacy and the neutral powers of Europe since the separation of these States from the former Union. Four of the States now members of this Confederacy, were recognized by names as independent sovereignties in a treaty of peace, concluded in the year 1783, with one of the tw r o great maratirae powers of Wes tern Europe, and had been prior to that pe riod, allies in the war of the other. In the year 1778 they formed a Union with nine other States under articles of Confederation. Dissatisfied with that Union, three of them, \ irginia, South Carolina and Georgia, to gether with eight of the States now mem bers cf the L n.te-i btates, seceded from it in U 89, and these eleven Receding States form ed a second l mon, although b) term* of the Articles ol Confederation express provi sions was made that the first unioD should be perpetual. Their right to secede, not withstanding this provision, was neither c.in fested by the States from which they separ ated, nor made the subject of dUcu?-ion with aay third power. Whoa, at a later period, North Carolina Gcc&ded to that second union, and wheu, still later, the other seven States, noTr member* of the Confederacy, became also members of the same t uion, it was up on the recognized footing of equal and inde pendent sovereignties, nor had it then en tered into the minds of men that sovereign States could be compelled, by force, to re main members of a Confederation into which they had entered cf their own free will, if at a subsequent period, tlu* defense of their safety aud honor should, in their judgement, justiiy withdrawal The experience of the past had evinced the futility of any renun ciation of such inherent rights, and accord ingly the provision for perpetuity contained in the Articles pf Confederation of 177* was omitted in the Constitution of 1789. When, therefore, in 18G1 eleven of the State* again thought proper, for reasons satisfactary to themselves, to secede from the second Inion, and to form a third one under an amended Constitution, they exercised a right which, being inherent, required no justification to foreign nations, and which international law did not permit them to question. The usages ot intercourse between nations do, however, require that official communication be made to friendly powers of all organic changes in the constitution of States, aud there was obvious propriety in giving prompt assurance of our desire to continue amicable relations with all mankind. It w r as under the influence of these considerations that your predecessors, the provisional Govern ment, took early measures for sendiug to Europe Commissioners charged with the duty of visiting the capitals of the different powers aud making arrangements for the opening of more formal diplomatic inter course. Prior, however, to the arrival abroad of j those Commissioners, the United States bad j commenced hostilities against the Confeder j acy by despatching a secret expedition for ' the reinforcement of Fort Sumter, after an express promise to the contrary, and with a j duplicity which has oeeu fully unveiled in i a former message. They had also addressed ! communications to the different Cabinets of Europe, in which they assumed the attitude lof being sovereign over this Confederacy, alleging that these independent States were in rebellion against the remaining States of the Union, and treating Europe with mani festations of their displeasure if it should treat the Confederate States as having an independent existence. It soon becan e known that these pretensions were not con sidered abroad to be as absurd as they were known to be at home, nor had Europe yet learned what reliance was to be placed on the official statements of the Cabinet, at Washington. The delegation of power granted by these States to the Fedeiai Gov ernment to represent them in foreign inter- j course, had led Europe into the grave error | of supposing that their separate sovereignty and independence had been merged into one common sovereignty, and had ceased to have j a distinct existence, t nder the influence of J this error, which all appeals to reason and | historical fact were vaiuiy used to dispell oar Commissioners were met by the declara tion that foreign governments could not as sume to judge between the conflicting rep resentations of the two parties as to the true uature of their previous mutual relations.— The governments of Great Britain and France accordingly signified their determination to confine themselves to recognizing the self evident fact of the existence of a war, and to maintain a strict neutrality during its : progress. Some of the other powers of Europe pursued the same course of policy, and it became apparent that by some under standing express or tacit, Europe had deci ded to leave the initiative in ail action touching the contest on this continent to the two powers just named, who wore recognized to have the largest interests involved, both by reason of proximity and of the extent and intimacy of their commercial relations with the States engaged in war. It is manifest that the course of action adopted by Europe, while based on an appar ent refusal to determine the question, or to side with either party, was iu point of fact an actual decision against our rights and in favor of the groundless pretensions of the United States. It was a refusal to treat us as an independent government. If we were independent States, the refusal to entertain with us the same international intercourse as was maintained with our enemy was un just, and was injurious in its effects, what ever may have been the motive which prompted it. Neither was it in accordance with the high moral obligations of that in ternational code whose chief sanction is the conscience of sovereign and the public opin ion of mankind, that those eminent pow ers should decline the performance of a duty peculiarly incumbent on them, from any apprehension of the consequences to themselves. One immediate and necessary result of their declining the responsibility of a decision which must have been adverse to the extravagant pretensions of the United States, was the j rolongation of hostilities to which our enemies were thereby encouraged, and which have resulted in nothing but VOLUME XL-NO 45 : scenes or carnage and devastation on :l i | continent, ami ot misery and suffering es I the other, such as have scarcely a para. 1 in history Had thci 3 powers promptiy ad mitted our light to be treated a- ether Inde pendent oatiGD*, none can doubt that t:. e moral effects of such action would h "e 1 tL to dispel the delusion under which h T ted states have persisted iu r f hei. r rl: to accomplish cur subjugation To the tinued hesitation of iho same power* ir. r » • dering this act ol *implp iu~ti?° tow u it Lonicderacy, is still due the cor tf’ ! r^,e calamities which mankir 1 *i'f. r the interruption oi its peaceful pu the old and the new worlds There are other matter in which less the. justice ha* been rendered to thi neutral Europe, and undue adverts*' ferred on the aggressor- in a wi< c- ’ \ At ihe inception of hostilities th > tauts of the Confederacy were aim v ■ lively agraulturalists; ’tho-" of the L a t States to a great extent, mechanics :i U j nwi chants. \\e had no commercial i v while their l , °°**» « were f thoy had powerful Meets. The advaut.u - which they p mew and i i infl our coasts and harbors was thus couu' . . ! j! aneed iu some measure by the exp -uic ; their commerce to attack by private arm .1 vessels. It was known to Europe that k .;h - in a very few years past the 1 nited S: i had peremptorily refused to accede to pi.■ >. sals for abolishing privatering, on th. .1 as allcdged by them, that nation* wb | powerful fleets would thereby obtain in. it ! advantage over those possessing inf,a > r naval forces. Yet no sooner was w.tr flagrant between the Confederacy and the knifed States than the maritime powers of Eu issued orders prohibiting either par? , ti i . bringing prizes into their ports. To . , hibition, drected with apparent impai against both belligerents, was in real it', effective against the Confederate State.- al m*. for they alone, could find a hostile comu ■ on the ocean. Merely nominal against the United States, the prohibition operated v, . intense severity on the Confederacy, by de priving it of the only means of maint inin ; with some approach to equality, its stru _!< n the ocean against the crushing superior* v .f naval force possessed by its enemies, iho value and efficiency of the weapon which was thus wrested from our grasp by the combined action of neutral European powers iu favor oi a nation which professes openly iis iute:. tion oi ravaging their commerce h' pn a ieers in any future was, is BtrikingTy ilk. trated by the terror inspired among the commercial classes of the United States by by a single cruiser of the Confederacy.— One national steamer, commanded by oilicei and manned by a crew who are debarred, by the closure of neutral ports, from the opportunity of causing captured ve- els to be condemned in their favor as prizes, La sufficed to double the rates of marine in u rance iu Northern ports and consign to forced inaction numbers of Northern vessel . in ad dition to the direct damage inflicted by cap tures at sea. How difficult, then, to over estimate the effects that musi have been produced by the hundreds of private armed vessels that would have swept the -ta. pursuit of the commerce of our enemv, if the means of disposing of their prizes bai not beel! withheld by the action of neutr*; Europe! But it is especially in relation to the so called blockade of our coast that the y of European powers has teeu 30 shaped ■ s to cause the greatest injury to the COl fc- * eracy and to confer single advantages on ti t United States The importance of this .uin ject requires dome development. Prior to the year 1856, the principle* rn> ulatiug this subject were to be cratne; *1 from the writings of eminent publiciitj, tk decisions of admiralty courts, internauonil treaties, and the usageo of nations r iLa uncertainty and doubt which prevailed in reference to the true rules of maritime law iu time of war, resulting from the discordant and often conflicting principles announ. i from such vaiicd and independent tjjice had become a grievous evil to mankind Whether a blockade was allowable ngaii; a port not invested by land as weii u l sea if the investigating fleet was in i,.. ficieut to render ingress to the blockaded port “ evidently dangerous,” or whether it was further required for its legality that should be sufficient “really to prevent a -and numerous other similar question , had rendered doubtful and undecided. Animated by the highly honorable dt-.- i> to put an end “to difference of opinion be tween neutrals and belligerents, which mu\ occasion serious difficulties and even c i: flicts,” (I quote the official language,) the five great powers of Europe, together w.th Sardinia and Turkey, adopted, in 185 ;, ti. • following “solemn declaration” of princip. - 1. Privateering is, and remains abolished. 2. The neutral flag covers enemy’- with the exception of contraband of war. 3. Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under enemy’s flag. 4. Blockades, in order to be binding, in i t be effective ; that is to say, maintaim 1 f u force sufficient really to prevent acces- to the coast of the enemy. Not only did this solemn declaration an nounce to the world the principle to which the signing powers agreed to conform in tu ture wars, but it contained a clause to which those powers gave immediate effect, and which provided that the States, r.ot parties to the Congress of Paris, should bo invited to accede to the declaration. Under this invitation every independent State in Europe