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THE ATLANTA SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, ATLANTA, GA., TUESDAY, MAY 20, 1913.
This department will cheerfully endeavor m furnish any information.
Letters should be addressed to Dr. Andrew M. Soule, president Stats
Agricultural College, Athens, Oa.
THE LAWN BEAUTIFUL
W HAT is more attractive than a
beautiful lawn? It adds 25 per
cent to the appearance of the
home. It not only enhances the value
of the property, but It lends a type of
beauty and attractiveness which can
be obtained in no other way. Why is
it that there are so few really nice
lawns? Is it because this question is
not considered of importance or is it
owing to the difficulty so many experi
ence in developing and maintaining a
beautiful stand of grass during the
summer season? Some years of experi
ence in a position where a large amount
of correspondence has been received
from all classes of citizens would indi
cate that there is a much greater in
terest in the question of attractive
lawns than some might suppose, and
that this interest is not by any means
confined to the city home owner, but
frequently finds an echo in the heart
of the farmer as well.
To have a beautiful lawn it is es
sential that the land be put in good
condition. T-his means that frequently
a year will be necessary to put the
ground in proper shape. Of course,
where money is not considered, the land
should first be carefully graded and
leveled, and then if a choice type of
Bermuda or blue grass sod be available
it should be transferred to the freshly
graded surface and properly compacted
and sprinkled to insure a quick start.
Before the grass is laid there should be
scattered over the graded area a number
of loads of rich earth from the wood lot.
It will also be good practice to put down
at the rate of 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per
acre a formula containing about 9 to
10 per cent of phosphorus, 6 per cent
of nitrogen and 6 per cent of potash.
The nitrogen may be derived from cot
ton seed meal and other organic mate
rials. The phosphoric acid and potash
may be obtained from acid phosphate
and muriate of potash respectively.
Putting the fertilizer down under the
sod prevents its being washed away and
yet brings an abundant supply of
quickly available plant food within the
reach of the roots immediately they
start to grow*. The organic nitrogen
will be better for the purpose indicated
because it becomes more slowly avail
able and t^ie growing plants will be
able to utilize it, therefore, to greater
advantage than if it were all in a con
dition where they could take it up at
once. Securing a good sod is often a
difficult problem and, of course, this
is the most expensive way in which
to establish a lawn, but experience,
would indicate that it is also one of
the most satisfactory.
Where the land intended for grass is
in very bad physical condition, it should
be plowed, scraped and leveled, and then
may be seeded the first year to cowpeas
or velvet beans. This can often be
done to advantage on an open lawn, but
if there are many shade trees with
only fair success. As a vigorous growth
is desired, it w’ill be advisable to use
fertilizer in a more liberal manner than
would ordinarily be necessary with
legumes, and a higher per cent of nitro
gen w’ill be found profitable than could
be used under these crops under field
conditions. A 10-3-5 would be a good
formula to use. The nitrogen in this
instance may again be derived from cot
ton seed meal or such other organic
sources as the owner may consider as
cheap of as easy to obtain. In the fall
the cowpeas or beans should be plowed
under, and if the land is extremely poor,
a winter,cover crop may be sown to be
again turned under early in the spring.
Bermuda grass could not, of course, be
sown to advantage in the fall. Italian
rj'e or some of the other rye grasses
may be used to advantage. At best
they only seem to produce a temporary
lawn beautifully green in the winter,
but dying down and frequently leaving
the bare ground exposed in the. summer.
The other grasses available for lawn
purposes are Texas Blue, Kentucky Blue
and Bermuda. The latter ig by all odds
the most satisfactory for the ^varied
conditions prevailing in the southeastern
states, as it will make a more" dense
sod and maintain itself to better ad
vantage than any of the others. It has
the disadvantage of dying down when
the frosts appear in the .fall and pre
senting an unattractive appearance dur
ing the winter. This may be overcome
to a considerable extent by sowing some
of the rye grasses on the sod in the
fall, encouraging the growth of blue
grass by frequent top dressings of pul
verized limestone at the rate of one
ton per acre, or through the setting out
of Texas blue grass roots. This is a
tedious and somewhat expensive under
taking, but in the course of time the
blue grass will spread and a fine lawn
w’ill be had both summer and winter.
Kentucky blue grass can only be grown
under shaded or semi-shaded conditions,
and it will only thrive in those loca
tions where it is frequently watered
in the summer, and where the soil has
been abundantly supplied with lime. Not
less than two tons per acre of the pul
verized rock should be used w’here one
attempts to establish a blue grass lawn
and frequent applications should be made
thereafter.
There are some who object to Ber
muda grass on the ground that it will
only grow on fairly open lawns. As a
matter of fact, these are as a rule the
most beautiful from an aesthetic pqint
of view, and where the trees are prop
erly placed and trimmed rather high,
a Bermuda sod can be kept in excel
lent condition, and for several months
of the year will present a more at
tractive appearance than any other
grass which can be used for lawn pur
poses in the southeastern states. Ber
muda grass will get along with less wa
ter and less care than any of the other
grasses, but like all of them, will be
benefited by liberal fertilization. As the
grass is expected to grow for several
months slow’ acting forms .of nitrogen
will be found satisfactory. In the early
spring a little nitrate of soda may be
used as a top dressing, say at the rate
of 100 pounds per acre to start the
grass off promptly. Then an application
of a formula made up of cotton seed
meal, acid phosphate and potash may
be used to good advtange. As it may be
difficult to obtain the per cent of ni
trogen desired fn a lawn dresser from
cotton seed meal alone, blood or sul
phate of ammonia may often be used
in the mixture to advantage. A lawn
should receive annually an application
of 500 to *1,000 pounds per acre of a
formula containing about 9 per cent of
phosphoric acid, 5 to 6 per cent of ni
trogen and '6 to 7 per cent of potash.
Where this is done and the grass is
regularly trimmed and propehly watered,
a beautiful lawn may be had for the
greater part of the year, and even
though it may be brown at certain sea
sons, a fine dense sod will be main
tained at all times and thus effectualy
prevent washing or erosion.
There are few things which add so
much to the appearance of the home as
a good lawn. After all, one can be had
and maintained without serious effort
on the part of the home owner. Those
who are having trouble with this mat
ter are not using the right grass or
grasses or are not fertilizing and car
ing for the land properly. It is strange
that moBt people imagine that a grass
sod will renew itself from year to year
wtihout the use of fertilizer. It is for
this reason that so many experience dif
ficulty in maintaining a satisfactory
sod on the lawn. Remember that the
growth of a lawn is dependent largely
on an abundant supply of nitrogen and
that this element must be used in a
form which will render some of it avail
able to the growing plants for the
greater part of the year. Lime will do
much to improve the quality of the
grass and to hold in check weeds
which thrive best under an acid soil con
dition. Top dressing with well rotted
manure once a year is very desirable,
and though the lawn may not be quite
so attractive, it is best to leave the
clippings on the surface rather than to
remove them as is so often practiced.
If the grass is cut often enough suffi
cient clippings will not accumulate to
look unsightly or to injure the lawn in
any way.
* * «
FEEDING THE CORN CROP.
S. C., Griswoldvllle, Ga., writes: I am
thinking of using the following on my corn:
350 pounds of 10 per cent acid, 150 pounds
of 12 per cent kalmt, and 100 pounds of
cotton seed meal. Will that be a suflcient
amount of nitrogen? How much corn should
I make with good cultivation? I will make
two side applications.
The formula you propose using under
your corn would contain approximately
26.5 pounds of available phosphoric acid,
6.18 pounds of available nitrogen, and 20
pounds of available potash. Its percent
age composition would therefore be 6.6
per cent of phosphoric acid, 1.5 per cent
of nitrogen and 5 per cent of potash. .We
would not consider this a well balanced
formula for corn, but would advise you
to increase the nitrogen by the use of at
least 100 pounds of cotton seed meal. This
would raise the nitrogen to 3 per cent
which we think is a desirable thing for
you to do. A couple, of side applications
on your corn provided they are put on
relatively early in the season will be an
advantage. Allow from two to three
weeks between these side applications
depending on seasonal conditions. We
would put the second application on
about the second or third application of
the corn. Mix the fertilizer well with the
top soil where you use a relatively slow
acting form of nitrogen as cotton seed
meal. We would advise you to cultivate
the corn very thoroughly and persistent
ly, using shallow surface working imple
ments to that end. Keep it free from
weeds and the crust broken. There is no
telling how much corn you should make
with the amount of fertilizer suggested,
but under favorable seasonal conditions
you should count on fifty bushels and up
wards per acre.
• * •
TREATMENT OF A SICK MULE.
A subscriber, Sumner, Ga., writes: I
have a mule that is not well, and at times
has something like colic. I feed her ear
corn, oats and fodder, but her food does not
seem to digest. I have given her linseed
oil, salts and castor oil, and she will get
better for a while, but it docs not last.
Would like to know what to do for her.
Undoubtedly your mule is suffering
from a case of more or less chronic in
digestion, a trouble which can best be
remedies by proper feed, care and man
agement. We would suggest that you
change the feed entirely for a few days
and give bran mashes. Then use green
feed as much as possible. Feed oats
alone for a week or two, and then mix
ear corn and oats together, using two-
thirds of the former and one-third of the
latter. Be sure that the fodder is clean
and bright and free from dust and mold.
Some good clean hay will be a very desir
able amendment to the ration. If you
have some vetch and oats growing to
gether or even oats alone, use them as
roughness for a few days. We would
suggest that you can give a dose of Ep
som salts to cleanse the alimentary canal.
This is an important matter. After that
use the following condition powder as
directed:
Sulphate of iron, 2 ounces,
Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces.
Gentlal root, 2 ounces.
Nux vomica seed, 1 ounce,
Ginger root, 1 ounce.
These materials should be thoroughly
mixed together and pulverized, and a
heaping teaspoonful given in the food
three times daily.
• * •
PLANTING CORN IN THE WATER
FURROW,
U R. S.. Winder, Ga., writes: I have a
piece of ground I want to make a large
yield of corn on. It will make about one-
half bale of cotton per acre. I have the
ground turned with two horses and har
rowed. My plan is to plant In the water
furrow and use about 600 pounds of 10-2-2
guano and about 150 pounds osda per acre.
How far apart shall I have my rows and
how close to plant in the drill. My land is
gravelly. Do you think the fertilizer I am
using is all right?
Gravelly land is likely to dry out
rather quickly and to lose a good deal
of moisture by subdrainage. On this
account vegetable matter is a very im
portant amendment to use on soil such
as you describe. It may not be possi
ble for you to get either litter or yard
manure for you to use, but if you can,
apply several tons per acre, mixing it
well with the subsoil underneath the
drill row and combining it with the fer
tilizer. We are disposed to think that
600 pounds is a fair application to use
under corn, but doubt the advisability
of not using a little more potash, say
at least 4 per cent. The 2 per cent of
nitrogen which you use under the crop
In combination with the soda a top
dressing will furnish a fair amount of
nitrogen. If this could be supplemented
with vegetable matter as suggested and
seasonal conditions are at all favor
able, you should be able to make a good
crop on the land in question. We think
it is good practice to plant in, *he water
furrow under the circumstances, We
would select a prolific type of corn, as
we think nothing better will be found
for growth on upland soils, and plant in
drill 4 1-2 feet apart and leave the
plants about 12 to 15 inches apart in the
drill rows.
• * *
LEGUMES AS NITROGEN GATH
ERERS.
J. C. M., Decatur, Ga.:, writes: I would
like some Information In regard to the man
ner in which the cowpea gathers nitrogen
from the air. Can 1 determine if the soil
Is inoculated by examining the roots of last
year’s pea stubble? If I find my land is
not Inoculated how shall I go about inocu
lating it? Will I store nitrogen in the soil
when I cut peavines for hay or must the
whole crop be turned under?
If you will examine the roots of the
pea crop in the early stages of its de
velopment, you will find little white
knots or excrescences thereon. If a con
siderable number of these have devel
oped on the plants scattered throughout
your field, your land is quite well inocu
lated, and the use of artificial cultures
is unnecessary. When the bacteria are
not present in the soil the pea crop does
not do well, as a rule, and the plants
are sickly and yellow in appearance. A
bright green color and vigorous growth
is a pretty good surface evidence that
the land is inoculated. Peas, as you no
doubt know, require considerable quan
tities of phosphorus and potash, and
though some of our north Georgia red
clay lands contain a large amount of
potash, much of it is not in an avail
able form to plants, and therefore lime
must be used to set it free, or artificial
supplies of potash added to the soli. We
think the use of a 10-4 formula at the
rate of 300 to 400 pounds per acre will
be found profitable on this crop. If you
use lime put on\ a ton of the pulverized
rock two weeks or so before planting
‘'“RobbinJlhe Dining Room
to Pay the.Kjlcnen
l\TO wonder butter is so high. }
^ Particular women who are V -.ill
loath to use lard or cooking but- ? k f§|
ter in their cakes and fine pastry,
use table butter. With butter at
the price you have to pay for it,
that’s downright extravagance. Cottolene
is just as good as butter for pastry; for
frying, it is better. And Cottolene costs no
more than lard. Moreover,
If Cottolene
is richer, and two-thirds of a pound of it will
go as far as a full pound of butter or lard.
And lard and Cottolene are not to be mentioned in the same
breath, for Cottolene is a vegetable product, healthful, always safe
— and makes digestible, rich,
but never greasy food.
Remember, Cottolene is better
than butter, better than
-Fried Oysters
Use large oysters; parboil a moment
to dry out some of the juice to pre
vent spattering during the frying. Lay
them in seasoned bread crumbs, beaten
egg and again in bread crumbs, then
brown a few at a time in deep, smok
ing-hot Cottolene.
lard
—and much more economical.
Made only by
- THE N. K. FAIRBANK COMPANY
THE MOST PROFITABLE
VARIETIES OF COWPEAS
BY PROP. O. Xi. NEWMAN,
North Carolina A. and M. College.
That the yield of cowpea seed Is not
what it should be Is evident. That very
little effort has been made toward the
development of seed-producing strains
is an unfortunate fact, though each
farmer could materially remedy this de
fect.
Local adaptation is the first requisite
in the selection of a variety. It is
probable that not one man in a thousand
fully appreciates the necessity of this.
The writer has grown not less than 100
varieties collected from Pennsylvania
to Oklahoma and from Michigan to
Florida; and has grown for purposes of
comparison probably 2,000 plats. These
tests were made in three states and
on several types of soil. The results of
these tests together with the conclu
sions that may # be drawn from them
would make quite a goodrsized book.
Further, conclusions drawn from
these tests cannot positively be ap
plied to other localities than those
where the tests were made unless
these other localities possess the
same soil, climate and other condi
tions prevailing where the tests were
made. As is the case with other
crops, certain types or varieties will
succeed well in some and not in other
sections, while .some have a wide
adaptation. Variety tests ma&e in
the southern states will show that
the best two for yield of seed tested
at the separate stations varies
throughout the list, though there are
several varieties that stand near the
top in nearly all the tests. The varie
ties of cotton, corn, oats, wheat, etc.,
that stand first in Georgia are quite
different from those that stand first in
Alabama or in South Carolina.
Duplication and Confusion of Names.
An unfortunate condition is found
in the naming of the varieties of cow
peas. There are several widely grown
varieties that pass under half-a-dozen
names. There are at least a dozen
different varieties of "black cowpeas"
while the Whippoorwill is sold and is
grown under at least six names.
Varietal differences causes no end of
confusion. I have grown side-by-side
varieties producing no ripe peas and
varieties yielding 36 or 40 bushels per
acre; varieties producing less than one
ton of hay and varieties producing
more than four tons per acre. Some
varieties will have ripe pods within 60
days of planting, others require twice
the time. The habit of some varieties
gives a growth as compact as the
garden bush bean, others will spread
many feet or climb to the top of the
tallest corn. Some will ripen all seed
within a week or ten days, others con-
inue to blossom and set pods after
peas have ripened on the same vine.
Some hold green leaves until frost,
while others cast practically all leaves
as the peas ripen. These differences are
desirable if taken advantage of in the
growing of the cowpea for the many
purposes to which it Is adapted, and
afford opportunities for the development
of valuable strains well adapted to
various localities. Almost nothing has
been done in the way of breeding the
cowpea, yet the best cowpea Tor a given
purpose on a given farm is most prob
ably that variety or strain which has
been carefully and Intelligently bred on
that farm and for a speciflce purpose.
HOOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PEAS.
Any farmer can improve his cowpeas
the peas and then no potash need be
used, in our judgment.
If you find your pease are not inocu
lated you may use the artificial cul
tures, which I understand are* sold al
most exclusively through seed houses.
If your peas developed nodules last year,
it is not necessary for you to inoculate
the soil this year. When they accumu
late In the land in any considerable
numbers they live over from year to
year in sufficient numbers to meet the
needs of the average crop. The bacteria
living in the nodules on the roots of
leguminous crops give them their sole
power of assimilating atmospheric ni
trogen, and in the absence of these bac
teria the crops do not gather nitrogen
from the air, and though they make a
vigorous growth they are in reality rob
bing the soil of its supply of nitrogen.
Most of the nitrogen gathered from the
air is stored in the grain and leaves.
Therefore when you cut off a crop you
leave in the roots, stubble and fallen
leaves from 20 to 35 pounds of nitrogen
per acre. A crop of cowpeas may gath
er as much as 100 to 125 pounds of
nitrogen. You will see, therefore, in
cutting off the crop and making it into
hay, you are removing from the soil
the greater part of the nitrogen which
the crop has elaborated.
* * *
INFLUENCE OF COTTON SEED ON
LAND.
S. S. t\, v »dalia, Ga., writes: Does green
cotton seed ’mprove land very much? Is it
not a good Idea to broadcast them on the
land, say In January or before, and plow
them under?
A ton of cotton seed contains from $10
to $11 worth of plant food, depending
on the market- price of commercial fer
tilizer. The green seed have no effect
in the soil save the benefit which
may accrue to growing crops from their
rapid decay and the setting free of the
plant food which they contain. Some
have suggested that cotton seed add
humus to the soil, but the amount or
dinarily used would not affect the per
cent of humus to any appreciable ex
tent. As the seed contain a considerable
quantity of oil their use Is not to be
strongly recommended save when their
sale price is much below that of their
fertilizing value. The oil tends to clog
up the pores of the soil and in this re
spect is detrimental rather than bene
ficial. Where seed are used we think
it good practice to broadcast them and
turn them into the ground at the season
of the year you have suggested. This
allows them to decay and renders the
food available to growing crops.
• • •
CONTROLLING RED WEED.
N. R. M., Forsyth, Ga., writes: I have
25 acres of red weed land that has been
lying out for two or three years. I would
like advice In regard to sowing it down to
oats next fall, how to prepare the land, etc.
How much guano must I use per acre and
what kind? What variety of oats should I
sow?
Presumably by red weed you mean a
form of dock which grows more or less
commonly In this state and is supposed
to thrive best on land which is acid in
character. We would suggest that you
secure some blue litmus paper from a
drug store and test your land for acid
ity by scraping away the surface soil
to a depth of two or three inches. Take
a handful of the dirt and put in a
clean tin cup and moisten thoroughly
with rain water and insert a piece of
the litmus paper. If it turns red in a
short time it is an indication that the
soil is quite acid. If this be true we
believe it will pay you to break this
land with two-horse plows and prepare
a fine seed bed. Then apply a ton of
the pulverized raw lime rock per acre.
Secure a type of this material running
high in carbonate of lime. Scatter it
broadcast over the surface of the
ground and harrow it in. In a few days
apply 300 to 400 pounds of a 10-4 for
mula and sow to cowpeas. Then graze
the peas down in the late summer and
plow the refuse under. Prepare a good
seed bed and sow to oats in the open
furrow using a carefully selected strain
of the rust proof variety. Under the
oats we would suggest that you use
300 to 600 pounds per acre of a formula
containing about 8 per cent of phospho
rus," 2 peh cent of nitrogen and 3 per
cent of potash.
GUYTON FARMERS ARE
NOW REAPING PROFITS
GUYTON, Ga., May 17.—The farm
ers of this community who were for
tunate enough to get in their seed on
reaping their anticipated rewards.
Only about one out of every five
truck farmers succeeded in getting
their seed up from the early planting
of potatoes and string beans, which
are considered an early crop for this
part of Georgia, and are bringing good
prices. Mr. H. P. Perdue, one of the
early truckers, will * be the largest
shipper of potatoes as well as onions
this season. The latter crop is an ex
periment crop here, but bids fair to
be one of the most profitable.
Mr. Perdue will get about 1,000
crates of onions that will class with
the finest on the market to each acre,
for which he has been offered an av
erage of 76 cents per crate. His po
tato crop will average equally as well,
and he expects to ship 15,000 barrels
during this season. Colonel R. W.
Sheppard, who is among the largest
growers of beans in this county, has
about 135 acres that he has planted
in beans and potatoes, and are among
the finest prospects for the season.
EXPERIMENT STATION FOR
LONG STAPLE RESEARCH
(Special Dispatch to The Journal.)
CHARLESTON. May 17.—The sea, is
land or long staple cotton planters have
appealed to the chamber of commerce
to institute a study of the condition of
be industry and secure, if possible from
!he government the establishment of an
•xperimental station for long staple re
search. also getting the government co
operation for full data upon the produc
tion of long staple cotton and market
ing conditions. The planters hope to
effect methods which will save the in
dustry, now so seriously threatened.
In a very simple manner. The start
should be made with the variety that
has done best in the neighborhood
where the future crops are to be grown.
The principles of selection are the same
as those practiced in the selection’ of
corn or cotton, but adapted, of course, to
the cowpea. In a field of cowpeas there
are a few best plants and many average
and a great many poor ones. The plant
ing- should be such as to allow the In
dividual plants to develop normally.
This they will not do if sown broad
cast or if sown too thick In drills.
Each plant should have equal and ample
chance for Its best development. When
the ripe peas begin to appear select
only the few plants that show the high
est development of characters and quali
ties desired; and, be sure that you know
what these qualities are when you see
them. Select plants that are as nearly
alike as possible. From these selec
tions plant the next year’s seed patch
and from this seed patch select the
best and most uniform plants for an
other seed patch and keep this up indefi
nitely. If the seed from each plant
selected for growing the seed patch are
planted in rows unmlxed with seed from
other plants the results will be far more
satisfactory.
Increased production per acre cannot,
however, be secured satisfactorily
through breeding or seed selection
alone. The best preparation must be
given and fertilization and cultivation
should be appropriate. Since the cow
pea is a tap-rooted plant, and delights
in sending its roots deep in the soil,
every effort should be made that will
assist it in this undertaking. Plow deep
and pulverize well.- Because the cowpea
will do well on poor soil and with shift
less preparation, do not be deluded into
thinking it will not respond to good
treatment, for it will respond as well
as will cotton or corn. Do not plant
too thick. A peck per acre is ample
for growing seed, and ten pounds will
do for New Era, Couch, Lady and other
very small seed varieties. This is for
land that will produce about thirty bush
els of corn per acre. If the land Is
capable of producing sixty or more
bushels of corn it will be better to use
fewer cowpea seed, for you want every
plant to secure Its full development and
produce its best seed.
Rye and crimson clover plowed down
soon after blooming will go a long way
towards producing a good crop of cow
pea seed, if phosphoric acid and potash
are used. Do not plant cowepas after
vetch. Use from 300 to 500 pounds of 16
per cent acid phosphate and from forty
to fifty pounds of muriate of potash or
Its equivalent In kalnlt (160 to 200 pounds).
If the land is deficient in vegetable mat
ter use seventy-five or 100 pounds of ni
trate of soda—it is better and cheaper
than cotton seed meal, though stable ma
nure is superior to either.
PEAS FOR SPECIAL NEEDS.
(1) Early peas for hogs to graze: The
■Whippoorwill is probably the best for this
purpose over a wide area, but the New
Era is better in some localities and is
a week or more earlier.
On some soils the Calico and Brown
Eye are strong rivals of the Whippoor
will in both earliness and yield. War
ren’s New Hybrid is earlier and Iron and
Taylor a little later, the last two pro
ducing well, though the Taylor does bet
ter on clay than on sand soils.' The ex
tra early Blackeye is good on some soils.
(2) To plant in cotton at last cultiva
tion: This depends upon whether you do
or do not wish to gather peas. If the
object is to restore humus to the soil the
variety that will produce the heaviest
growth is the best, and may be found
in Iron, Whippoorwill, Clay, Ram’s Horn
or Brown Eye. It is not often that many
peas may he gathered from the sowings
made in cotton, though New Era, Whip
poorwill, Calico, and Brown Eye have the
habit that will give them the preference
for this purpose.
(3) What pea for hay? The one that
will give the heaviest yields per acre and
at the same time give the greatest quan
tity of peas, since the value of cowpea
hay is increased In about the proportion
of peas hay contains, provided the leaves
are retained. Wonderful, Clay, Iron and
one or two varieties of the blacks are
preferable if the season Is ample for
their full development. For shorter sea
son Whippoorwill, Red Whippoorwill,
Calico, Brown Eye, are good and on some
soils the New Era. A variety fpr this
purpose should be at least approaching
maturity when the-peas are to be cut]
(4) What is the best pea for the .
sake of the land? Several considera-j
tlons are involved here. Is the crop to j
be plowed in Carly or late fall, or are j
the peas to remain on the ground all j
winter and then be plowed down or
disked into the soil. If plowed down
while green they may temporarily do
more harm than good through develop
ing acidity. This is practically true if
plowed down in hot or even warm
weather. Of course, lime may be used
to correct acidity, but rarely is. As is
the case when peas are grown for hay
the greatest quantity of growth gives
the greatest value. Indian is the best
for remaining on the ground through
winter, and Clay, Iron and Couch are
good as well as some of the blacks,
Taylor and Red Ripper. If the crop
is to be plowed down in early fall a
variety that will mature early and at
the same time produce the greatest
weight should be selected.
It might further be stated that ground
phosphate rock may with greater advan
tage be used under cowpeas than undei
cotton, corn or small grain and that £
deficiency of lime is responsible for the
low yield of peas and hay more thar
any other one thing, with the probablt
exception of good preparation.—Pro
gressive Farmer.
HOKE SMITH’S EFFORTS
FOR FARMERS BEAR FRUIT
Charles J, Brand Appointed
Market Commissioner, Place
Fostered by Ga, Senator
By RALPH SMITH.
WASHINGTON, May 17.—With the
appointment today by secretary of ag
riculture of Charles J. Brand, of Illi
nois, as chief of the division of mar
kets, the federal government put into
operation a great constructive work for
the benefit of the farmers that was
agitated and pressed to a successful
culmination by Senator Hoke Smith.
It was due to the initiative of the
Georgian and largely to his individual
efforts that congress at its last ses
sion provided an appropriation of $50,-
000 with which to inaugurate a market
division in the department of agricul
ture.
“I am highly gratified that the de
partment of agriculture has taken pre
liminary steps to the general work of
the rural organization service with a
view to helping the farmers market
their crops," said Senator Smith to
night. "I have introduced at this ses
sion of congress a bill to broaden the
scope and make permanent the work of
the market division, but after a con
ference with Secretary Houston I have
decided not to press the measure at
this session. We are anxious to profit
by the experiences of the experiment,
the success of which is already as
sured."
SENATOR SMITH’S SUGGESTION.
Senator Smith first became interested
in the question of a market division
through his observation of the prac
tical difficulties and the waste and
unnecessary losses that the farmers
shoulder in selling their crops. His
suggestion of a market division in the
agriculture department struck a re
sponsive chord with the farmers’ asso
ciations of the country. The Farmers’
union and its officers got in behind
the movement, and were a great help
to Senator Smith in getting the orig
inal appropriation for ,this work.
Secretary Houston gave the follow
ing statement to The Journal tonight:
"Mr. Brand is a graduate of the Uni
versity of Minnesota and has been in
the service of the department nearly
ten years, coming from Chicago, where
for several years he had charge of the
section of plant economies of the field
museum of natural history. He has
been engaged in several important
lines of work during his connection
with the department and for the last
year had charge of the farmers’ co
operative cotton handling and market
ing and paper plant investigation into
the bureau of plant industry.
"There has been an insistent and
growing demand that the government
take steps to help in the establishment
of economic systems of distribution and
marketing of farm products. Congress
at the last regular session, made an ap
propriation of $50,000 to begin the work.
We recognized that the business of
farming is an important part of the
market business structure of the coun
try.
EFFECT ON PRICES.
"Somewhat better prices for the pro
ducer and lower costs or better products
for the consumer and manufacturer are
the aim of the works. It is a difficult
one. but much good is expected. Saving
in selling and handling expense and re- j
duction of loss through waste and im
proper business organization will be im
portant features of the department, ac
tivity"
While farm credits will be one of the
ultimate objectives of the new service,
the officials of the department say it
will not be possible to do anything ma
terial in that line just now for lack of
money. There is a commission abroad
studying the problem. Senator Fletcher
of Florida originated the idea of send
ing the commission. Seven members of
the commission were appointed by the
president, and an appropriation for
their expenses was made by congress.
The remainder and the larger number
of the commissioners were appointed
by the several states.
It is expected that the first install
ment of this commission’s report will
be ready in November, and then tho
government will be in position to take
up the work in line'with the best prac
tice prevailing abroad.
Nearly all of the European countries
have extensive rural credit systems so
arranged that their control is kept in
the hands of the communities they
serve. These organizations make loans
smaller than would be considered by a
bank and at a reasonable rate of Inter
est.
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CENTURY MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
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