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* * « FEDERAL IM. and decisive issue. We arc fast approaching a ne- vTiod, very novel in the history of nations, and rearing iltrerriy and powerfully on the point under consideration, the final payment of a long standing funded debt; a pe- ri**> dial cannot be sensibly retarded, or the natural con sequences of it eluded, ■without proving disastrous to those, who may attempt either, it not to tin? country it self When it arrives, the Govet ument would see itself in possession of a surplus revenue of £! 10,000,000, or $12,- 000,090, if not previously disposed of, which presents the Juip rtanl question, what previous disposition ou?ht to be made; a question which nmst press urgently for decision, at the very next session of Congress. It cannot be delay ed longer, without the most distracting and dangerous consequences. The honest and obvious -course is, to prevent the ao yytrtulalicm of the suqffns in the treasury, by a timely and. judicious reduction of the imposts; and thereby to dcave the money in tlie pockets of those who made it, and from whom, it cannot be honestly, nor constitutionally taken, unless required by the fair and legitimate wants t>f the Government. If, neglecting a disposition so obvi- .ousand just, the Government should attempt to keep up tlie present high duties, when the money was no longer wanted, or to'dispose of this immense surplus by enlarg ing the old, or devising new sc lieKies of appropriations, or, finding that to be impossible, it should adopt the most dangerous, unconstitutional) and absurd project ever de vised by any government, of dividing the surplus among the States: (a project, which, if carried into execution, could not fill to create an antagonist interest between the of distribution; or veral functions cf giving a'fording protection to certain branches of domestic in dustry, and furnishing the means to Congress ot distriU- uting large sums through its appropriations; all ot winch are so blended in their effects, that it is impossible to un derstand its true operation, without taking the whole in to the estimate. n W ttign market.— | men was immediately called into the field. This| _“TJ*e discussions which have taken place on the air Ac&iw ^ 1L ’ 1 nq performirs: cit the same time the se- 1 production must he ft dead loss in _ 1 **•''*■ " *«..— j — — - . * *• * cr • » • i ▲ . 1 _ givju; a revenue to the sovernmem*of Cat whether these advantagesoihfcr*, that | efficient anti bold movement intimidated the ladi- anatrs ot Belgium have not yet been brought to a might be mentioned, will uitira^ f compe:isr-ie to tlie j compelled them to abandon their hostile conclusion; but ihe most complete agreement con* full extent, or not, die loss to iis manufacturers on the i a tiItuJc without bloodshed. Whereas a small nuni- tinues to subsist between the Powers* w Hose pleni* reduction of tie duties, curiam it is, that we have a_p- her of mounted men, would piobauly have led on potentiaries have been engaged in the conference* preached a point at wn.cn a great change cannot be much a o-cneral war of London. The principle o:» which those confer- UritctS t!“r e "rf] C2*fe£ !, T&* 1 i»™ presented to you the general out- cnees hafe been conducted hasbeen that of not m- AdmitVine then, a. snnpnsed, that lie -ho consumes leisure end calmness for a cautious and skilful rps. tt.on : lines ot this nnntary movement, winch has terminal- lettering with the nght^.aiep«^terfB^..m to • ■ 1 1 1 *’—* in making tlie transition; and which it becomes those ' ed so fortunately to a l concerned. regulate their internal affairs, and to eel a bush thetr mure immediately interested duly to consider. Nor ought j £ n the council or treaty with tlie Indians, Gen. Government according to their own views of what they to overlook, in considering die question, the dif- 'Gaines requested me to l*e associated with him as may be most conducive to their future welfare ar.il ferent character of the claims cf the tv. o sides. The one a Commissioner. You will see by the agreement, independence, under the sole condition sanctioned ther of these modes would be considered by the section Suffering tinder the present high duties as a fixed deter mination, to perpetuate forever what it considers the pre sent unequal, unconstitutional, and oppressive burden; and from that moment, it would cease to look to the Gen- yral Government for rclkfi This deeply interesting pe riod, iv.iic.i must prove so disastrous, should a wrong di rection be given, but eo fortunate and glorious, should a right one, is iiiot at hand. The work must commence at Aha next session, as I have stated, or be left undone, or, at feast, be badly done. The succeeding session would be too short, and too much agitated by the Presidential con test, to afford the requisite leisure and calmness; and the one sneer eding would find the country in the midst of the Ct'.'Js, when it would be too late to prevent an accumula tion of the surplus; which I hazard no*hing in saying, judging from the nature of men and government, if once jlerrr.uiod to accumulate, would create an interest strong enough to perpetuate itself, supported as it would be by ■others, so numerous and powerful; md thus would pass away a moment, never to he quietly recoiled, so precious, it' properly used, to lighten the public burden; 10 equalize ihe avion of the Government; to restore harmony and pate*'; and to present to the world the illustrious exam ple which could not fail to prove most favourable to the great cause of liberty every where, of a nation the free; i, And, at the s**n« time, tlie l>esr. and most cheaply gov erned; of the highest earthly blessing, at the least p->-; able Sacrifice. As the disease will not, then, heal itself, «- rue brought to the question, can a remedy be applied, ruid, if eo, what ought it to be? To-answer in the negative, would be to assert, that* .cur union bos utterly failed; and I hat the opinion, si common before the adoption of our Constitution, that a free Government could not be practically extended ov*r n. large country, wa:/correct—and that ours h id oeen d:- f iroyed by giving it limits so great, as to crunprehen-*. not only dissimilar, but irreconcilable interests. I am 1 jm'i prepared to admit a conclusion, that would cast J deep a shade nruthe. futu r e, and that would falsify all :h< glorious an'icipations of our ancestors while it would greatly lessen their high reputation for -wi.-xlom. Noth ing but the clearest demonstration, founded on ac'uai ev- psrience, will ever force me to a conclusion so abhorrent to all of my feelings. As strongly as I am impressed with tlie great dissimilarity, and, I must add, as truth Compels mo to do, cpnt.-Mrit-.ty of interests in our country, resulting from the causes ahva-lv indicated, and which a»o so great, that they cannot, be subjected to the un checked will of a ma jority of the whole, without defeat ing the great ctid of government, and without whicli it is curse, ientice; yet I see in the union, as ordained by the r£iistiinl7ui% !b«’means, if wisely used, not only of recon- «rtkinp* al! diversii'es, but also the means and tl e only ef fectual on?, of securing to us justice, peace and security, at home and abroad, and with tlmm, that national power and renown tlie love of which, Providence lias implanted fpr wi-e purposes so dry ply in the hltiuan heart; in all of Which great objects every portion of our country, widely extended and diversified as It h, has a common und iden tical interest. If we have the wisdom to place a proper relative estimate on ti.tso more elevated, and durable blessings, die present and every other conflict of like clia- r.ae'eq may be readily terminated; but if, reversing the B^filc, each section should put a higher estimate on its immediate and peculiar gains; and acting in that spirit, should push favorite measures of mere policy, without re gard to neace, hairpin v or justice, our sectional conflicts would then indeed, without some constitutional check, become interminable, except by the dissolution of the U- xyon itself. That we have, in fact, so reversed the e:ti- Mate, it- too certain to be doubted, and the result is our present distempered and dangerous condition. The cure must comm-mce in (he correction of the error, and not t«* o:11,1 it we have erred, would be tlie worst possible synqt- tom. It wouIcTprove the disease to be incurable through fbc regular and ordinary process of legislation; and woulu <>mpcl finally, a resort to extraordinary, but 1 still trust, *jOt only constitutional, but safe remedies. No one would more sincerely rejoice than myself, t* * the remedy applied from the quarter, where it could 1.8 most easily an.1 regularly done. It is the only way by which those who think that it is the only quartet from which it can constitutiotmlly conic, can possibly s-ust-ain thuir opinion. To omit the application by tin General Government, would compel even them to aJrm (he truth of the opposite opinion; or force them to aban don our political system in despair; while on the oth* band, all their enlightened and patriotic opponents would rcoice at such evidence of moderation and wisdom on «ha part of tha General Government, ns would supersede ft-resort to what they believe to be the iugner powers <•) our political system,.as indicating a sounder sta'eot-pui- jV' iendnaenl than has»rmheretofore exited in any Mun- tt i', and thus aSording the highest possible assurance ot the perpotud'icm of our fi-lonous itistituiicns to ’he cates: generation. For as a people advance in knowledge, in nie sarno degree they may dispense with mere art.fic.al rft>'j:ctior.s in their government: autl we _may imagine. that the highest and wisest policy consists m maintaining justice and promoting peace and harmony ; and that i^impared to these, schemes of mere gain are but trash and dross. I fear experience ha-i airendy proved that we are fir removed from such a s'ate, anti that we mus: cDnsequeatly rely on the old clumsy, but approved mode nf checking power in order to prevent, or correct abuses; but I do trust that though far from perfect, •* are at hast go much so as to be capable of remedying the present dis order in the ordinary wav; and thus to prove that with U9 public opinion is so enlisted, and our political ma chine so perfect, as rarely to require for its preservation, tba intervention of the power that created it. blow is li»U to be effected ? The appUc^jon may be painful, but the remedy, I con ceive, is certom and simple. There is but one etfec'ua! r.ure, an honest reaction of the duties to a fair sysiem of reve.fio, adapted to the just and constitutional wants of the mvermnent. Notliing short ol this will restore the country to peace, harmony, and mutual affeetion. There is already a deep and growing conviction in a large sec tion of the country, that the impost, even as a revenue avs- is extremely unequal, and that it is%nain!y paid by fliose who furnish the means of paying the foreign ex changes of the country, on which it is laid; and that tlie ens* is not varied, taking into the estimate the eutire ac tion of the system, whether tlie producer, or consumer pays in the first instanco. I do not proposo to enter formally into the discussion of ej,point so complex and contested; but as it has neees.sa- r jiy a strong practical Ijcaring on the subject under con sideration, m all its relations, I cannot pass it without a few general remarks. If the producer in reality pays, will doubt but tlie burden would mainly fall on the section it is supposed t ' do. The theory that tlie consumer pays in the first in- renders tho proposition more complex, and w:l recrii r c, in order to understand whore the burden In real ity’ ultimately falls, on that suprvjsition, to consider the pfinddetive, or sl-i its friends call it, tlie American System, it,* aspect, taxaUon, uf protection, and tlie article pays the tax :n the increased price, and that the burden talis wholly on tlie consume*?, without alFect- ing the producers as a class, (which, by the by, is lar from being true, except in the single caje, if there be such a one, where the producers have a monopoly of an article, so indispensable to life, that tins quantity consumed cannot be affected by any increase of price,) and that considered in the light of a tax, merely, the impost duties fail equally on every sec*ion, in proportion toils |x?pula’ir-r>, still when combined with its other effects, ’he burden it imposes, as a tax may lie so transferred from one section to the other, as to take it from one, and place it wholly on the oilier. Let us apply the remark first to itr. operation as a system of pi;Mccnon. The tendency of the tax, or duty, on the imported ar ticle i-, not only to raise its price, but also, in the same proportion, that of the domestic article of the same kind, for which purpose, when intended for protection, it is in fact laid; and of course in determining where the. sys tem ultimattly places the burden in reality, this effect also, must be taken into illegitimate. If one of the Sec tions exclusively produces such domestic articles, ami the other purchases them from it, then it is clear that to the amount of such increased prices, the tax or duty, o’n the consumption ofthe| foreign, articles, would be trans ferred from the section producing the domestic articles, to the one that purchased and consumed them, unless the latter in turn, be indemnified by the increased price of the objects of its industry, which none willwenturs to assert to be tlie case with the great staples ofithe country', which form the basis of our exports, tho price of which is regulated by tlie foreign and not the domestic market. To those who grow them, the increased price of the for eign and domestic articles both, in consequence of the duly on the former, is in reality', and in the strictest sense, a tax, while it is clear that the increased price of the lat ter acts as a bounty to the section producing them, and that as the amount of such increased prices, on what it sells to the other section, is greater or less, than the duty it pays on the imported articles, the system, will in fact operate as a bounty or tax; if greater, the difference would be a bounty; if less a tax. Again, the operation may be equal in every oilier res pect, and yet. tlie pressure of the system, relatively, on the two sections, be rendered very unequal by the appro priattons, or distribution. If each section receives back what it paid into the treasury, tic equality, if it previous ly existed, will continue; but if one receives back less, •luff the othe.r proportionally more than it. paid, then the •i ffcrer.ee in relation to the sections will be to the former a loss, and *o the latter ruffvn; and the system in this as pect would operate to the amount of the difference, as a ’. .nt denier! from the one receiving less than ’it paid, to 'he e'ker that rec-cives more. Such would be i neon testi fy its general effects, taken in nil its different aspects, •wen on t f e theory supposed to be most favourable to • r i'vc the equal action of tlie system, that the consumer • a ;- in the first, instance tlie whole amount of tlie mx. To shew ho-.v, on this supposition, die burden and ad- vnntares of the system would actually distribute thetn- -»Jve-= between the section?, would carry me too lar into details: but I feel assured, after full and careful exymina- ”on,’l.at they are such as to explain, what otherwise seem inr-xplieab’e, that one section should consider repeal n ca'amity, and the other .» blessing; and that ■mrit opposite views should be. taken by them, as to place hem m n ?ta‘e of determined conflict, in relation to the "rent fiscal and commercial interests of tlie country. In- Ned were there no satisfactory explanation, the opposite news that prevail, in the two sections, as to the effects of the sysiem, ought to satisfy all of its unequal action. 'There crtti be no safer, or more certain rule, than to sup- pose caob ncr’ion of f he country equally capable of un- •'fi rvanrt'ng heir respec lve interests; and that each is a meh l'c ( cr judre of the effects of any system rf mea- s;r es or its peculiar interests, than the other can possibly be. But whether tlie opinion, of its unequal action, be eor- reet, or erroneous, nothing can be more certain than that the impression is w-d-Fy fx-'endinr itself, that the sys tem, under all i.'s modifications, is essentially unequal: and if to tha’ be added, a conviction still deeper, and more universal, that every duty imposed for the jwrpn^e cf proinefien, is vot on’y urneq itd, bi>t also unconstitutional, it would be a fata! error to suppose, that any remedy, short, of that which I have stated, can heal our political disor ders. In order to understand, more fully, the difficulty of ad justing this unhappy contest, on any other cround, it may not be impro|ier to present a general view of the constitu tional objection, that it may be clearly seen, haw hope less it is to expect that it can be yielded, by those who have embraced it. Thev behave that all the powers, vested by the Consti tution m Congress, are not only restricted by the limita tions expressly imposed, but also by the nature and oi> jeet. of the powers themselves. Thus though the power »o impose duties on imports be granted in general terms, without any other express limitations, but that, fliev shall be equal, and no preference shall be given to the ports *>f ->nc s’n'e over those of another, yet as being a portion of •he taxing power, g.vng with the view of raising revenue, • t i« from its nature restricted to that object, as much or> a- >f the Convention had expressly so limited it; and hat *o use i’ to effect any other purpose, not specified iri ♦he Constitution,'is an infraction of the instrument, in i*s must dangerous form; an infraction by perversion, more easily made, and more difficult to resist, than anv other. The same view is believed to lx? applicable to the lwiwerof regulating commerce, as well as all the other nowrva. To surrender this important principle, it is eofi- eeived, would he to surrender all power, and to render fhe ••ove-nroejit unlimited and despotic; and to yield if op. •n relation to the particular power in question, v.ouhl be in fne* *n surrender the control of the whole industry-and eanital o p the country *o 'ho General Government: and would end in placing the weaker sec'ion, in a cMonial relation with the stronger. For nothing are. more dissimi lar in their nature, or inav be more unequally affected hv ♦he same Taws, than c’iff-rent descriptions of labour and property: and if taxes, by increasing the amount and changing the in*er* only, may be perverted, in fact, into stem of nevskiesanil rewards, :f. would give all tin their leading motives in entering into the Union; wliile preserve peace tvith tiiem. Ihe other side claims, for the advancement of their pros- { perity, tha positive interference of the Government. In such cases, on every principle of fairness and justice, such ; interference ought to be restrained within limits sirictiy j compatible with the natural advantages of tlie other. - Hie ■ who, 1-tolling to all of ilie causes in operation; tlie near ap- ! preach of the final payment of the.public del)!, the grow- j ir,g disaffection and resistance to the system, in so large a I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant* {Signed) JOHN REYNOLDS. Slates should be endangered. “A series of injuries and insults, for which, not withstanding repeated remonstrances, all repara tion was withheld, compelled me at last to trder a squadron of my fleet to appear before Lisbon, with a preremptory demand of satisfaction. A prompt compliance with that demand prevented the ne- Ii£ad QuARTsrts, Western Department, ) St. Louis, Gth July, 1831. > Sir.—Having been joined on the 25th ultimo by cessity of further measures; but I have to regret, nfit-B thp ^ his Excellency, Governor Reynolds', with Gen. Jo- that I have not yet been able to re-establish my nos’tion to it is ginduallv tu'niu^ must b*** ird«>ed seph Duncan’s brigade of Illinois mounted volun- diplomatic relations with the Portuguese Govern- mi L SuSSj.”u.^.idnh!^,! leers, I, on the folding morning, took possesion ment. that tie attempt to elude or much longer delay it, must of the Sac \ iliage, previously occupied by the 13ri- “Gentlemen of ihe House of Commons— finally, but increase the shock, and disastrous cense- j tish band of Sa<TIndians. “I have ordered estimates of the expenses of qucnces which may follow. k j The appearance of the mounted volunteers on the current year to be laid before you, and I rely In forming the opinions I have expressed, I hove not; one side, and the regular troops with two pieces with confidence on your loyalty and zeal, to make been actuated by an unkind fee.mg towards our maim-, ar *iii er y on the other, aided bv a steamboat arm- adequate provision for the public service, as well as ?ed!y -I $e^ £f, e . d fl with a .P i . ece of artillery, and some musketry and for the farther applicalion of the sum granted by the measm-eswhfch have been adopted to advance them, j riflemen, induced these Indians to abandon the V il- the last Parliament; always keeping m view the I believe, conjurations higher than any question of! iage previous to our amval, and Without firing * necessity of a wise and wholsome economy in every mere pecuniary interest, forbid their use. But subordi- j gun.—Deserted by tlicir allies, this disorderly band branch of the public expenditure, nate to these higher views of policy, I regard the ad* was lelt alone to seek security in a speedy flight to j “A/y Lords and Gentlemen— vanccment of mechanical and chemical improvements in tlie right bank of tlie Mississippi, where they were ’ “It gives me great satislactien to state to you, tlie arte with feelings little short cf enthusiasm, not only, " ' ’ - ’ . .. - “ ..... a? the proiitic source of national and individual wealth, but, as tlie great means cf enlarging the domain of man over the material world; end, thereby, of laying the sol id foundation of a highly improved condition of society, morally and politically. I fear not that we shall extend our power too far over tlie great agenii of nature; .but, _ in the contrary, I consider such -enlargement of our pow- Unites with me in the opinion that the chastisement tlie deficiency, occasioned by these reductions, may tion were entered into and signed. t has not been attended with a proportionate diminu- Kis Excellency, Governor Reynolds, very cordi- tion of the public income. I trust that such atldi- ally co-operated with me in this measure; and he tional means as may be required tosupply a part of er, as tending, more certainly and powerfully, to batter the condition of cur race, than any one of the many pow erful causes, r.ow- operating to that result. With these impressions, I not only rejoice at the general progress of of the arts in the world, but in their advancement in our own country; aud, as far as protection can be incidentally afforded, in the fair and honest exercise of our constitutional powers, I think now, as 1 have always done, that sound policy, connected with the security, independence and peace cf the country, re quire them to be protected, but, that w e cannot go a single step beyond, without jeopardizing our peace, our harmo ny and our liberty ; considerations of infinitely more im portance to us than any measure of mere policy, can pos sibly be. In thus placing my opinions before the public, I have not been actuated by the expectation of changing the public sentiment. Such a motive on a question so long agitated, and so beset with feelings of prejudice and in terest, would argue, on my part, an insufferable vanity, and a profound ignorance af the human heart. To avoid, as far as possible, the imputation of either, I have con fined my statement on the many and important points, on which I have been compelled to touch, to a ample declaration of my opinion, without advancing any other reasons to sustain them, than wliat appeared to me, to be indispensable to the full understanding of my views : and, if they should, on any point, be thought to be not clearly and explicitly developed, it will, I trust., be attrib uted to my solicitude to avoid the imputations to which ! have alluded ; and r.nt to any desire to disguise my sentiments; nor the want of arguments cr illustrations to maintain positions, which so abound in both, that h would require a volume to do them any tiling like-justice. I can only hope, that truth*, whieli I feel assured, are es sentially connected with all that we ought to ho d most dear, may nut be weakened in the public estimation by tlie imperfect manner, in which I have been by tho ob ject in view compelled to present them. With every caution on my part, I dare not hope, in taking the step I have, to escape the imputation of improper motives ; though l have without reserve, fixeiy expressed my opinion3, not regarding whether they might, or might not, be popular, I have no reason to believe, that, they arc such, as will conciliate public favor, but the opposite; which 1 greatly regret, a* I have ever placed a high estimate on the good opinion of my fellow-citizens. But be that as it may, I shall, at least, be sustained by feelings of conscious rectitude. 1 have formed my opinions after the most careful and de liberate examination, with all of the aid?, which my rea son and experience could furnish ; l have expressed ihem honestly and fearlessly, regardless of their effects person ally; which how ever interesting to me individually, are of two little importance, to be taken into the estimate, where the liberty and happiness cf our country are so -vi tally involved. JOHN C. CALHOUN. Fort Hill, July 2tvh, IS31. which a part of t hese Indians merited, could not he found, without any material abridgement of the have been inflicted without subjecting many of the comforts of my people. innocent frontier settlers, as well as some ofthe un- • “To assist the industry, to improve the resources, offending Indians, to indiscriminate ruin and des- ! and to maintain the credit ofthe country on sound proniotior to disturb the frontier inhabitants. J your zealous co-operation. I shall take an early occasion to collect and sub- ‘ “It is with deep concern, that I have to announce mit, for the information ofthe President, such facts! to you the continual progress of a formidable dls* as have been ascertained to ex.-?t touching the ex-^caje, to which my attention had been early direct* tensive alliances which these Indians bad endeavor ed to form against our frontier inhabitants. I am, with the truest regard, vour friend, ^(Signed) EDMUND P. GAINES. Han. Secretary of War. DESPATCHES RECEIVED AT THE DE PARTMENT OF WAR, BilLEviub, Illinois, 7th July, 1831. To the Honorable the Secretary ofthe Department of li ar. Sir—I consider it my duty to inform you, of the late Indian were John James AtnMBOiv author of "the J3irds of A- merica,” the.most magnificent illustration of natu ral history that has ever been produced, has been elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. That learned Society has done well to associate with itself a native American citizen, who had previously been most abundantly honored by the most distinguished societies in England, Scot land, and France. W e are happy upon this occasion, to notice hi3 “Ornithological Biography, or an account of the Habits ofthe Birds ofthe United States of North America,” published by Mr. Dobson, and Dr. Por ter, at his new and tasteful establishment, the Literary Rooms in Chesnut Street. It isfifthe size of super-royal octavo, and super-adds to this form, so uncommon and beautiful, all the advantages that a new type, and an extreme neatness in execution, would confer upon a valuable work. This book is a companion to his greatwndertetking the “Birds of America,” but is drawn up with so much spirit and truth—the scenery ofthe southern wilds, where he passed so many years of his romantic life, is so graphically represented, and the narration of his personal adventures so attractively related, that we rise with reluctance from the perusal of this charm ing volume. Upon a future occasion we propose gratifying our readeps with some extracts. Does the American Philosopical Society, or does any in dividual in the city possess a copy “The Birds of America?” We should be obliged to any friend to inform us where it is to be seen. We are informed there are several in the city of Baltimore. We ad vise our readers to call in at the Literary Rooms where they will see an establishment, ofthe exis tence of which perhaps many of them arc not aware.— U. S. Gazette. FOSEIGN. [From the JV. Y. Jour, of Com. Jlvg. 3.] 8 DAYS LATER FROM ENGLAND- About half past 5 o’clock this morning our news ndian hostilities, and of tlie measures which schooner Journal of Commerce came up from he- adiSpted to repress them. J low, with London papers to June 26th, and Liver- The Indians, with some exception, from Canada pooi to the 27th, both inclusive, brought by the to Mexico, along the northern frontiers of the Unit packet ship York, Capt. Burley. The most im- ed States, are more hostile to the whites, than at portant n?ws which they contain, is the Death of any other period since the last war; particularly Marshall7> hilsch,Commander-in-chiefofthe Rus- the band of Sac Indians, usually and truly called, sian army operating against the Poles. “the British Band,” became extremely unfriendly At the time we go to press, 2 o’clock, P. to the citizens of Illinois and others. This band had M. no other accounts have been received from the determined lor some years past to remain, at all ship. hazards, on certain lands which had been purchas- SPEECH FROM THE THRONE, ed by tlie United States, and afterwards, some of On Tuesday, June 21st, at an early hour, every my ed, in the eastern parts of Europe. Information having been more recently received that it had ex tended it3 ravages to ports in the Baltic, whence there is great commercial intercourse with my do minions, I have directed that all the precaution^ should be taken which experience has recommend* ed as most eflectual for guarding against the in troduction of so dangerous a malady into this tout** try. “Great distress has unhappily prevailed in some districts, and more particularly in a part of the western countries of Ireland, to relieve which, in the most pressing cases, I have not hesitated to au thorise the application of sueh means as were im mediately available for that purpose. But assis tance of this nature is necessarily limited in its amount, and can only be temporary in its effect. ‘ The possibility, therefore, of introducing any mea sures, which, by assisting tlie improvement of the natural resources of the country, may tend to pre vent the recurrence of such evils, must be a sub ject of the most anxious interest to me, and to you | t ofthe mast grave and cautious consideration. h “Local disturbances, unconnected with any po- n litical causes, have taken place, both in this part jp of the United kingdom and in Ireland. In the f County of Clare, and in the adjoining parts of Ros common and Galway, a system of violence and outrage had for some time Leen carried on to an alarming extent, for the repression of which the constitutional authority of the law has been vigor ously and successfully exerted. By these means the necessity of enacting new laws to strengthen the Executive Government with further powers will, I trust, be prevented. “To avert such a necessity, has been, and ever will be my most earnest desire; but if it should un fortunately arise, I do not doubt your firm resolu tion to maintain the peace and order of society, by the adoption of such measures as may be required for their more effectual protection.” Addresses to the King were moved in the two hout-es, as usual, and carried. In the House of Lords on the 23d the Lord Chancellor announced the presentation of the Addresses from that body, and the King’s answer, as follows—“I thank you for your loyal and dutiful address. I receive with pleasure the assurar.ee that you will proceed to the early consideration of the matters which I have recommended to your attention, and I rely with confidence on your zealous support of my endeav ors to maintain peace and promote the prosperity of my dominions.” The reform bill.—This important bill was brought forward in the House of Commons on the 24th,— passed its first reading—and was to be read a so cond time on the Fourth of July. After the speech of Lord John Russell, Sir Robert Peel made a few observations, intimating that lie should not oppose the biil in the present stage of its progress, fcnt should have something to say when tlie question eu uy me u nuea otaxes, ana aiierwarus, some oi un i uesdav, June 2lst, at an early hour, every should come up for a second readme. “The nobi them sold to private individuals bv the general gov- roof, balconev, window, and doorway, from St. , Lord,” he remarked “Is I apprehend entire!', men’, based un p~nstrn'Minrt n, thn Constitution, -which -wmM admit the j a jj force that would be employed against them, they the King at every turn. e recognition of 'be comic,ness of a lidi -*i oxerffse of such n power, would satisfy 'he weaker of the two section?, particularly with it - pe. iffiar industry j*r,u property, which experience has shevo p.nv lit.- so in- jn.NOUsly effected by its exercise. Thus n,uch for one sde. r p!, (3> jnst claims of the n f hcr nn^lu to he cq"ol!y re*-- pected. Whatever excitement, the system na? justly nosed, in certain por'ionR of our country, I hope, and fe- lieve, all '’ ill conceive that, the ehanre should be made rvith the lea.'I possible detriment *o the interests of those, -who may bs liable -o be affected by if, consistently with v.hat is justly due to others and the principles of tha Constitution. To effect this, will require the kindest spirit of conciliation, and tlie utmost skill; but, even with these, it will be impossible to make the transition, without a shock greater or less; though I tnist, if judiciously ef fected, it will not he without many compensating ad van-' tages. That, there will be some such, cannot be doubted. It will, at least, re followed by greater stability, and will tend to harmonize the manufaetiuinc with all of the oth er sreat interests of the country, ana bind the whole in mutual affection. But these are not all. Another advan tage, of essential importance to the ultimate prosperity of our manufacturing industry, will follow. It will chea pen production; and, in that view, the loss <>f any one branch, will be nothing like in proportion to tb.e reduo. tion of duty on that particular branch. Every reduc tion will, in fa>-t, operate as a bounty to every o'her branch, except, tha one reduced; and thus the effect of * general reduction will bo to cheapen, universally, 'h* price of production, by cheapening living, wares and ma terials; so as to give, if not equal profits after the red. e- ♦ion, profits by no means reduced proportionally to the duties; an effect, which, a® it regards the foreign marke*. is of the utmost importance. It must be apparent on rc • flection, that the means adopted to secure the bom* mark et for our manufactures are precisely the opposite ! < those necessary to obtain the foreign. In the forme 'he increased expense of production in consequence of- vstem of protection, may Ire more than compensated l - he increased price at home of the article protected; b- : n the latter this advantage is lost, and as there is r> other ccrrcspocdipre oontpondatjon, the ificresssd coct ol .... , , . , . ., /v. . „ . , .. „ . ,... - . , . announcement was followed bv loud cheers. 1 hat th’s band migntthe more effectually resist verberations oi the muttnuduuu s voices that hailed : r» ^ i... , . , " „ . t everv turn. “Alr.n* the line the riqntil! v, 0 ^ of Ihdnhch-A letter from the Bus?,an he fuidejoie of loyal voices in continued : rf 1 J,me „ 10 > Fveyntelhgencc ♦!« V-e. . . i- c . ol the death of Diebilsch, in these words: ’• 1 he In> withstand"- toe pawned Ups and fiery . , Uussi Commander-in-Chief, General Field formed Gen. Gair.es of the situation ofthp State, and of my preparatory movements. After the General became acquainted with the numbers and treated with many other tribes*to combine tocr^th- ran,” and tl er for the purpose of aiding this British hand to cheers, noli continue in possession ol the countrv in question. faces, was kept up with little intermission. ine w ■ ■ , n ... , 0 . , These facts and circumstances being known to King, we thought, looked pale and dispirited; and 1 rS Count Diehitsch Sabalkansky, suuden.v the frontier inhabitants, they became much alarm- the cheering was not so loud and enthusiastic as ‘ ^ 1C( * US ^ a vri at " a * ^ a -f- °?*1 V c °jH’ at ^ lS ,V* ed, and many of them abandoned their homes and tlie crowd would have led us to expect.” i jl u jj r * ers a * K-leczewo. Until his sudden attack nC habitations. ‘ About two o’clock, he entered the antique coam- ! *, ,ad ^ in P edect , he v a , Uh ’ and T the preceding In this situation of affairs, I considered the State her, in magnificent robes, and took his seat on the <a ^ ^ iac been remarkably cheerlul at table, v.heiq to lie “actually invaded,” and tlie country in “im- throne of that long line of Kin<rs, amongst whom at i° c *°^ the morning, he was su en y at* ------ - ^ ^ L unom tacked by a destructive malady winch bore ynqags* t of cholera.” | accepted, par interim, the cot» folloffinff V v ' ° Riandol the army." ° ADDRESS* A Paris paper says that Diehitsch died ofapa* 1 “My I^rds ami Gentlemen— . i?! ex >'> <f“sioned by the chagrin caused by the . “I have availed myself of the earliest opportunity d ‘ sm, “ £t j ff? m hB , command, which immediately disposition of the Indians, and the exposed situation of resorting to your advice and assistance after the P iecea ®“ “ il3 eveI \b joined to his excessne tndu.- of tlie frontier, he very rightly determined on mak- dissolution of the late Parliament. i § ence _ in “ ie use ot intoxicating liquors. A he Ku^« ing a requisition on me for a number of mounted “Having had recourse to that measure for the ^ an , . SKe , w ! tS0 fo’ WEa substituted in ha place, militia. These mounted volunteers whom I had purpose of ascertaining the sense of mv neonle on ” as -< ewitsc l 118 sai< * to be the perlect contrast oi hi* organized for the same purpose, cheerfully march- fhe expediency of a reform in the representation Tjr e /^f esso ^’ reserved, co Cfo andsober. He ha* cd al (he rail oflhc United States. * I have now to recommend that important question ! 1, * ert0 on| y ^hegutshed himself hy his conduct The great extent of the frontier from Lake Mich- to your earliest and most attentive consideration, m the war »gainst, tne Persians, as Diebitseh wa* ignn to the.Mississippi in this State, including part confident that in arty measures which vou mav . ov,tl kl3 cam P a, 2 n ag?mst the T urks, oft the mineral country, made it necessary to have prepare for its adjustment, you will carefully ad- T ' iere n is every reason to believe that Paskewitsch, the service of mounted men to protect the citizens, here to the acknowledged principle ofthe constitu- aS , J 18 his P rea8ce sSor, will find in ^ the Poles There arc great numbers of Indians, who reside tion, bv which the pero<ratives of the Crown, the ve ftJdifferent wamors from the: Asiatics, m... tic tt.m Ct„*n „,1 ;+ —i.—fv.ii. W i he papers are almost, without exception, tuu for the success of the Poles. Several of the kingdom of Austria have, it is stat* sayv to make tlie call, and that a considerable ifum-j “The assurances of a friendly disposition which I' a(1J ^f ssed the Emperor of Austria imploring her of mounted men ought to be employed in this ‘ service. It has lieen the ease in-many military operations ’bat a sufficient force has not been in the first, in stance employed, and the consequence has been lisaster and defeat. This was hot. the case in this miiiftiry movement. A sufficient force of mounted .mere arc great manners oi jniuans, wno reside tion, by which the perogatives ol the Crown, the fc,' near the northern border of this State, and it was authority of both Houses of Parliament, and the! r 1 he P ap probable that all might he joined in a war. | rights and liberties of the people, are equally se-1 ° I have no liesitation in stating that it was neecs- 1 cured. i counties of continue to receive from all Foreign Powers, en- j !“»«?> aliow them to assist tlie Poles, and remind courage the hope, that notwithstanding the civil m £ lim tua ^ to trie Fo.ea he owes his own thron .■ commotions which have disturbed some parts of Europe, and the contest now existing in Poland, the general peace will he maintained. To the preservation of this blessing, my most anxious care will lie constantly directed'. Sambo.—I gee you to3e—JVulljicashun. Toney.—Heh, man, wat dat ? Sam.—You no know, vruh^fftiitficaHtn ? Klty dog baik arlsr big one.