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U which Tftraaee is They u<iU Be ij V thri~ vfctuity to ttanld \, *t*J by 1 jealoitrtes of t<- di, cindered by Eagiaau a* he* eternal rivals . “ Oar inter;si is then to pursue the tame measures and noaduftskiek Amer v*.j"4 may do, and to draw closer and doner the tr s nffriendship ami commerc which w > formed at the instant of their fceea.” DISCOURAGING WARS ! A soeiety has been est thlished in M’issa £*-• sH'.'fre, by soma Chriitiar, philauthro pisM, ?o discourage war. Whatever ©pin ton my be entertained of the utility of ibis I.vitution, no doubt can exist about the purify at*the motive* of the respectable in dividuals who compose it. One of the t congest arguments for svai in Europe: a crowded population, canno’ be found in this i eeautry for a loug period of time. The fall awing letters*’fc , ere received by lhe foun der of this society, in auswer to ton appli e ti ’ to the writers for their support of t-s views. Any letters • nraing from so eh t e viaMitin m as Mr. Adams and Mr. Jef*| ? EB.sr>y, must be interesting ; but these arej highly characteristic. We copy them from j :he 4‘ h number of “ the Friend to Peiee,’* a rfc published under the auspices-of this iijvi ‘ty. — JK'urtk Jiines lean Review. MR. JEf FERSON’S ANR WFR. Montic-’Uo, Jon 20, 18 to. Rxr—-Yo'sr left eg* bearing date October £s, 1815, came orTy to haiird the day be- J f e yesterday, which is mentioned to ex j pl.t in tbo date cf mine, i have to thairk f *ou for the p ‘mpblfug accompanying i to wit the Solemn Review, the Friend of Yen-:** or Special Interview, and the Friend of Peace,No. 2 The first of these l had i eived through another channel -some months ago. I have, notread the two last ei-Miiily because where one as S‘- ‘,N to proposition as soca eg announced, it !:-* of time to read the arguments in sup port of them. These numbers discuss the first branch of the causes of wer, that is to gar. wars undertaken for the point of honor. t; hich yon aptly analogize with the act of between individuals, and reason vi b justice from t : e one to the other.- Undoubtedly this class of wars, ; H *<j ti e general what you state them In be, ‘‘need loss, unjust and inhuman, as well as auti- : Christian.” The second branch of this‘subject, to wit, wars u ldert-xken on i.c**onot of wrong done, and which may be likened to the act. of robbery in private life. I press-nap will be treated of in your f?*;re numb ws. I ob serve this class mentioned in tit? Solemn Review, p. 10, and the question asked, “fs it common fur a nation to obtain a redress s#f wrong.* by war?” ‘Hieanswer to this gpKstion you will of course draw from his tory ; iu the mean time, reason will answer it on sronnds of probability, that where the verorg ha* been done by a weaker nation, the stronger one has generally >. on able to enforce redress, but whore by a st ranger na tion, redress by war Isas been neither obtain ed r*or exp cored by chi weaker; on {he con trary, th ( ’ loss has beea increased by the expense of the war, in blood and treasure; ■wct.it may have obtained another object, e qually securing itselffrom future wrong.— It mu; have retaliat'd on the aggressor, losses of b’oud and treasure, far beyond the <r lucre him, of the wrong he had commit ted. and thus have nude the advantage of ihi i too dear a purchase to leave him in a deposition to renew the wrong in future; in th's way, the loss by the war may have secured tue w her t a ion from loss by fu ture wrong The ease you stat of two Lexers, both of whom fret a “ terrible hrois o■.j* opposite to this s he, of the two •who committed the aggression on the uflv or, although victor in the, su.fiK yet prob ably finds bis aggression not worth the brui sing it has “ost him. In explain lids by cumbers, it is alkf. ru, hat Great-Britam v ink from as, irffae the late war, near 1000 vessels, and that during the war, we took from her 4 400 ; that before the war, nhr seized, and in de slaves ot 6000 of oar citizens, ntid that lathe war we kiiled more than 6000 of her subjects, and caused her re expend such a s>m .! amounted to 4 or 5000 guineas a head for every slave at e in .<!. She might have, purchased the ves r, I* she took, for less than the value of those she lost, ur.d 3 are used the f*o<)o of !nr man kill and. for the purposes to which c applied o.tiluive raved the 4 or 5000 guineas ahead, and obtained a eharaiter of justice, w'ih is as valuable to a nation es i-a on individual, these cousideratiocs then fore, leave ber without iiuinceincnt so plunder i*r f perty and t ike men in inline on t :ch dear terms. A m i her afiirm nnr de> the truth of these ailegarit??*!', nor is their truth mat-iisl to the question; they are y o*sible, and tiiereforr piesent a case whir! v i flaici your consideration, in a dsscus nioo of the g.moral quest>nn ; whethe r anj *t. t'ce oi injury rail render a recourse to -war expedient less do I propose j to draw to myself any part in this discus fj.in. Ago end its elfeets both on body and ■autvi, has weaned mv att-miou from pub lie auojccU, acd left me to the la bors of correspondeuee, bayoud the limits of my personal concerns. “I rest ire, therefai* Tom the question, w ith sincere wish th your writings may have effect in lessening this greatest of bumau evils, and that you may retain life and health, to enjoy the con templation of this happy spectacle ; and pray,you to be assured of my great re spect. Thomas 3EFi?ERSOif. MR. ARAMS’ ANSWER. ( luincey , February 6,18 1 6. Rear Sm-1 have received your kind letter of the 23 1 rif January, and 1 thauk vou for the pamphlets enclosed with it.^ It is very true, as ny excellent-friend,! Mr. Norton, hes informed you, that! have, read many of your publications with piea-| sure. ’• . ; I have also “read, almost &1 the days of my life, the solemn reasonings and pathetic idecl Riations of Erasmus, of Feueion, ot St. Pierre, and many others against war, & in favor of peace. My understanding and my heart, accorded with-them, at first blush. But alas ! fi longer and more extensive ex perience has convinced me, that wars are fas necessary and as inevitable, in oursyg-: | tern, as hurricanes, earthquakes and voica- I ®oes, . . ,-A liur beloved country, sir, is surrounded by enemies, of the most dangerous, because j the most powerful und the moat unprinci-. pi‘d character. Collisions of national in terest, of commercial mkl manufttciuringri- 1 valries, are multiplying around os. in stead of diifour&ging a anariial spirit., iu Imy opinion it ought to be excited. ‘Ye | have not enough of it to defend k by sea or 1 J .lid. Universal aad perpetual peace, appears f > me no mot o cor less than everlasting pas dv"obedience, and non-reel ,taoce. Ihe human lie’ k would sooo be ■fi'eoced be nutth* “red by one or a few. I cannot therefore, sir, be-a s'ibscriber or a member ( f yur sooiety. I do, si s *, most humbly suplicate the theo lonian*, the philosophers, ari politicians, to let me die in peace. I seek * <} repose. Wit*’ ti e most cordial esteem, however, i am, sir, your friend and servant, John Adams. *?> <&> ■*• DULL lIMES IN CANADA. j Quebec, June 0. J Sixty—seven vessels from sea, have s.r rived at t- i < port since the opening of fhi ; navigation. Os these the greatest number; are from threat Britnto and Irclritid, and. many of them have brought valuable car-j crocs. Flie experience of aTew weeks, has j i:Hed the minds o* uiost mercantile men] with unfavorable forebodings 5 and i lthoU when the seed time, which has been sitcom-! moidy late, will be fa rely ever, and the farmer and country traders will Live time. to attend the market, and m ke their pur j rhas**s, the prospect may brighten up a lit-, tie. yet vye tear these forebodings ore but , too well founded. Commerce is an exchange of commodities, and it is but too tiue that; we have hardly any commodities to ex-j change for the superabundaoce of goods which have arrived, and njj*y still be ex-! pected. Provisions which were one of the: staples of this eonntry, have actually been sent cut to us from Great Britain, and are perhaps the only articles which have been sold at a profit 1 Manufuctures we have none, but those that are imported. Lum ber. w hile the price of provisions tmd labor remains high, cab hardly be afforded at a prie to admit of a profit in England. . It cannot, under such circumstances, • stand a competition with lumber from the Baltic. There remains then only the Furs collected from the Indian countries, of wbhh the amount, comparatively to onr importation, is trilling. Cash would cover all balances; but it hath “made itself wings the Goverurneut paper having been called in, the circulating medium docs not, perhaps at pre-ent, exceed the amount necessary for internal nse. The diminution of (be Military Expenditure, the Supplies which the Military Government wili receive from Great Britain, leave littU hope from that quarter From whence then are 10 come'the returns e> The deficiency is al ready felt in the unprecedented fall in price of almost every article of imported inf’dmndize. The importer must either cell at a loss, or keep his goods till the quantity on hand is more on level with the means of the country ; which, we are sorry to say, likely *o be a long “bile. From the Richmond Compiler , July 6. NEW EXPEDITION. Amidst the rumors of plots, aid the po- Utji rtl changes which reach tid from the Old World, it is pleasing to eateh ik‘Binall still voice,’of science. ; The Expedition to Jlfrlcu, seems to he i*G with a prudeuca, whi.b promises success. Who has forgotten the enterprise and fate ,f ?—Maj >r Peel die is about treading ;;i his steps—hi* end the same, but the sm ---.,a and the menus, are essentially different. Every thing is shunned, which was sup mos >d to have defeated the expedition of I Park. I in 1801, Mungo Park was visited, by th< j Secretary ofbtate for IhoColcuiaJl Govern ment, to undertake an expedition into the interior of Africa. great object in view, was, to trace the river Ntger, woose outlets had never been explored by the Eu ropeans. Many conjectures hid been en tertained. The opinion of the ancients was, that it had not connection with the ocean, but spread itself into a considerable lake, ‘-like the Caspian Sea— Msi. Rc-unell, tae celebrated geographer of the prefect age, has adopted this opinion.—Another suppo sition was that it falls into the Nile, con stituting the Western or Wfeith branch of 1 that wonderful river. - idea was that it branches itself into a variety of j streams, which fall into the Atlantic O eeao, at the northern point of the Bay of ‘Guinea.—But the -most plausable opinion, ! is, that it turns to-the Booth, and ultimate iy terminates is fht river Congo, wl i3 described as ** tone*of the most magnificent streams in Ihe world ; running with a rapi dity of 5 or 3 miles an hear, and a width of nearly au Ell Ksh mile, for many hundred miles above its mouth, and a depth of not less than 50 fathoms.’’—-Mr. Bark, was most strongly of the lat ter opinion.’ Most unfortunate for Park, his journey to the bunks of the Niger was delayed so Jong that it interfered with therainy season. He left England on the3o;h Jamiary, JSI3; ) touched at one off the Cape de Yerds. an 1 M irch, to procure the asses vAqmsite for the ! Caravan; and ou the 38 h Mifth reached Gorce. fbe plan was to send h.tn with a detachment of troops, to protect him irom interri.ptien—and some (i seamen and car peoters to construct vessels for the naviga tion of the river.” From the garrisaa at Goree, his troops were to be selected. On the 26th April, he left the Gambia, to cress the country to Niger—-nor did he ar rive there before October—aa interval ta tal toal! his prospects —the season tof ra?BS, and of fevers; which carried off his Euro ihojis with a tremendous rapidity. The following extract of a letter to the Secreta ry of State for the Colonial department, written from San landing, Nov. i7, 4844?, will be?t. paint the situation to w hich be was reduced. “Your Lordship will recollect, that I always spoke of the rainy season with hor ror. as being extremely fatal to Europeans; ‘and cur pmrnerfrom the Gambia the Mi-j ger w ill furnish ft melancholy proof of it. I | *1 We had no contest whatever v iih the | natives, tor v, as any one of us killedtiy wifi!, animals, or any other aoeideots; a; d jet, 11 am sorry lo say. that of forty fr~ur Lirfo-j heallh.jTU* only are at present alive, viz. I jthreg soldiers (one deranged iu his mind) J : Lit ut. Martvn, and myself. i Profit thin a “count J rto afraid that your Lordship will be opt to consider mitt- j ters as ir a very hopeless state : hut. I as- 1 sure you lam far from desponding. With) fiie EssistAn* , e of one of Ihc soldiers, I have changed a large canoe into ft tolerable good., s: banner, on boa* and of whieb S ibis Jay | hoi: led the(British flog, ad shall set sail! so the east, with the fixed resolution to die cover illr termination oi the IVitter, or perish in the attempt. 1 have heard noihing that 1 can depend on respecting the remote eonrse, of ibis migl-ty stream ; but I am more and more inclined to think, that at can end no where blit in the sea.” } Gallant spirit! thy siiuation was hopeless indeed, fn a few days thy industrious ca reer trw cut short—On dcacendißg the Ni-. ger, Paik was assassinated uearthe village of Yaour. The Efier.hurg Review (FUh No.) details the facts, from which the preetdiug is com piled - ard adds that “every thing in the narrative bears witness to the fata? effects of the wet season, ami equally proves tue possibility of leading to the Nigci & force ap* parontJy inconsiderable, but large enough to prevent insult from small bodies oi the na tives, and to protect a trading caravan a gaiofii all ordinary risks.” It also remarks.! that if the Congo’ “ be the same river with the Niger, the co-operation of an ascending or descending parly would offer great fa cilities and advantages ; while, ii it should turn out to be a different stream altogether, the access to the interior would thus be dou bled.” , _ The enterprise, now undertaken, is con ducted on these principles —it avoius the rainy season by being delayed tillSeptem- J her—and while one psrty ascends the Congo, another is to descend the Niger. May suc cess attend their enterprising spirits 1 London, May 1?. Expedition to J)frica —Letters were last week received from Major Peddie, the mil itary commandant of the during enterpi ii.e of peuetratiug Africa, and tracing the course of the river Niger. The letters are dated Senegal, the 15th of March; they mention that the expedition will not leave that j)ln.e* before September next, on account of the rainy season. In the meau lime the Major was making every necessary pre paration, collecting information Tom every p?rson who had travelled any distance iu the interior, making himself acquainted with the most minute circumstances res peeling the fate of the lamented Park., to rviard himself from the mistakes commit ted by the toclcbratsd trftveUcr. ile writes that every person ia the expedition is the highest spirits, and, from the admira ble plans laid down, they rel confident of ultimate success. Our readers are acquain ted th it there are two expedition* proceed ing to explore Africa—the one proceeding by boats up the river Congo, Lie other tra !c,V the river Niger. Major Peddie coda mardsthe latter ; the general opinion en tertaiuetl is, that both river* join, & dmpfy • themselves nto immense morasses; in th# interior of-Africr. The two expeditions arw 1 in Consequence expected to meet. ! €& —"■ ■’ -S ■■ FOKEItiN. latestTokkion news. Boston, July 13. By the ship Bruius, which arrived thf# day from London, we have received dou papers to the 31st of May, from the following articles are extracted : London., Miy St. The British funds eonthtue to rise—owiw§f to the eennomy displayed by government* ‘** the recent tiunicrous retrenchments. Mr. Canning has accepted the office of president of the board of control j and a member o f parliament is to ha chosen iu hi# stead for Liverpool. Mr. Brougham gave notice of a motion for the destruction of ihe treasury record* of the income tax. The chancellor of lira exchequer said they should he destroy! and—• The object of Mr. R. is opposed to luv© been partly to shew a detestation es the tax 9 and partly because it *Vas improper for go vernment to possess & schedule of e&eifc man’s property. Lord Grenville last right, gave notice ia parliament, of & itKrti' , n for the next session, tending to enforce a registration of slaves ia the West indies, and lord Bathurst declared government to be ready to concur in effect ing the measure. ’Paris dates ere to May .$7, A son of Boissy d’AmJa* has been ar rested. Also count de Thiars. The frigate A'mphitrite, and Louvre, flute, have sailed from France for Pondi cherry, with count Dopy and suite, govern or of the French posses-stons iu India. A squadron from Guadahmpe was to sail the begtauing of Jane. | Lady Hester Stanhope, nvaee and com* panion of the late Wiliiam Pitt, (according to the French pape* s) is now at the head |cf the Bedouin Arsibs in Egypt. She h and j been an extensive traveller ia ecmpr.ny with | Bruce, lately tried at Paris, and from the ; feeble, timid woman, has become a strong land courageous a mason. Her followers [ look upon her as a superior being, and she I declares she will never forsake them, j Miss O’Neill has refused two, the os and gainers for an engagement ©f three weeks at the Brioiingham theatre. 1 OJJflce of the -V. ¥. Commercial Advertiser, Monday, July 15—JV’ocrf, ; From our very attentive and obliging cor respondent in London, we Slave this morning (by the way of Boston) received the Lon don New Price Current of the 2sth of May, Lloyd’s List of the same date, and London papers of theSTlh and 30ih. Extracts froua eat h will be found in the Comaierciail Ad vertiser this evening j Mr. Canning and suite, front Lisbon, via Bordeaux, arrived at Plymouth, in the fri* gate Gramcus, on the 26th May. London, May 27. ’ Since cur last we have received the Pa ris papers es Wednesday, Thursday amrl Friday. Arrests of the disafLeted still coa tinue ia various parts es France. A ge neral Chartran lias been shot at. Lisle, isa pursuance of bis eentenae, for joining Bo napirte. TSris miserable victim of tha times would have beeo pardoned, we pre sume,” but fur the recent disturbances at j Grenoble. v . Courier Extraordinary of Friday vnevnivg^ . Several sifcaH detaehmonls of eoovalesceut foreign soldiers dtily leave Paris to joia their respective regiments. Sunday last, at 3 v. m. the police ar rested, neer the Rotunda of Vilette, on tba left of the Basin of that name, five orinuk ’ nals who had escaped from the galleys, j The arrest of Didier was owing to the ; care of two cf his accomplices, who hoped to obtain their pardon at this price. Some papers were found upon him, which were seized, but sixty-three francs only in money were found on Lim. Pajiis, May 24. Travellers from various parts of France agree in saying, that never did the fields ex hibit such luxuriant crop . On the 6JI of May, there arrived at Per* pigoo under the guard off gend’armie, a Spanish general, who was first supposed to be the famous Mina, but who turns out to be Vasco. He was shut up in the military prison of Casrillet, from which he was gen£ into Spain under a good escort, on the 6th- Giusnoble, May 10. If is already knows that a reward ot 20;00Q francs has been offered far the cap* ture of Didier; rewards of 3000 francs haV© also-been ordered for the capture of* Aadro