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formation enough to perceive it, to reason upon it, to know why they e»joy rt, whence it flow s, how it was attained,how it is to be pre/erved, Sc how it ma) be loft. The people of thtfc Hates mull be educated for theij flation as members of the great community. They receive a republican education, be taught the duties and the rights of free men ; that is of American free men ; not the freemen that are so by Harts by fenzy , • in mobs ; who would fill the forutn nod of Clodius, or the pry untuen at of Cleon ; nor the freemen one day in seven years who w ould tufli together for sale at the Hulling? of Bieiitfoid, and clamor Sc bludgeon for a man whose principles Sc person were to them alike unknown Sc unre garded. Each American freeman is an integral member of the fo vercigoty, he is a co-cflaie of the emperor, carrying on its government by his delegates.— The firli right he poflefles after that of breathing the vital air, is the right of bcit g taught the management of the power to which he is born. It »s a seri ous duty of the society towards hint, an unquellionable right of the individual from the focie */• In a monarchy, the education of the prince isjullly deemed a concern of the nation. Ills done at their cxpenle, and why is it so ? It is Iccaule they are deeply intcrclled in his being well educated, that he ruav be able to ailminider the govern* went veil, to conduct the con cerns of the nation wileiy on their own cor.flitulional princi ples. — My friends, is it not even more important that our princes cur millions of princes, ihuulii be educated for their flation, than the single prince of a mo narchy ?’ If a single prince goes wrong, obllinately and incu rably wrong, he may be let a fidc for an other, with Put over, turning the. Hate. But if ourlo vereigns, in ilicit multitudinous cxercifc of power, Ihould he obllinate Sc incut able to wrong, you cannot set them a(it|e. But they will set you a foie ; they wilt set thcmfelves a tide ; they willciufh the Hate and convulse the nation. Hie reiult is mili tary dclpoiiftn, dilmcmbcrment of thegteat republick, and if. ter a fufhcietit coune of devaf. tation by civil wais, the fettle mtnt «n a lew ferocious mon at chi's, picpatcd to act over again die I .me degtading kene.v of uit uai eticioschincnt and I vindictive war which disgrace modern Eutope; Sc ftotn wbit 1 many writers have told u:., that mankind are never to be free. Out habits of thinking and c ven of rtalonit g, it mull he confdlcd, ate (till borrowed from feudal principles Sc mon erchical cHablifhments. As a nation we are not up> to our citct mdances. Our in the abllract, as wrought into our Hate and federal conftitu. duns, ate in general worthy o r ’ the highell pratfc; they dohon or to the human imellebl. But the practical tone and tcalion of t ur minds do not well cor iel pond with thole principles We are like a pctlon comer- ] ling in a foreign language, I whole rdiotn is not yet famiiai • tohttn. He thinks in Ins owntia. I live language, and is obliged to . tianiLte as he talks; which gives I a ttiHnefs to hts diicourle a |t. | betrays a cciuin tmbamifu.cot which nothing can run-ve I frequent cxcieifcarrd long piac lice. We aie accuffomed ti and realon relative to thj people’s education prccilclv like i ariftccratical fubjefls of a Eu ropean monarchy.--Some fay the people have no need of in fliutlioo ; they already knew too much; they cannot alt be legdlators and judges ard gen_ •erals; the great mass muH work for a living, and tfiey need no other knowledge, than what is fufTicient for that purpose. O thers will tell you it is very well for the people to git as much education as they can ; but it is their own concern, the Hate has nothing to do with it ; every parent out of regard to lis off pring, will give them what he c?n.and that will be enough. I would not sny how far ibis manner of treating the subject is proper even in Europe, whence we borrowed it. Hut I will say that nothing is more preposterous in America. It is din ctly contra ry to the vital principles of our constitutions ; and its inevitable tendency is 'o destroy them A universal system of education is so far from being a matter of indif ference to the public, under our social compact, that it is incentesti bly one ol the first duties of the government, me of the highest interests of the mtion, one ot the most sacred rights of the indivi dual, the vital fluid of organised liberty the precious aliment w ith out which your republic cannot be supported. 1 do not mean that our legisla tors should turn pedagogues ; or send their commissioners forth to discipline every child iu this na. tiou. Neither do l mean to be tray so much temerity aa to speak of the best nu de ot combining a system ol puoiiik instruction, but 1 letl it iny duty on this occasion to übe the freedom to which I am accustomed, and suggest the pro priety ol bringing forward sume system that shall be adequate to the object. 1«m chtarly of opin ion that u is already nithin the power of our legislative bodies, both federal & provincial; but if it i* not, the people ought to place it there, and see that it is exercised. It is certain that the plan, if pro peily arranged & wisely conducted would not be expensive. And there is no doubt of its absolute, irrtsßt* able necessity, if we mean to pre serve either our rtprese D t*t> v *: principle or our federal union. It is not intended that every ci tizen should be a judge or a general or a legislator: but every citizen in a voter; it is essential to your institutions that he should be a voter, and <f he has not the inatrurtion necessary to enable him to discriminate between the char* ar.tcrs cffcien, to withstand the in trigues of che wicked and to per ceive what is right, lie immediate ly becomes both a;i object and an instrument of corruption ; his right ol voting becomes an injury to him sell and a nuisance to society. It is in tins sense that the people are saul to be *• their own wror,i eue- I mns.” I heir freedom itself is found to be an insupportable cala. mity i anil the only consolation (a dreary consolation indeed) is that it cannot last long. Ihe time is fast approaching, when the United States will be out 1 of debt, if no extraordinaty cad for money to re |xrl foreign ag gression should intervene. Our surplus revenue alicady -dorda the means of entering upon the system of puhlick works, and be ginning to discharge our duty in tnis respect. The report of che i Secretary of the l rcasuty on these t wotks, which is or ought to be in the hands of every citizen, will shew their feasibility as to the fuixls , «X it dev elopes a part of tnc advantages With which the sys tem must beat tended. Hut neither ilwt distinguished statesman uor I any other huuian being could detail j * ui forth alt the advantages that i wouid arise from suen a system j earned to ns piuper extent. 1 hey ! aie incalculably great and uu- I i ptaUbly various. They would j ' mud the stales together to a boud ! j of union that every one could per j ccUt > cvciy one muM cherish j ..nd nothing could dc>tro\ j 1 hts ol itselt is an advantage so great, it coostdcied in all its con- , .-equences, that it seems almost | tascie&s to notice any other. It j wou.d facilitate the cuean» of iu- | I * strtictirg ihe pt f J • ro J’^ teach them to cherish the union a* the retiree of their {jpppinr**, &to know why it was *o : k this is a considerable portion of the educa tion they r» quite. It would great ly increase the t a'ue of property ! and the weal'h of individuals, and thereby enable them to aug* ment, the publick revenue liut what is more, it would itself aug ment the revenue in a more direct manner I>V enhancing the va!ue of ihe publick lands; which would thus sell faster and bring a higher price. In this manner the j first monies laid out by the goven ment on roads and canals would be a reproductive property ; it 1 would be constantly scuding back j more money into the treasury than was token from it for this purpeje. 1 So that all the advantages of every kind, publick and private, present | and future, commercial and eco. J oornical, physical, moral and poli tical, would be so much clear gain. There would be nothing destroyed but eri'ors and prejudi ces, nothing removed but the dan* gers that now threaten cur invalu able institutions. To do equal justice and give satisfaction 10 the people in eve • y state in the Union, the sums to be xptndcd in euch year should Lc disiributtd in the several states according to their population.— This is the general understanding ! among the friends of the system; and the Secretary has not neglec ted to keep it in view in his lu minous report. Our present legislators ought to considtr hew much true glory would redound to them from be. ing the lirrt io arrange and adopt such a «ys.tm—hew different from the sale glory commonly ac quired by the governments of other countries. Louis XIV toiled k tormented himself & all Kurope ihro’ a long lile to acquire glory. He made unjust wars, obtained ma ny \ ictoms k si ffcitci many de feats* He augmented the stan ding armies of hrente from 40,000 to 200,000 men ; and thus obliged ! the other power of Europe to aug- ! ment their means of defence in that proportion; means which j have drained the publick treasu ! ties and oppressed the peuple of , Europe ever since. And wbai is the glory that now retnaius toihe name of Louis XIV? Only the : Catoal of Languedoc. This indeed ' is a title to true gloiy, and it is almost the only subject on which hig name is now mentioned in France but with opprobrium and detestation. The government of England ex pended one hundred & thirty-nine millions sterling in the war under taken to subjugate the American coloni. s. , This sum, about six hundred mil lions of doll.irs, laid out on the con struction of canals, at twenty thousand dollars a mile, would have made thirty thousand miles of c.t iaj ; about the same length of way as ad the present post roads lit the U. States and their territories ; or a line tint could reach once and a quarter round the globe of this earth outlie circle of the equator. Or if the same sum cwuid be distri buted in a sent* of progressive im i prove mentis, a part in canals and a part in roads, bridges k school es tablishments, beginning with two million* a year, according to the proposition of the secretary of the treasury, and increasing as the sur \ plus revenue would increase, to [ 10 or 15 millions a year it would | make a garden of the (J. S. £ people it w itli a race ol men worthy to enjoy it j a garden extending over H cuu lioent ; g:ving a glorious example to mankind of the operation ot die true principles of society, the prin ciples recognized in your govern ment. Many persons now in bc_ j mg might live to see this change effected ; and most of us might to enjry it hi anticipation by see ing it bi gull. 1 he gicatest real embarrassment j "e labor under at present, arises I bom our commercial relations, the j only point of contact between u»fc ! the ui just government* oj Europe, by ilieir various and violent a**- gresvmas, they are constantly ois turb.og our repose, and causing u$ considerable exp cnees. I„ ease what is to be uone ? ty e ca|| . I not by compact expect i 0 o^ta]o I justice nor tne liberty of the SCJW * itoui thcicg.w.ruuicuu • n „ „ oj in ff>fi natufe 1 their organ zuion. | Shall we think of overpowering , them in their own wav by a navy stronger than theirs ; brutal force against brutal force, like the pon derous power of Europe among , themselves. This at picscnt is im possible ; and if it were possible, or whenever it should be possible, fit would be extremely impolitic ; it would be dat gemos, it not total- 1 ]y destructive to ail our plans of ; improvement, 6c even to the gov- I erem-nt itself. Has then a beneficent providence, j ; the God of order and justice, poin- j ted out another mode of defence, ! i by which the resources of this na ! tion mat be preserved for works of ‘ fieace and the advancement of hu j man happiness ? Has the genius of j science and of art raised up a new ; Archimedes to guide the fire G s j Heaven against the fleets that may i annoy ns ? I cannot but hope it has; not by the ardent mirror; but by means altogether more cer** tain, !e>s dependent on external circumstances, capable of vary ing & accommodating their mode of attack and defence to all the va riety of positions and movements common to ships of war. I know not how far I may difl'. rin opinion from those amoug you w ho may have turned their attention to the subject to which I now allude ; I or whether any person present has really iavestigaied it. But I I should not lee I easy to lose the j present occasion (the only one that I my retired life renders it probobfe i 1 shall ever have cf addressing you j ; to express my private opinion that the means of submarine at-j tack, invented & im posed by one ! «>f our citizens, carries in itself the eventual destruction of naval ty ranny. 1 should hope and believe, j if it were taken up and adopted by our government, subjected to a ri ' Kid and regular course of txpt ri- j ments, open and publick so that its I powers blight be ascertained and j its merits known to the world, it I would save this nation from future j foreign wars, and deliver it from i | aU apprehensions of having its corn- 1 ; merctal pursuits and its peaceful! improvements ever after mterrup. ted. It might rid the seas of all the buccaneers, both great and small that now inlest them ; it might free j mankind horn the scourge of na val wars, one of the greatest cala mities t:iey now suffer, and to i which i can set co other end, 1 hose opinions may be thought hazardous— -But 1 beg my fellow citizens to believe that I have ex am, tied the subject or I shoud not hazard them, several of the great ! arts that are now grown familiar I m common life were once thought v isionury. I his t*ci should render us cautious of making up our judge ment against an object like this in the higher uider of mechanical combinations, before we have well considered it. \Vi k h this obam va non 1 drop the subject; or rather j * rv' | gu it into abler hands ; the baud* of those wiio have the pow er as well as the inclination to pur sue the best good of our beloved couutiy. 1 should not have inttoduced -it ill tills place were it not for its im j mtdiaie connexion with the means ol commencing St prosecuting those * vast interior improvements which! the state of our nation so imper— j j iously demands, which the heroes j of our revolution, the sages of our ' early councils, ifit gmius of ciyili zation, tiie cause .suffering humani ty,i<ave placed within our power, aad connded to our charge. Foreign Intelligence. LEYDEN, M ay*. I ron Jassy, April 2. Un the pan of kufiia, it hag been demanded, as the balis oi j "egociation, that the Tone Ihould cede Moldavia and Wal. tachia, besides the dihniiiion of ihe Knglilh acobaUador from Canftantmople. 1 hefe propo. fitions the lurkifn miniflers ; would by no means admit. \ IEXX A, April 28. Fioin Hcrmanlladt ve have intelligence that hoffilkies had commenced between the Ruffi. 1 ans and Tut Its. The Servians, u u laid, will turn out againlt ! the latter with one hundred ihou-1 land men. May 24. 1 M. C( vallos had received fro-nB his government, and ccmrm.r, ■ cated to cur rainitters. a oror.B f.tion made by Bonaparte to Vr.fi Supreme Junta, offering fi withdraw his troops from s» piovided they were retire with their ilores, 6c(. out molettation. The Junta plied in the affirmative, up<,-fi condition that Bonaparte fhou'B renounce all pretentions to ;P JM throne of Spain, and that he would not hereafter * tojß troduce an army into that nu.B try. To thele flipulations S*B baftiani, who was charged wufi the overture, declared he unauthorifed to accede, and ifi this Uate the matter retied at ihß date of M. Cevalios’ ciiic»atche>B BOSTON, July 13. I By the schooner Ann, caprfi Kelley, from Halifax, we havfi received papers to the nth i.ilfjj containing London dates to theß 25th of May. They furnifh dif.H agreeable intelligence as to A*B merican affairs. The Britififi mimtter has declared, not thatß he will not fulfil any engageß ments he has diretted Mr. eJ fkine to make, but that Mr. fiß Iw as net author iied bv his inß Itruftions to make the arrangp.B ! ments he has. The mjlruttionsß I muff be r A-...j. .atd—when it wilß j be known, whether we are toB | impute our di fa p point ment ufl the bad faith of Mr. Canning] ! or the blunders of Mr. Erskine] Ihe British government have] j however, agreed to ref pea th] ! fettiement which has been made] i its explanations reach Ame] rica j and we hope the adjuft] i mc,lt w,iJ be finally ratified, not] ; withUanding preient appearan] ! Ccs. Bonaparte has advanced to! ! Vienna, without an additional! 4 battle, leaving the large Auftrianl ! army under the Arch dukel ; Charles in Bohemia, and an Au-I Itrian force in the Tyrol. They! | might cut off his retreat, if their I force was lufficient to prornifeß success. j i he ir.furreftion in Weftpha-I lia grows more formidable. I Hear admiral Harvey has been! dilintffed from the British lcr-| vice--for uling “ vehement and I insulting language" to admiull Gambter. 1 NEW YORK, July is. j Captain Defheili, ofthelloopl Henry, 8 days from Bermuda, I (arrived here on Sunday) in- 1 forms, that he lefi Martinique! j on Bie 27th of J une, and on that I j day advices were received there! • of the capture of the Touionl 1 fleet, by lord Collingwood, con.l fitting of 5 fail of the line, 6 or I 7 frigates, 6c 80 transports with I the French garrison of Barcclo* I na on board—they were lent in-1 to Gibraltar. A veffiel had arrived at Mar- 1 tinique, having spoken on her I paflage, an American (hip from I Gibraltar, the captain of which I ttated that lord Collingwood arrived at Gibraltar previous 40 his failing with the whole French fleet, his prizes. A letter received from St. Croix, by the Richard, of the 3d of July, confirms the above account of the capture of the French fleet. 1 of a letter from Hiiirii July 4. \tsieiday arrived a king’* ! schooner, in 42 days from Ports • i mouth Png. with dispatches !«*■ >hr i Admiral. By tier we have pr \ i ed tluee London papers (21st) ,!■ i and 2Jth, May ; the (Coui'itr) 1 he Van guard of the French had , re ached } tennu, and entered that «itv, as appears, without much re* i sistence. This event, however, doe* not set m to be considered s« putting an end to the war. Theif