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PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY DWINELL &
VOLUME 11.
“Americans Shall Bale America.”
TEEMS—$2 00 PEE ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
•****" .--
ROME, GA-, TUESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER, 27, 1855.
NUMBER
o.
EVERY TCESDAT MORNING.
DTUXELL-J
Courier
[s. c. finlky.
BY DWINELI, <fc FINLEY.
, Terns of Subscription:
b advance, nfrt hsmnt, \ ....... $2 96
sis xoxras, ..... . $2 50
Terns of Affvjirtfcinff:
^0* le(al AlwOwmattsOl be inserted
tho usual ntd. Miscellaneous Advertise-
taents at SI per square of 12 lines cries*, for the
Ont end 50 cents tor each subsequent Inssrtton.
NUMABtfdS. .
The following is from the -principal amount of
the weslthv and highly respectable house- of
Knot. Veda A Bro. of this city, and presents
ea*y d« a nt a/emiufmt cars* in els aaaah of
-Dear Sir: Actuated by a
Mr. H. O.
>of_
> of the adlity of your great
My child, three yean Md, eras suddenly attack
ed with a terrible disease, which in lees than
six boon prostrated it to total hrfplowuoss.—
The linbs became so rigid that not* joiutcould
be beat; the fimii timed black and cold and
deprived of feeling; the eyes Used,
' closed aad altogether blind, following
deafteees to all sounds; the spine be-
i —traded aad so curved that when lying
the head aadbeals only-touched.*—
COT. Joiwsors MESSAGE.
[The great length of this deenment, which
was read before both the houses of the Georgia
Legislature on Tuesday the 6th last, places it
beyond our power to insert it entire, we will
therefore only publish mob parts as wa deem
of most interest to oar general reader*, aad
give only a brief synopsis of fitch ports as we
cannot copy in toll.]
, _ . ■■■ ■ . jaatoea
times and various rube&rient liniments applied.
A consul tattoo of physicians was then brought
before the Medical Society, but nothing could
be •eggeeted which hud not already, been done,
aad the doctor then told me he could do noth-
togmore. We thea commenced applying your
Tin haul freely oven the entire length of the
opine, aad yon may imagine n parent’s joy,
when, alter n tow appBeatiops,returning anima-
ooo war apparent, and it rapidly reoo vend with
the exception of the sight, which did not become
‘ for over a month. The child is now
and robust as can be. Five other eases
kind occurred previously in my
t, all of which died, when then is
If year Liniment had been need they
re recovered* H. G. CLBLAND.
A BAUD LUMP ON A HORSE BREAST.—
Mr. H G Farrell:—I have used your Arabian
Liniment with gratification in several rases,
the most remarkable of which was a large lamp
that appeared on my horse’s breast. It was
very hard, appearing to be hard gristle. It
xcmamed for nearly i year, when I applied for
year Linimont, one bottle of which entirely
owed it. I can recommend its* the best Lin
iment I ever used. JOHN,CRAWL.
Look oat for Comaterfeite !
‘blic an eantioned against anotbc
ri4 which has lately made its appearr
tad W. B. FamlTs fi rahisn- Liniment,
Sxacimva Dimhwist, )
Milledgeville, Nov. 6th, 1855. J
Fellow Citizens or
The Senate and Ho*** of Rrpreeeatatices :
.Yon have assembled, as the representatives
of the people, to nview the admiaistntion of
tho Stole Government, for the last two years,
and to enact such laws as your wisdom may
dictate, to ho necessary Ibr the promotion ortho
public welfare. You meet under circumstances
well calculated *© awaken gratitado to Haavea.
For although, the previous year was one of
drought nnd comparative scarcity, and memora
ble for the melancholy ravages of Yellow Fever
t our principal seaport city, yet, the tempo-
frown of Ptoytdeoeo has passed away, aad
we bosk in his boniBcent smiles. Peaoe,
aad Prosperity reign throughout our
; we still enjoy the blessing of civil
aad religious liberty; all things combine to
provoke ua to that riohteousness which “exalteth
aNation.” •
Treasury. ,
I herewith submit the Report of the Treasur
er, exhibiting tolly the operations of his Depart
ment for the last two dseal years, ending on the
30th of October. It'appears that there was at
that date, an available balance in the Treasury
of $90,793 24.
The Western-A Atlantic Rail Road paid into
fte Treasury, in 1354, tho sum of $50,000.—
There were also collected from the Federal Gov
ernmeat, on account of Military claims, $li,-
221 78. 'In 1355 end prior to the 1st of October
the Western A Atlantic Rail Road paid in the
forther sum. of $100,000 00. The Treasurer also
received on account of the sale of reverted lands
in die Cherokee region, sold under an net of the
last Legislature, the sum of $19,302 61* Prom
the sale of the State’s interest in lands, on the
Chattahoochee under an met of the last session he
received the farther snm of $1,993 11. Hence,
for the twe fiscal years, the Treasury has received
the aggregate sum of $132,626 49, from extra
ordinary sources, not anticipated by the Legis
lature, in the estimate of revenue. The aggre
gate receipts of the Treasury, from ordinary
sources, for the two years, was $939,244 02 :
and the actual aggregate of disbursements, for
the same time, was $946,S74 97; showing; that
there would have been a deficit, without th'e
receipts from these extraordinary sources, of
$15,730 94. Now, the act of the 24th ofDeoem
her, 1845, creates a lien upon' the Western A
Allan tie Rail Hoad, and its nett earnings for the
redemption of the Bonds, amounting to $125,-
500 00, which it authorised to be issued for the
extension of that work. They Ikll due in July
and December, 1856. But seeing that a deficit
in the Treasury to meet the demand upon it
must .necessarily occur: finding 'it also'imnrac*
tieable to call in these Boffdaf except to the
amount of $19,500 and feeling perfectly confi
dent, that the future proceeds of the Rosd will
bc ampljr sufficient to meet the balance of 9100,
000 00, before or at maturity, 1' directed the
Treasurer to cany the monies paid in, from that
»®nree, into the general fund, use them In the
Pm-'
mfaU the
having the name ofFarveU, many
it in good faith, without the knowl
a counterfeit exists, and they will per
“•cover their error when the sptui
has wrought its evU effect*.
i article is manafoeiured only by
aide inventor and proprietor, and
_ . ipd, No. IT Main street, Peoria,
miaou, to whoa all applications for Agencies
”»* y sffaM* Be sure you get it with I toy. I have investigated this suto
“® totters H. G. before Farrell's, thus—H. G. 1 examination of the President's an
payment of the public debt aud in tercet, and
the regular operations of the Treasury.
The committee of Finance on tho State of the
the Treasury, Ac., called my attention to the
immense item of expenses lor tne’-serrices of
Clerks in both branches of the 'GcnvrilAnem.
_ ;, by actual
and' Speaker’s
Warrants front 1833 down to the present'tune,
including the last session. The aggregate ex
penses of the Houses, per Session, on this score
from 1833 down to the session of 1846-50 ranged
from $4,290 00 to $8,833; the latter sum being
FARRELL’S—aad his signature on the wrap-
C V aR others are counterfeits. ;
dbj Kendrick A Pledger, Melville
G. B. F. Mattox, Mt Hickory
« <. . V C. Brown. »* .. -CoosaP. O. _
Branner A Moyers, Summerville 1 the largest expenditure of any one session du°
. - Battey, Wholesale Agent, Home j ring that period. For the session of 1840—50,
and by icgrfarty authorized agents throughout] ths-expense for Clerks’ hire of the two Houses
a « ' , . - . W " $1.8,286 00 ; for 1851-2, it was $17,212 00;
“A $1 per bottle, j and for 1853-4, it was $33,156 00. The enor-
AGENTS WANTED In every town, village I mods expenditure of the three last Seasons of
and hamlet u the united States, in which one I the Legislature eviafe extravagance and call
is not already established. Address H. G. Far- I for retrenchment and reform.
*r
. sled with' good reference
r, responsibility, Ac.
CABINET SHOP
And Blind and Sash Factory !!.
STANDISH fit BLAKEMAN
ofjM.M. Sumter, ton tis
sue to mg$ufoetare. all kinds of FUR
3 LINDS,
and BI
at the old stand on
March27.—ly
ATLANTA
1I A( IIINE WORKS.
- (LATE ATLASTTA IKON- TOCKDET.)
THE WESTEEIf t ATLAKTIC BAIL ROAD.
! . I herewith submit the animal Reports of the
Superintendent of the Western A Atlantic Rail
Road, exhibiting its operations for the fiscal
yean 1954 and 1855. They show a steady and
highly encouraging increase of its business and
a commendable curtailment of iteexpenditores.
As these documents furnish all tho data for the
formation: ofa correct opinion as to what should
on the j bo tho future policy oftbe Road, so for as relates
fifli) AVI I (n iK* Mlrtllottnns af tla W „
u
itterns oflron, Brass
bich will bo warran-
i and Drilling done to ,
'ng of 10 feet or nn-
l required. Heavy
; of wrought Iron or Steel
to tbe^regulations of its tariff of freights, I «npH
indulge it i no specniations upon that subject;
b®t Icwe it, in all its bearings, to the wisdom
of the Legislature. . It, is one of great moment,
and ean only be correctly settled by facto its
connection with other roads^ and the tight of
experience. If you design it to be h paying
road, then the policy obviously is, to adjust its
freight schedule, in reference th its connection
with others. If you are content that it, shall be
kejpt up mainly for the accommodation of the
section through which it runs, and aalho means
of affording the low, with facilities for procaring
the produce of the up country, without special
reference to profit, iheh it may be treated and
conducted as an independent -work. The road is
the people’s property, constructed for their corn-
disasters from. running off or cc
Indus and yet the diesatisfoctiou and com
platat in certain quarters, aro deep and loud.
All, demonstrating that the policy of severing
it from Executive control, is absolutely imper
ative. Irespeetfully urge the Legislature to
do it*
Under the resolution of the last Legislature,
for that purpose, I appointed the Hon. John D.
Stoll a Commissioner, 4< to preeeed to tho State
of Tenneseee, to proonro the repeal of tho law
of that State, whieh subjects the Western A At
lantic Rati Road to suits in her Courts, and to
fix upon suchuterms of negotiation aud recipro
city, as shall be acceptable to both States." As
the result of his mission, I horewith submit the
Message of the Governor of Tennessee, and th'o
action of her Legislature upon the subject You
will perceive that they, by Resolution, author
ized him to "appoint a Commissioner learned
In the law whose duty it shall be to confer with
, the Commissioner appointed by the Governor
-of Goorgia, either here (ip Nashville) or in the
8tate of Georgia, upon the eubjeot of the inter
course by Rati Road between the two States,
with instructions to report to tho General As-
bly of this State (Tennessee) all tho legislative
action that has been bad by the two States in
reference to this matter, and also what further
legislation, if any is necessury to preserve tho
rights of the citizens of Tennessee, aud to main
tain our friendly relation." After Mr. Stelt
returned, he surrendered his Commission, and
I appointed Wm. K. DeGraffcnried, Esq., in
his steiu?, to complete tho negotiation. The
Governor of Tennessee appointed Jas. A. White
aide, Esq. , under the resolution abovo quoted
These two gentlemen have had a meeting, but
finding that the question of the jurisdiction of
the Courts of Tennessee over the Western A
Atlantic Rail Road was made titfhe McClung
case then pending before her highest judi
cial tribunal, they considered it most pru
dent and respectfol to await the decision,
before proceeding with the negotiation ; for tho
Court might determine the question in our favor,
and thus end all tribuble on this score. But
our hope of so gratifying a result has failed. I
understand the Court has decided against us.—
Hence, if no satisfactory adjustment between
the two States con he effected by negotiation it
will devolve upon yon to determine the course
to he adopted. A lease or sale of that portion
of the Road'which is within the limits of Ten
nessee, would seem to suggest itself as the most
natural remedy.
PFXITEXTIARY.
I refer you to the Report of the Principal
Keeper for the operations of the Penitentiary.
The statement exhibits its present financial con
dition :
Resource* and Linbilitit* on 1st Oct. 1S55.*
RESOURCES.
To notes and Accounts $23,276 03
Of which are considered
bad and doubtful, 2,702 27 $20,573 76
Cash,
2.807 80
- $23,381 5G
And the Liabilities are
Due Officers and Guard, $7,590 89
' Indi’ls In’spr’s Dept. 8,483 32
1 do Bk K’p’s “ 504 95 16,579 16
it ting this subject to your consider
ation, your attention-is directed to the sugges
tions, under thin- head, oontoinod in the Ko-
port of the " Finance Committee on the state
of tho Trcnsury, Ac.,” and tho Heport of the
Principal'Keeper. ' ^ \
TUB SKAT OK OOVEBStMK!?*;
Tho question of tho removal of tho Heat of
Government has boon agitated, from time to
time, for many years. The last legislature,
unwise nnd inexpedient. Its tendency is to
emoseulato privato enterprise, by removing the
necessity of self reliance. It will complicate
the State with individual interests, whieh ex
perience teHCbos to be dangerous to the public
welfare. It will increase the Slate debt, and
consequently oreate a necessity for burdensome
taxation.
The construction of the Western A Atlantic
rati road, by the State, is regarded, both ai
precedent and an argument in favor of direct
improssod.with the importance of its final set- appropriations, in aid of internal improve
tlement, referred It to tho legal voters of the ments. But licenses to be forcible, in either
Resources over and above Liabilities
collectable.
Manufactured articles, in
B. K's DepL
Material on hand, P*1
K’p'r’s Dept
a:
$6,802 4 0
6,747 90
10,257 91 17,005 SI
$23,SOS 21
it | pnipnate ior you as their representatives, • t<
□ [ prescribe the ttne^of policy to be persued-.
fcf Hjrisitifccessary to discuss the various plan:
0 } suggested for its- future management. Some
p. S. All of the Above r „
tioal Mechanics, and give their itjdiv Maa { prepared to represent correctly, by your action
attention to the business. • jan. 9, *65 j the public sentiment. Another mode proposed
T Ti 1» T P I, W Y ’ I & to placeit* 'management to the bands ofa
_ X 7?- .* | BoardVcomposed of three Commissioners, to be
rockery, and (Hass
all kinds ; Oils, Cam-
AH ATTENTION' is called to JTnbn benefit and therefore,- it is peculiarly ap-
tbr Mill Gearing, for Merchant I propriate for you as their representatives, • to
and Saw Mills, Gfo " " ^
s, and Bark'. n M
tt^noon | **“* tiehould be sold, either in part or in
which will *!“ 1 °7 ne " 1 >!P
State, or to give its control to private individu
’ work at cash nrieefc I nfg® that it should- be leased for a
L -- - — F I term of years. Thesepropositions were discus-
•ed lgr niy immediate predecessor, andconaid-
ered by the last legislature. They have also,
toe mean time; engaged the popular mind, to
a considerable extent, and you are doubtless
, and Alcohol
* Jani
J. M.
j chosen by the people. I refer to these propo
sitions to demonstrate wbat I believe to be in
dispensable' to meet - the .expectations of the
people of the,wfi«4e State, and that is the neces
sity of removing its administration beyond the
m Exi
arena of politics—of taking it from Executive
control—of making it independent of party in-
infioenees. However widely different these
vfrioos propositions are, they afford conclusive
While Hajl Street
- iy*
Mgn, Coach, Passenger Cars
‘ and Decorative Painter. - - , - .
GUt Gian Door Plates •▼WenooDfthe restiessnessof the popolar mind
for Public Houses I o» too subjeet. JTho sentiment is all pervading
t »d to manifested in a thousand forms; that
“1* is exported and demanded at your bands.
How'it shall be done, is the question for your
wisdom. I have so, hesitation in expressing
the firm belief that it were-better to adopt any
one of these propositions, than to permit the
Boftu to bo jMMged under the present mode of
its organization. The idea of this vast capital
being subjected to the fluctuation of party poll-
ties—confided to agents, who as a general role,
will be changed every two years, in obedience
is
h 1
WISDOM’S
HAIL LISE
i via. Mount Hickory,Summenrtileand Try-
■jd Factory.
Rome Tamdogt and Friday* at 6 , „
, JI.; retard* Wedmatdmym and Satur- to the utterence oftbe ballot' box,
I one and ridiculous in the extreme. It is only
tho contract j Bail Road men who understand the conduct
Rome and La- [ of these great works. Politicians, who aspiro
i traveling public that he is I to Gubernatorial honors, know-but little if any-
i gwi Lories uud vehicles for the j thing, about. How absurd, therefore, to place
If travelers. Tiiose visiting j the Executive at the head of tho Road—in
leasant and
opes by
secure a liberal share of patrons;
Jul7 ’
EUGESE LeflARDY,
dVIL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
engineer,
SURVEYOR AND ARCHITECT,
FGSTDFFICE, ROME, GEORGIA,
terest of the
a responsi
decessors,
| been better manag
the two last
in every
a dollar los
recovered fn litigai
crued within that
Road has never
than it bats been during
d punctuality,
h.enforced—not
n—not—not a dollar
n for damages which
mm
: Hence, it appears to have been managed with
quite as much ability und success, as under pre
vious administrations. Still, I feel constrained
to say, wbat-its whole history confirms, that it
has, to a great extent provedAo be a'failure. A
brief glance at the causes will point out the
remedy. It is the duty _of the Legislature to
apply it promptly.
The original design of the Institution was
twofold; 1st; to substitute* efficient punishment
for crime, properly adjusted to its deuieril, for
the gallows in the higher, and the application
of the pillory and whipping post to the lower,
grades of offenses; and secondly, by connecting
labor with confinement, to mako it a self sus
mining system. The first object has been so
far accomplished only, as to dispense with these
engines of cruelty and barberism. But the.
Penitentiary has failed to answer the great ends
of punishment—reforming the criminal and
deterring others from crime. It never can an
swer these purposes under itapresent organiza
tion. From the utter impossibility of preven
ting inter-communication between the convicts,
td the abseence of all classification of them,
cording to tho moral character of their res
pective offenses, the hope of reformation is una
vailing—is vane and furtile. It is lather a
school in which the villian learns to bo more
obdurate in bis depravity, and ho who is im
prisoned for an offence, not involving the darker
sbades of turpitude, loses the little self respect
remaining to him, by the necessary contact with
his associates, and is thus ultimately robbed of
this Jast trait of human redemption. The ex
ceptions to this general remark, lew and far
between confirm its truth- Hence, tho Peni
tentiary ceases, to be a terror to evil doers. It
also fails to answer tho other object of punish
ment—that of deterring others from violating
tiie laws of the land. The loss of personal lib-
•rty, of the sweets’Sfsooial life, and the neces
sity for constant tod and restraint upon tho
passions^should constitute tho terrors of im
prisonmenL But organized as it is, how fee-
blo and impotont are these sanctions, uuder oar
systemof Penitentiary confinement!
It has most signally failed to accomplish tho
second design gf its formation—that of bein-
a self sustaining system. Tho proof of this is
found in the large appropriations, which the
Legislature have been compelled, at almost
every session, to make for its support. There
are palpable causes—-causes that meet the eyes
of tho most superficial observer—whieh render
it impossible for it to pay its own expenses.
wall encloses only about two acres of
ground; is it to be expected, that one hundred
and seventy«fivo men can be employed prufila-
bly, upon so small an arena, in which it is im
practicable to divorsify labor? It is located
where materials for manufacturing cannot be
obtained without tho payment *4f ruinous nri-
oes;
Tiio question then aribob, what is the remody?
Remove it to another rogion of the State. Con
struct it upon a plan sufficiently capacious to
meet all the conditions required. So arrange
*•* apartments as to classify the convicts, accor
ding to the moral character of tEeir offences,
and to secure absolute prohibition of social
intercourse among them. Locate it at m point
where material of all kinds cau bo procured
cheaply, and build it of stone and iron.
Now is tho most favorable time to apply this
indispensable remedy. The present wall and
buildin. s are all dilapidated and tottering, and
they offer hourly temptation tb the devouring
element. Something must bo done, and dune
now. The present structures are incapable of
such repairs as will render them*sohifliiia'for
too pUrposos desired. The wbolo concern must
be rebuilt, if you intend to continue tho insti
tution aud make it wbat it ought to be.
By removal, you can remedy another great
evil. You can locate it at u point, at which,
heavy operations in, irou and stone may fur
nish employment for the convicts, and thus
dispense with the common branches of the mo-
cbaiiie artn. On this acora tbo present system
is most detrimental. So far from retarding,
the State nhould «o shape her policy, ai to cii-
courage industrious and honest won to engago
in them. But what is tiro effect of the present
Penitentiary sy#tem? It degrades them, by
turning looso annually a corps of graduated
villains, half skilled and too depraved, in most
instances/to perforin according to their ability,
who will Work al reduced prices, and thus moot
|kp honestonecbanlo with ruinous -competition,
zn arranging a Bittern-,of Penitentiary labor,
reform should not be disregarded; bat, situa-
ahght ted iur tho iustltution now Is. it is lmj»raotlcablo.
State, and required them to indorse on their
tiokete ** removal” or “ no removal,” and " if
to be removed, where,” The following is the
official voto, on tho first Monday in October
last, according to tho officiul returns on file in
tho Executive Department: No removal, 49,.
781; RefBoval to Atlanta, 20,337; to, Macon,
3,802; to Thomasville, 1; to Savannah, g3; to
Marietta, 4; to Gordon, 1; to Fort Valloy, l;
to tiriffiin, 313; to Wavnesborougb, 1; to Rome,
4; to Madison,*6j to Stone Mountain, 4; ti
Indian Springs, 2; to Sandersville, 5; to
Barncsvillc, 1; to Iiootensville, 1; to Augusta,
1: to Clarksville, 1; to St Simon’s Island 1;
to Lumpkin, 1; removal to no place designated,
852; scattering, 14, The aggregate vole upon
the question of romovnt is S4,326, of which
49,781 wero for “ no removnl” and but 34,545
for removal to all other places, lienee, it np.
pears, that the majority for "no removal” over
alj others, is-15,246. The Gubernatorial vote,
at the late election, was about 104,250, showing
that there were about 19,705 legal voters who
did not.vote on tho question of removal. Hence,
if it bo a fair construction, as it would seem to , „
be, that their failure to vote is expressive of
their contentment with Milledgeville as tho
scat of Government, it is evident, that tho pop
ular wilt is overwhelmingly opposod to its re
moval. If tho Legislature should concur in
this view, then, it is due to tho public as well
ns to the citizens of Milledgeville, that you
should, at once, by decisive action, put a quie
tus to the further agitation of the questioiff
Not tlic least effectual mode of accomplishing
this object, will bo to make necessary repairs
nnd additions to yonr public buildings. The
State House should be repaired and suitably
enlarged. The square should bo graded, clear
ed of tho Arsenal Magazine and the four Chur
ches, upon just compensation to the respective
denominations, set with shade trees, and en
closed by a substantial iron fence. The-Exec
utive Maoeion, also should be thorougly repair
od and refurnished, and the lot surrounded
with an iron enclosure.
By resolution of tho last-Session, I was 're
quested to furnish to each branch of the Le-
islature, the amount of the original cost of the
public buildings at Milledgeville, exclusive of
tho Penitentiary and Lunatic Asylum, and
what amounts is necessary to so repair them as
to make them suitable for the purpose for whieh
they were intended.’ This resolution passed
just at the close of the session, and consequent
ly, conld not be responded to, before its adjust
ment. I am nnable, even now, to give a full
reply. As far as can be ascertained, the pub
lic buildings, including State House, Execution,
Mansion, and out houses, the Arsenal and Mag
azine, have cost, first and last, about $300,000-
00. I have engaged Messrs. Sboll A Fay, pro
fessional Architects, to furnish information on
the second branch of the resolution. They
have already submitted to me a rough sketch
of the additions and improvements to the State
House which are necessary, and they author,
izo me to say, that tho whole can be completed
for $125,000 to $150,000. They aro now en
gaged in making the necessary drawings and
estimates of the expense; and at an early day,
they will bo ready for transmission to tho Le
gislature.
The State House is entirely unprotected,
against the ravages of fire. You should nu
tborize tho construction .of a large cistern on
either side, and the purchase of a Fire Engine.
This precaution is highly iuiportaut, and, cost
what it may, it v/ill be wise and provident econ
omy.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS- STATE AID.
If we look to tho geographical position of
the State, it is not singular, that she has taken
the lend of her Southern sisters, in works of
Inderna! Improvement. She occupies the gap
between the Southern spur of the Alleghany
monntains and the Atlantic and is therefore
the portal through which tho travel and pro- ,
ducts of the great vallep of the T7t3£ must
find their transit to the "highway of nations.”
Such a position fixes upon her a heavy, but
glorious responsibility, involving a mission for
the future, worthy tho. most comprehensive
grasp of enlightened' statesmanship. Ou tho
other hand, her varied and inexhaustiblo min
oral and agricultural resources, afford a perpet
ual stimulus and prompt to constant efforts to
secure the m^dns of theif development. Theso
considerations create a two-fold obligation upon
the Legislature; the one, to adjacent States—
the other, to her vast internal interests. Henco,
to comprehend fully their legitimate scope of
action, tho Legislature should assume a lofty
stand point from which they can survey tho
whole field. Holding in her hand the key
point of view, when wo consider the circnra
stances which prompted that ma_
joct. At that time, there wot not wYatl 1r
Georgia. Private capital refused to be thus
invested, because experiment had not shown
either the practicability or profitableness of
such works. Besides, the region which it pen
etrates. though abounding in agricultural nod
mineral fertility, is mountainous and difficult
of access. It was socially and physically sev
ered from tho lower region of the State and
advantageous markets for the products of its
industry. On tho one hand, railroad' enter
prise needed the stimulus of enterprise; and on
tbo other, the* North West was incapable of do
velopment by privato capital. Hence, the
enterprise; and if no other advantage shall
ever be realized, tho enhanced value of the
lands of Cherokee Georgia amply remunerates
the State for the outlay, and vindicates the far
sighted wisdom of its projectors. The justifi
cation of tbo State was the necessity of the
case; but where tho necessity does not exist,
the reason for the policy does not obtain.
But viewed in another light, the building of
the Western A Atlcntic railroad by the State
does furnish sound reasons why other sections
may ask, with proprioty, her fostering Sid, in
tho form of a loan of her credit- That- work
cost not less Jthan $5,000,000. The region
through which it runs wgathen very sparsely
populated and consequently contributed a com
paratively small portion of the expense of its
construction. Middle and Southern Georgia
bore the tax, they bne it generously and pat
riotically. It is, therefore, not arrogant nor
unreasonable to nsk, in return, such aid from
the State, os wit) develops other sections and
hrinsr thorn Within roach of advantageous mar
kets. Tho request woiili ? rtn »® with the force
of an appeal to the magnanimity of those, wuo
are the special beneficiaries of this large State
'beneficence, to practice the spirit of enlighten
ed reciprocation. There are those, whose pa
triotism and intelligence are entitled to great
respect, who earnestly advocate the policy of
the State aiding works of internal improve
ment, by issuing her Bonds for a sufficient
amount, per mile, to purchase the rails, to all
tail road companies which shall bare comple-.
ted the grading Ac., of their respective roods,
and made thorn' ready for laying the super
structure. Bat I regard it wild and hazardous^
and the adoption of such a measure, os the
worst calamity that conld be indicated upon the
State. If there conld possibly be any necess
ities which would justify it, they certainly do
not exist in Georgia. Railroad enterprise,
with as, doos not need, stimulation, bat rather
wholesome and judicious direction.' Such
system as that however, wonld multiply those
works—or attempts to construct them—indefi
nitely; and the sequel would be a crushing
State debt, impaired State credit, ruinous de
preciation of State Stocks and general paraly
sis, in all the departments of business and la
bor: State, like individuals, will retard their
progress, if they endeavor to advance too rap
idly. A system of internal improvements
should be rather a growth, developed and
gradually matured by tbo action of social and
commercial progress, than the artificial result
of restless, inipotient, and ill guided, but well-
meant legislation. Let us shun both Scylly
and Cbaribdi8 and move cautiously through
tho strait between the two extremes.
to be Applied to the -upport of its prolessor in
the State (Juivereity. But this is inadequate.
To rendor the apartment efficient and useful,
the Legislature should Hot only increase the
sura to the extent of an ample endowment, but
also make a suitable appropriation for fitting It
up with ample means of instruction, illustration
and experiment. Tbo appeal upon this score,
will not be iu vain. It is the first movement,
in Georgia, in favor of Agricultural education,
hitherto more neglected, although more impor
tant than any other branch, The Professor may
produce annually his eourse of Lectures, and
delict his class with tho theory of Agricul
ture, but he must hove tho means of illustration
and experiment to unfold Ifi relations to, and
dependence upon, Mineralogy, Geology, Bota
ny, Chemistry, Natural History and Mechanics.
Agriculture is the most important, because
it is the foundation of all other pursuits. It
supplies Commerce and Manufactures, in all
their Various and ntnttipHcd departments, with
whatever imparts to them activity, prosperity
and vitality. Uence the indispensibility of its
being directed and dignified by. the tight of
science and the devotion of educated mind.
EDUCATION.
Our political system is based upon tho-max
im, that the people are capable of sell govern
ment. This presupposes intelligence, to know
how to govern, and virtue, to give that intelli
gence proper direction.—Hence, the impor.
tance of a system of public education to en
lighten the intellects and moralize the hearts
of masses. Tho importance of this subject is
paramount and should bring into requisition
all the wisdom of tho Legislature; whilst the
thwnsifisdS or poor emiaren within tno State,
RETAIL LICENSE.
It is painful to4be patriot and. Christian to
witness the ravages of intemperance. Like
war and pestilence, it leaves in its pathway its
millions of victims slain, lamentation and wo.
It poors desecration and contempt upon all
that is hallowed'in domestic'life, and that is
sacred in the rites of oar holy religion. The
good mar* naturally enquires for a remedy. He
looks back upon the past—eloquence and ar
gument have grappled with it, social organiza
tion has oxe-ted its combined instrumentality,
Christianity has wept and prayed over it—and
yet the evil continues. Losing sight of the po
tency of moral suasion, losing faith in the ulti
mate triumph of truth and virtue, and impatient
for summary relief, be feels that legislation
mast come to the rescae, by prohibiting-the
sale of intoxicating liquors. This leads ns to
search for the delicate line which defines the
legitimate sphere of the civil power. The Leg
islature is the gnardian of the general welfare.
It is the duty to seeqre public peace and tran
quility, and to protect persons, character and
property. But why? Not because religion
enjoins, but because the interest of the body
social demands* it. Hence, social aad civil
necessity only should both prompt oZd 2‘frit
legislative action ; the promotion of the mor
ality which religion inculcatetf mast bo an in*
cidental result, not the primary object This
is the true criterion to guide the law-making
power. To transcend it is fanaticism, because
it is th4 recognition of a principle, which
wonld justify the civil authority in taking
charge of the consciences of men and enforcing
moral reforms by law, which can only ^legi
timately done by appeals to reason. Hence,
the danger and impolicy of attempting to aid
the temperance cause by legislative prohibition
of the traffic in ardent spirits,. It is not only
wrong op a principle of legislation, bat the pab-
lio sentiment being adverse to it, the law wonld
not bo enforced, intemperance would be ondi-
minished, and the social evils aggravated,
which it wonld design to suppress.
It does not follow however, that there are not
abases connected with oar retail license law,
whieh are within the legitimate reach of the
Legislative arm. Whoever will examine the
criminal dockets of oar coarts; will see abun
dant proof, that tho system needs the restraint
of a more rigid and wholesome police. It is
the fruitful soot ce of crime against life, person,
property and the public peace; and therefore,
it Is the duty of the Legislature to apply a
remedy. I have given this subject much re
flection aud am satisfied that, if the existing
law> could be sternly enforced, most of the'evils
connected with car license systam wonld cease.
Why are they not enforced ? Is it because
publio sentiment is opposed to them ? Is it
because the penalties are too severe ? By no
means. 'Bat it is because their violation is
covered io secrecy and darkness, so (hat they
escape discovery and detection. The grand de
fect theirfore, is apparent It lies in the fact,
that the existing law requires the Clerk oftbe
Inferior Coart of each County, to .grant-as a
matter of coarse, a license to every man who
complies with its precedent conditions. Henco
in too many instances, bad and unprincipled
men obtain permission to retail, who defy the
restraints of law, if they can conceal ita viola-
which opens tho Atlantic to tho West, the State
should so use her power, a3 to force, by a com
pulsion mutually and advantageous, tho travel
aud produce which seek the ship, to become
tributary to her own weakb, prosperity aud
greatness. Looking to this, ns tho light to
guide her general policy, she should likewise,
as tho proximate motive of action, keep in
view tho development of her natural resources,
and the advancement of tho people, in all the
“'.Omenta of the highost and best civilization.
Hence, tho paramount necessity of defined
and well regniated *y»tem in oflr scheme of In
tcrnal Improvements. It does not follow, that
a charter for a railroad must bo granted as
matter of course, when asked. An enlightened
Legislature, comprehending fully the system,
its ccsigu, and what is Best calculated to ad
vance tho general wilfare, will inquire wheth
er the charter asked, is in harmony with -that
system, what will bo the bearings of itsconnex-
ions without the State, what is its effect in de
veloping our resources and what its relation to
other works und^r which large interests have
become involved and vested ? Tho system in
Georgia though in its infancy, is yet sufficiently
advanced to indicuto tho ultimate shape which
it is likely to assume. On hor eastern border
she has throe points, which have formed and
are seeking to form connexions with the vari
ous sections, internul und external, whoso pro
ductions will foster their growth und prosperi
ty. These points are Augusta, Savannah und
Brunswick. Tho two former are connected by
Rouds completed, with Tennessee und Alabama;
and tho Iuttcr possessing a harbor unsurpassed
by any on the Atlantic coast, south of tho
Chesapcak und bunked by uu extensive territory,
covered by the best pine field iu tho world, and
of wonderful agricultural facility, seek a con
nection with tho vast region tbut skirts the
Gulf of Moxico. In a word, these three cities
form the bqsis of our system, and the lines
through tho Statu which connect or propose tu
connect them, with hor own great divisions
within, and exhuustiess fbuders' without, con
stitute its frame work os skeleton. Its sym
metrical completion Mhullbuth coniine and lim
it the poiiey of legislative action. It will be
most speedily accomplished by privato capital
aided by the loan of Statu credit. Sueh char
ters, and such only, as may bo required fur no-
cussnry intermediate connections aud facilities,
should be grunted, to fill out the system; and
these should be constructed by uunided private
capital. But tv complete the skeleton of the
system, so us to extend an arm into each of tho
gruud geographical sections or divisions of the
ritale, she may, with propriety and wisdom,
lend her credit, under socuritic* und.guurantoe0,
which will place her beyond tho contingency
of ultimate liability and loss! To that extent
tho Legislature -may go; but to that extent
only should it go, and with ail considered cau
tion and, well guarded prudence.
Tho direct appropriation of money or Sub
scription for Sloek, by tho Stale, to aid'in tho
eonstructioirof railroads, is eonsidorodtto be
too indigent to provide for themselves tho bless
ings of education, hat who must bavsrit, as an
indispensable qualification for good citizenship,
should awaken an enlarged and benevolent lib
erality. The returns for 1854 show that 42,
467 belong to this class’, yrho are entitled to
participate in the pittance of S23,3SS provided
for their benefit. . The-considerations which
should promgt to efficient action are apparent
to every reflecting mind. “They are such as
challenge the attention of tho highest states
manship. IVe see them not only in tho ne
cessity of education to the perpetuity of “pop-,
ular libercy, bat in the thousand social hissings
which it confers. It- promotes pulic peace,
gives security to property, diminishes crime,
lightens the expense of. administering the laws,
stimulates enterprise, directs industry and cap
ita), and hastens the march of civilization.
The difficulty is, net to determine what ought
tb be done, but-bow it shall bo done. Tbo sub
ject becomes more and more embarrassing,
each successive year, because the increase of
poor children renders the amount of money
adequate to the emergency, rnoro difficult to £-
raised. Hence, if the I'C^.ciurnre ever intend
to oorne u- rmiy and fairly to the high mark of
enlightened duty, it would seem that the time
has arrived, when they should initiate a system
capable of gradual expansion and self-susten-
tation. I shall venture no specific rccommen-
dation. I prefer rather to submit the great
subject to your wisdom, animated, ns it must be,
by patriotic desire, to promote tho happiness-
aud prosperity of the- State. But if Ieould com
maud the power to awaken the proper spirit
and excite tho proper liborulity, I wonld make
the uppoal with an urgency which should be
overwhelming, that the General Assembly will
not rise, untill it shall have redeemed tho high
obligations of the present, to future genorutions,
Georgia is in advance, in material prosperity
and improvement; sho is in the rear, on the
subject of common schooll education. Tho
ship, driven before the wind, may sail rapidly,
for a time, without a helmsman, but such will
be recked at last. Education is to State pro
gross what the helmsman is to tho ship—tho
more rapid her career, without it, the sooner
she will bo stranded.
In this connection, tho State Univorsity is
earnestly commanded to\your fostering care.—
By reference to the set of 1785, “for the more
full nnd comploto establishment of a public
seat of learning in this State,” it is' quite evi
dent that our forefathers designed to erect
University of the highost character. It is ap
parent, from the proarable to tho bill, and from
the vory liberal endowment for whieh they
provided. In view of the paramount impor
tance which they attaqhod to liberal education,
as a means of sustaining and porpotuating free
government, they felt tnat it was a humiliating
acknowledginontoftbe ignoranco or inferiority
of our own State, to send our youth abroad to
others, for its acquisition. If this wero true in
1785, tbo poiiey which they then deplored is
still more to be deprecated npw, when, by
sondingthem to other States, they are surroun
ded by prejudices and influences against- our
domostie institutions, calculated to give an uu-
wholesome direction to their sentiments. Tho
original design of the founders, of our Stato
University ought therefore to be oompleted and
perfected. It shall be so ondowod, and furnish
ed with all the facilities for the prosecution of
scientific research as to enable tlft devotees of
learning to ranch the highest attainments.-
non. mow suppose tho retail traffic were con
fined to melt who would respect nnd faithfully
obey the laws for' its regulation, it is' not evi
dent- that the great mass of existing evils that
-afflict society would ceaso ? The remedy then,
is to confine the granting of license to such
men. How con you affect this ? Withdraw the
granting power from the Clerk, and vest it in
the sound discretion of the Inferior Court of
each county. As the guardians «f the. gen oral
welfare, they will exclude vicious , and corrupt
men from the.traffic, and confide it'toHbosu
whose known fidelity to the laws of the land*
will be a guarantee for well regulated, and or
derly bouses. I feel confident, that this change
iu the license law, would vindicate itself, by the
benefits it would diffuse, and meet a sustaining
response in tho public sentiment. °'
Sovernl other professorships should be created,
and atnpfo appropriations tnudo for auoh> corn-
talent
pens&tlon as will command the high:
to fill them. -* - ■
By theHMVality of the Into Dr. WtiQntn Tor-,
roll) an agricultural chair has been csurolished
and $20,000 donated, tho interest of which is
' '• • • -w >
FEDERAL .RELATIONS.
I herewith transmit resolutions and acts of
the Legislatures of the various States which
have been forwarded in this department They
either concern directly or indirectly our Feder-
al Relations; and some of ilium are'of a'charac-
ter w“ il | tn( ic r 3 it doubtful, whether a proper,
self-respect should not have.dictated their si
lent return to tho scarce whence they etnina-
tcd. Bui it is deemed best to err on tbe.side of
courtesy, and viewed in connection with the
present political coudition of our country, they
suggest matter of the gravest import for your,
consideration.
In ISijO, tho people of Georgia, responding
to a Proclamation of their Chief Magistrate,
met in Convention, for the purpose “of deter
mining the course which the State would per-
sue, in reference to a series of Acts passed by
the Congress of the U. States.. known as the
‘Compromise measures.'” All those measures,
“directly or indirectly affected the institution
of slavery,” but were designed to form a con
nected “scheme of pacific adjustment." Whilo
Georgia found in it ‘^matter for objoetioh and
matter for approval,” still, in a spirit of devo
tion to the'Union, she calmly considered in
Sovereign. Convention, whether, “co/utifent
with her honor.” she “could abide by the general
scheme ofpassification/'and whether her in
terest lay in adhoronco to it, or in resistance-”
The result was, that whilst sho did not wholly
approve,” yet she would “abide by it,” as a
perminent adjustment of this sectional contro-
veasy. But she did so upon terms. She put
the world on notice, that she “will and ought to
resist, even (a* u last resort) to a disruption of
every tie that binds her to tho Union, any fu-'
ture action of Cougress, upon the subject of
slavery in tho District of Columbia, .or in places
subject to the jurisdiction of Congress, incom
patible with the safety, domestic tranquility,
the rights and honor ofslaveholdiag States; or
any aot suppressing tho slave trade belwoen
tho slaveholding States, Or any refusal to admit,
as a State, any territory hereafter applying,
because oftho existence of Slavery therein, oc
nny act prohibiting tho introduction of slaves into
tho territories of Utah and New Mexico, or any
not repealing or materially modifying tiio laws
now inforee for the reoovery of fugitive slave*.’”
It was hoped that these measures would prove
what they were promised to be, a final adjust
ment of the slavery agitation, aod that the
country wouid henceforth enjoy repose. It was
hoped, that making so. large a sacrifice, involv
ing a surrender of all participation, ou the
part of the slaveholding States, in tho vast ter
ritory of California, the spirit of free soil ag
gression would bo nppensed. It was hoped,
that tho exhibition.of such disinterested devo
tion to tho Union would provoke a cordial ro-
giprocatiou on the nou-slaveholding States; dml
restore ihose fraternal relations, between
the
two great sections of the Confederacy, which Georgia ifi the estimation of Mankind"
prompted tho magnanimous compromises of idieuti -i: ! ,
tho Constitution. But this hope has not beetjj'preser
realized. The agitation continues. The slerirt
cloud still obscures the glories of our political
firinameut and. threatens to discharge its thun
der on our beads.
The laws now in foree for the recovery of fu
gitive Slaves, have.not been repealed or mate
rially modified. But itisCobStantly threatened.
The Convention of 1850, expressed the deliber
ate opinion, that “upon the faithful execution
of the Fugitive Slave Laic, by the proper au
thorities, depends the preservation of our much
loved Union.” IIow- contemptuously bos the
declaration been treated in some of tho non-
slaveholding States! In Massachusetts, Vor 1
mont and other States, nets havo been passed,
virtually nullifying the law. In some instan
ces, it has been executed, and with great diffi
culty in every instance where it has been. A
slave escaped from Maryland into Pennsylva
nia His owner went to recapture him: was
butchered, and the Courts failed to execute the
few or punish the crinfs, A slave escaped from
Virginia to tho city of Boston. To affect bis
recovery, the President hid to order tho army
and navy to protect the Marshal, at an expense
of mere than $100,000, Such are specimens of
the manner in which tho Fugitive Slave Law
is-enforcod, although tno Georgia Convention
declared, that the Union]depends upon its faith■=
ful execution. A case forTeststancc however,
is not made until it shall bo repealed or mate*
•fially modified by Cougress. Therefore, as no
redress can bo bad, constantly with the Con
stitution, in the adoption of retaliatory measures -
let ns “in patience possess our souls,” trusting
that the' patriotism oftbe North may yet be
rallied to the rescue.
The compromise measures of 1850, estabLh.
ed the principle, that the people of the territo-
tories shold determine the question of slavery
for themselves, and that hereafter, such territo
ries should be admited, as States into the Uu.
ion, with or without slavery, as they should de;
cide. The test Congress passed an act to or
ganize territorial governments for Kansas and
Nebraska, in which this principle was practi*
colly applied; and by the repeal of the Misson-
rr prohibition which it contains, it opens these
territories to the'slaveholdcr, with his property*
The late elections in Kansas show, that a ma
jority of the people are in favor of adopting
slavery as a part of their domestic system; and
tho indications are, that she will probably apply
daring the ensuring Congress, for admission to
the Unionosa slaveholding State. This brings
up the paramount ql^ation-of the day. LddiU
ing.to the elements of the next Congress, it
seems, that tho anti slavery free soil sentiment
is in the ascendency, and that her application
will be rejected. This therefore is tae condi
tion of affairs—on tho one hand, we see the
threat, and the power to execute it. to refuse
the admission of this territory into the Union,
“because of the existence of slaverylhorein
on tho other, Georgia .stands pledged to resist
such an act, “even (as a last resort) to a dis
ruption” of tho Union. . How then, can we
secure tbo admission of Kansas as a sl.ivhold-
ing State, without reserting to this fearful ulti-
matum? It can only be done by an uoflinch:
ing adherence to the position which the State
has taken. ' Sho is the centre of the column of
her Southern confederates, they will rally ar
ound sustain her. If she falter?, all is lost.--
The determination to resist is settled— the
manner is not. The Convention failed to spe
cify in this particular. It being the province
of tho sovereignty, the Legislature < annnt sup
ply the omisssion. I therefore recommend you
to provide by law, for the calling of a State
Convention, in the event of the rejection of
Kansas, “because of the existence of slavery
tboroin,” to deliberate upon and de termiue the
time and mode of the resistance contemplated
by tbo 4th resolution of tho.Convention of 18-
80.’
The benefits of such action by tho Legislature
are apprent. .Should tbo contingency arise
afteryoar adjournment, it would make tho call
on an extra session absolutely necessary. By
providing for it now, you save a heavy expense
to the Treasury.
Another advantage will bo the conviction oil
on the minds of the peoplo of non-slavoholif-
ing States, that Georgia is in earnest. This is
important, for they do not believe it. Their
frecsoil presses and speakers ridicule the idea,
that we are the least serious in our avowed de
termination to resist. We feel and know that
we are; and ai-wsaftet .of more_»ood fai’ 1
whooKj jmfessird them, ere tiraiT delusion be
tray them to extremes, froffi whioh there is fid
retreat
Such action moreover, will furnish tiie sound
Constitutional men of the-North, with the most
potent argument by which to appeal to tho pa-
triotism of their fellow citizens. It will firr. S'
the attention of nil thinking minds, an 1 reuse,
to the highest degree, -thatdovotiun td the Un
ion which animats the bosoms of masses in eve
ry section. If will “strengthen the knees and ^
hold up tho hands” of thitt intrepid band of
Northern patriots, who, both in an out of Con
gress,are willing to shield by tho South in this
portions struggle. If we fail to maintain our
position, they fall,- we strike from them the-
prop that supports them; they will be overwhel
med for folly, If they attempt to vindicate our
rights,wfterwe have tailed to bdfrle'f&r tm-i^
Nor^ouldsuch action by the Legislature, be
' of a throat -tu the non
slaveholding States. That would be as deroga
tory to the dignity of Georgia, fist it would be
wounding jo her price. Bat in the words of
the Convention of 1850, “we should address io
them the language of calm and frank remons-
tance, rather than ofdefinanee or menace. Wo*
would recall them to the faithful discharge of
duty as confederates, by an appeal to their rea
son and their moral sense,” If, after all, the
appeaf.ln the form suggested, should prove un
availing, wo should have tho proud satisfaction-
of having plancod our State triumphantly in
the right, and of casting upon them the fearful
responsibility of driving her to her fearful ulti
matum.
Let mo not be understood as counselling rash
and precipitate action. The call of such a
Convention, should it become necessary,
not, as a matter of course, lead to disunion. It
might bo within the scope of human wisdom-to
doeise other means of redress. It would cer
tainly be their duty, as it wouid bo their desire;
if possible, to do so. “Disruption” should in -
doed be the “Jast resort.”
Still however, if they should, after nluturfi
deliberation, become satisfied, that dissolution
would be tho only remedy, it could not, in the
vory nature of tho cause, bo carried into instant
effect. It would require several months, and
during that timc>~the reaction in the non slave
holding-Slates might be so decided and saluta
ry, as to evince, a sense of returningjustiee an $
of reuo'wed fealty to tho Constitution. Indeed
wo already see the indication ofa favorable rea
ction, -whieh encourages the hope, that the pa.
triotism of tho North wilfsave us from) ifio nev-
essity of resorting to tho ultimatum of the
Georgia riatform.” It is ovincod by the re-
cout eloctions, and has boon brought about by
the noble and self-sacrificing States. All ev
ents, the Convention would not act hartily.—
Whilst they would proceed with tho firmness-
of unalterable purpose they would also act with
well cousidared prudence and caution. Ttoey
would not adopt an ordinance for immediate
aud unconditional disruption; but provide fo’r
it to tako effect at a day future, sufficiently re
mote to admit of this reaction. - In tho moafi
time the popularelections will have transpired ifi
the non-slnvuholding States; another Congresi
may have assembled, who, upon roconsiderMion;
and seoing the position of Goorgia, and the per
il of tho Union, may admit Kfinsfis as a slave-
holding State. Let the ordinance of resistance
therefore, bo framed ko as to allow time for reac
tion, if neetf Do, and to bo null and void upon
tho admission of Kansas by a specified duy fu
ture, bnt'/to take offuet ipso facto upon its final
rejection. This would present the most power
ful appeal to non slaveholding States, in favor
tho* rights of the Southland the Unoin.—
A.bo.v<r all. it would make thorn responsible for
60S, and vindicate the position of
>d. I (ton;
believe this to be the best wry to
vo the Union. - It is as a loVor of the Uuidti»