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Published every Thursday by 33. 33. FREEMAN.
♦v
Terms: $1.50 per annum, in advance.
OLD SERIES-YOL. YII-NO. 46.
CEDARTOWN, GA., DECEMBER 16, 1880.
NEW SERIES—YOL. JII-NO. 1.
Si? Ydht Dinplm
FORD & WALKER,
Iain St. Gedariown Ga.,
IP YOU WANT THEM PtJRR AND FBE8H.
JANES,
ATTORNEY Alj LAW,
CEDABTOWN, GA.
ice in the Court Hosse. febit-iy
JOSEPH A. BLANCE,
ATTORNEY Al* LA%?
CEDABTOWN, GA
DRS. LIDDELL & SON,
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
OFFICE CAST SIDE OF Kill It.
CEDABTOWN, GA
Jan 6-17
I W. G. ENGLAND,
Physician and Surgeon.
CEDABTOWN, GA
01
f"
3<
k
W. M. PHILLIPS & CO,
MANUFACTURER’S AGENTS FOR
T
Machinery of all Kinds.
/
Sixty-four different makes of Steam Engine* ind Boiler* ranging
from 8 to 40 horse-power—new and second-hand—<41 at rery low prleos.
Also agents for the
it^m
FPICE over J. A. Wynn’s where he may ha
md ready to attend cans either day or nlghU
Anl5-iy
DR. C. H. HARRIS,
Physician and Surgeon,
Jed art own Ga.
B. FISHER,
Watchmaker & Jewelers
CEDABTOWN, GA
llavtne Just opened out a shop at the store of
■a. D. Hogj? A co., rapectraily requests the
S ubtle to call on him when needing work in his
ne. reb5-tf
W. F. TURNER,
Attorney at Iiaw,
CEDABTOWN, GA
'^Superior Oourta of Polk,
1 floyd and Carroll oountlea.
tn to collections and real
mnrii-iy
DR. L. S. LEDBETTER,
VDENTIST,
'Trail - - — OEOKGIA.
All Dental worKpcrformod in the most skill
ful minner, office over J. 8. Stubbs * Co.’s.
febl»-ly
Albany and Brown Cotfm Gin,
P£CKJNG,~SCREW^WpjLBATOBS, THRESHERS, CORN MIT.La
and Farming Implemvn. v in general. We had a fine trad* In Oils line
last year, and general satufaction was given. We are also
Dealers in general Merchandise*
And have in flfcve a well selected stock of
DRY GOODS, NOTIONS, BpOTS, SHOES,
HATS, CAPS, CLOfHING AND GROCERIES,
All of which we will sell low, either for each or to prompt paying tin* cos
tumers. We are agents for GjKJbGE A CLARE’S
“0. N. T.” Thread,
A ad will sell at retail and also job it to merchants at re^i
sale prices. H
10,000 Pounds of Wool Wanted.
Job it to merchants at regular whol*-
We will pay highest prices for all the stashed wool brought to us.
Persons contemplating the erection oj buildings may save money by
calling on ns for prices of LUMBER, LATHS and SHINGLES. Come and
see us.
W. M. PHILLIPS & CO..
Cednrtown. Ga,
F. M. SMITH,
Attorney at Law and
RfflL ESTATE AGENT,
CEDABTOWN, GA.
. Particular attention given to the selling or
rent ng of city property. Buying and selling
wild lands a specialty. Parties owning wild
lands in Georgia would do well to correspond
with me. as I have app lcatlons for thousands
of acres whose owners are unknown. No tax fl.
fa. or other b^gus title need apply. Look up
your beeswax and write me. Terms: Ten per
cent, c mmlsslon on sales. For locating and
ascertaining probable value, $i per lot. For
searching records lor owners, cents per lot.
For ascertaining If land Is claimed or occupied
by squatter, fl per lor. * Always In advance. To
insure at ent^on enclose a 3-oent stamp. Parties
own ng wild lands should look to thetr interests,
as manv of these wild tands are being stolen by
squatters under a bogus title. All communica
tions promptly answered. Satisfaction guar
anteed to all honest men. jans&ly
LIVERY FJEEI>,
AND:
SALE STABLE!
Wright & Johnson Prop’rs.
CEDABTOWN, - - - GEORGIA.
Being supplied with new Horses, New Tehl-
i. 4 ..we are prepared to meet the wants ot
puDUclnourilne. JanA-ly
JAMES H. PRICE,
CEDABTOWN, GA
Keeps on hand and manufactures to ordsr
MATTRESSES!
l and is guaranteed to render the most peu
I sails motion. No flimsy material used, no won
I lighted. I ask a trial. JAMES. H. PRICK
leblf-ly.
A. J.'YQUNG,
DEALER IN
Cor:, and Rye Whiskies, Wine, Gins
and Brandies.
Noyes Warehouse j- - CEDARTOWN, Ga.
SOLE AG^?fr FOB' CO* HILL £ THOMPSON’S
STONE MOUNTAIN WHISKIES
In Oodartown.
I keep such Liquors as may be used as a beverage or for medical
purposes with perfect safety. IW Give me a oall. Good treatment
guaranteed. mrl8-ly
NEW HOUSE! NEW MERCHANTS!
New Goods and New Prices.
FAREWELL, 0 SUMMER SCENES!
Farewell, O Summer scenes, no more
I walk these breezy, pine-clad hills ;
No more for me the sunset's glow
Or moonlight's calm the valley fills.
Ah ! not onoe only, though your forms
Have faded from my outward eye.
In hours of darkness shall ye oome
To strengthen and to purify.
Farewell, O summer friends, with whom
I dreamed the sunny hours through!
Warm-souled, you wore no social masks,
But gave the best you lived and knew.
Meet, part, forget! you pass and fade,
And leave my heart but half oontent ;
Still must I hope some nobler end
Than simply that we came and went
Farewell. O Summer hopes, though dear,
With willing bauds I let you go !
Dreams cannot feed the hungry heart,
Nor unworked soil fair harvests grow.
Not ours be rest in stagnant pools.
Nor Idling nsatfa i sammet's sun.
Bat strength to cut deep channels out
Wherein an earnest life may run.
Lost in the Snow.
A. D. H6GG & CO.,
MAIN Street, ..... CEDARTOWN, Georgia,
Hive Just opened a select stock of General Merchandise In their new store,
and want all their friends abd the public generally to call and let them
show their goods and prices. Their stock was bought before the reoent
rise in prices, and they feel oon/dent of having goods at bottom figures.
They have beautiful Dress Goods, Calicoes, Corsets, new styles | Bleaeh-
lngs, Flannels, Casslmeres, Kerseys, Kentucky ^Jeans, Hosiery, Gloves,
Hardware, Notions, etc., etc. (F>xtra nice Gentlemen’s Underwear Vkbt
Low. Remember the place—last Brick Store on South MAIN Street, west
side. « novfi-ly
BAKER & HALL,
Falers in
HARDWARE,
3H AS
is, Plow Stocks, Nails, Iron and
s, Shovels, Hoes, Rakes,
tanre Forks, Etc.
My life has been full of strange advent-
tores; for since I was a lad ef sixteen, till
I reached the age sixty-eight—more
than half a century—I was in the employ
of the Hudson's Bay Fur Company. Some
times I acted as an Indian trader, but for
many years I followed trapping and pack
ing.
1 am now eighty-five, and still a hale
and hearty old man. It is true that I can
not stow away so large a quantity of buf
falo beef as I once could; but even yet I
can hold my own with younger men at
the trencher.
Sometimes, with a few choice comrades,
T would seek the trapping-grounds of the
Shayenne or Assiniboin Indians, and trade
with them for their peltries, which I would
sell again to the Company's agent at a con
siderable profit. At other times, while
drawing a yearly salary from the Hudson’s
Bay agent, I would be frequently sent in
charge of dog-trains to distant points, to
bring in the pelts from various caches
(“hiding places”) where our trappers and
hunters had deposited them.
On one occasion I was ordered to go thus,
with a large train and two companions, from
a temporary post on the Moose River, a
branch of the Red River, westward, to one
of the northern branches of the Missouri.
Some of our men had, the winter before,
made a long cache of otter and beaver
skins on the banks of that stream, and early
in the sprmg I was directed to bring them
in.
One of my companions, D’Arville, had
been of the autumn party; he was therefore
sent with me as a guide. The other,
Falardeau had not been lon^A. L-employ
of the Company, but was permitted to ac-
-eetapm-y Aia, at-bis own reqaeKy being
desirous, as he said, to learn the country.
We reached the stream, and found the
caches all right; and. after stopping for a
few days, to rest our dogs and recruit them
on a good feed of buffalo meat, we started
again on our return to the trading-pdst.
We had traveled some three or four days,
when on reaching one of the northern
heads of the Shayenne, D’Arville the guide
remembered having been told by one of his
comrades of a format trip, that, by taking
another route eastward from that stream,
we could shorten our distance to the Red
River; we struck out in that direction. The
route would take us through a treeless
prairie of many miles extent. Rone of us
i had ever attempted it before; but we would
j have had no difficulty in crossing it had
; not a blinding snow storm set in with such
, violence and frequent changes of the wind
| that, after struggling along for two days,
I with no cessation of it, we became con-
! fused,and the guide confessed that he knew
j not where we were. In short, we were
1 lost; and that under the most unpleasant
I of all circumstances; upon a wide and un-
! known plain, on which, even were it not
for the blinding storm, no laud-marks ex
isted to direct our steps.
On encamping the first night on this dea-
i olate track, we secored our dogs around us
! and were all so completely snowed in that,
on the return of day, it was with much la
bor that we could dig our way again to the
surface. The snow had fallen to the depth
of five feet.
To proceed with our sledges was out of
the question, for the spring snow, continu
ally falling, was without a crust. Leaving,
therefore, the sledges and packs behind us,
just as we had detached the dogs from them
the night previous, we whistled on our
faithful animals, and started onward, hop
ing, soon as the storm should abate, to be
able to continue our way towards the fort.
But the snow continued to fall, till it be
came impossible without snow-shoes, how
we were to proceed. We therefere dug down
to the ground, and determined to encamp
till the snow should have worn itself out,
and the surface be hard enough to bear our
weight, or so long as our scanty supply of
buffalo beef should hold out. We were
soon buried benea. the snow drift again;
but our dogs, with ae true instinct of their
species, struck o t for the fort. Had it
been possible for 11 to have followed them,
they would have conducted us safely on
our right course.
So we remained four days without food,
the storm contiuing. On the night of the
fifth day, wrapping ourselves up In our
blankets and buffalo robes, we threw our
selves down recklessly to die; for death was
staring us all in the face. Despairing of
ever seeing the light of another day, we
closed our eyes, and were soon lost in for
getfulness. But still' another day arrived
to us—bat to two of ns only; for beside me,
wrapped in the same robe, lay the body of
my p«or comrade D’Arville, stiff and life
less. Starvation and cold bad done its
work upon the stalwart hunter. Daring
that wretched night his brave spirit yielded
and fled.
Arousing Falardeau fffem his painful
sleep, and assisting him .to regain his swol
len feet, we determined to make one’ list
effort to reach the fort. Leaving the corpse
pi our dead companion to the wolves, for
w* were too weak to attempt to buy it,we
dragged ourselves from the spot.
On w* went. At last, my oompanion,
worn out, laid dpws to die.
As I was about to throw myself by his
side, to sleep my last earthly slumber, an
object glided swiftly past an opening in the
snow near my face, and crawling to
the top, my eyes were gladdened by the
sight of a rabbit bounding away to wards a
clump of willows, upon the margin of a
spring not far off.
This sight restored our hopes and flagging
pulses; and with recovered energies we set
ourselves to work making traps for the an.
imals whose tracks were found in great
numbers about the spring.
By the time this labor was completed,
we dog oat a shelter in the snow, to await
the result on the return of daylight.
When the morning came, helore the light
had fairly penetrated our shelter, without
awakening me, my friend stole noiselessly
out to examine the traps.
i called hia-nome; bnt received no reply.
At list,as 1 penetrated a little thicket, where
I had planted one of my traps, I perceived
a dark object stretched on the snow.
1 approached it nearer; It was the cold
and lifeless form of my poor comrade. He
must have been dead some hours. He had
reached the trap-which had contained a rab
bit; for by the spot were scattered fragments
of the hairy coat of the animal.
Be had found the animal, and In the ea
gerness of starvation he had devoured it
alive; and the unusual stimulus of food act
ing upon his inflamed stomach, must have
thrown him into convulsions—for the snow
about him, where be lay, indicated as much.
Alas! poor Falardeau.
Now, indeed, despairing of help, and
throwing myself upon the ground, I awaited
with resignation the period which would
terminate my sufferings.
Exhausted and spiritless, I soon sank into
a state of partial insensibility. I bad become
unconscious of pain. My hunger was for-
gotten; but I still retained a knowledge of
my hopeless condition, and the desolate
surroundings about mo. As near 01 could
judge, in my dying state, I had lam thus,
till the evening of the seventh day, when
my dull ear caught the sound of a peculiar
grating noise upon the snow.
The sound was not unfamiliar to me; and
as it became more and more distinct, in its
nearer approach to me, it awoke a train ot
merories; and arousing my sunken energies,
called me back again to hope.
Uould it be that rebel was approaching—
that some kindly human aid was in search
of me?
Still nearer came the creaking sound, like
tliat of a sledge drawn over the frozen crust
ol the snow. Yes, yes, human aid was at
htnd.
Ina few moments more,the sound ceased,
aid I beard a friendly voice salute me with
the salutation of “Good morning” and the
fiKaof-ntall Cheyenne hunter stood before
nAv **
It was but for ainoment,however,that he
remained, for leaving me, he hastened lo
make a fire from the dry twigs of the wil
lows, and in a little tune returned with a
small cup of the weakest broth of venison,
a ant ity of which he had brought with him
on his sledge.
As I swallowed the minute portion,all my
pains returned. It seemed as if my stomach
was an fire.
But the Indian continued to feed me with
light nutriment from time to time, till, af
ter a few hours, my hanger became so
fierce that I could have devoured his entire
Itore.
But at length, as my stomach became
gradually accustomed to the stimulus, he
increased the quantity of broth, till, after
twenty-four hours he ventured to allow me
pertions of the solid meat.
It was thus the faithful fellow watched
over and nursed me till the fourth day after
nil arrival when, finding that I had recov
ered strength sufficient to be removed, he
pheed me on his sledge, and after binding
me like a pack of peltries to the cross
pieces, and covering me with robes, he
threw the leathern strap over his breast,
and started eastward in the direction of the
fort.
On the way, the Indian informed me
tint the dogs had returned and that he had
ban sent by the agent to hunt up the party,
if they still survived. He hnd bren out
screral days, scouring the plain in every
direction where we would be likely to have
passed. On reaching the willow thicket,
he found the body of poor Falardeau.
He also gave me the pleasant informa
tion that we were about twenty miles from
thf post, which place we reached the same
ni{ht, the generous fellow dragging me ail
tht way, and halting frequently to relieve
my raging hunger
In a few days, after reaching comfortable
qrarters, I entirely recovered my health and
strength.
As soon as I left my cot, the first thing I
did was to reward the faithful Cheyenne,
by giving him my best rifle, and the amount
of all the pay due me. To this the agent
added a keg of rum, ammunition, and
blinkets, sending the burner to his lodge
wih even a heavier load than he dragged
in from the plain.
A Visit to Dumas.
Ancient Rome.
onre and Minutes.
Why is one hour divided into sixty min
utes, and each minute again idto sixty ssc-
oids? Why not divide our time as we 'do
o«r money, by tens, counting ten, or fifty,
or one hundred minutes to an hour? This
qieation was asked by an intelligent boy a
fiw days since, and the answer given him
nay both interest and instruct other young
tEopie. The answer is this: We have sixty
dvisions on the dials of our clocks and
watches, because the old Greek astronomer,
Eip parch us, who lived In the -second cen-
tuy before Christ, accepted the Babylon-
im system of reckoning time, that system
teing sexigesimal. The Babylonians were
(Cquainted with the decimal system; but
sir common and practical purposes, they
*>unted by sossi and suri, the tossos rep
resenting sixty, and the saros sixty times
ixty, or thirty-six hundred. From Hip
parchus, that mode of reckoning found its
■yay Into ths works of Ptolemy, about 100
i. D., and thence was carried down the
Cream of science and civilization, and
found the way to the dial plates of our
docks and watches.
Bettor go supper Isas to bed than run
i debt.
The illustrious dramatic! bade us wel
come with even effusive warmth, shook
hands with us most cordially, and declared
that his friend was very wrong not to lisve
apprised him of our coming beforehand,
so that he could have shown us through
the house himself. Had we seen every
part of it ? the library ? the drawing-room ?
the picture-gallery ? If we chose to go all
over it again he would be most happy to
accompany us. But we disclaimed any
intention ef occupying so much of his
time, so he declared he must take us over
his Swiss chalet. This picturesque struc
ture was bought by him at the Universal
Exposition, was put up in his garden, and
now serves as a place of deposit for a por
tion of his overwhelming wealth of artistic
treasures.
What a delightful half hour ensued!
Dumas talks as well as he writes, and
there is a straight-forwardness and frank
ness about him that is altogether captiva
ting. He is a fine-looking man, tall, and
of vigorous physique, with blue eyes, a
pale yet healthful-looking complexion,
and prematurely silvered hair and mus
tache, The chalet, to which he conducted
us was so crowded with pictures, busts,
and terracotta, and other curiosities and
works of art, that it would have taken a
whole day to inspect them all. He pointed
out to ua a ghastly picture of a dead wo
man with her baby trying to draw nourish
ment from the lileless breast, a study by
Delacroix for one of bis groups in bis
Massacre of Scio. '1 ben he showed us a
veritable art curiosity in the shape of a
three-quarter figure of Luke painted by
Meissouier in 1838, to fill an order for a
publisher who was getting up an illustrated
edition of the New Testament This pic
ture was sold by the artist for six hundred
francs.
When we returned to the house, M.
Dumas kindly brought down from his bed
room the gem of his whole collection and
displayed it to our admiring gaze. It is
the iauious Artist at Work, by Mesaonier,
painted in 1803, when his talent was at its
apogee, a small sized picture of such mar
vellous execution of perfection, that “the
sense ached at it.” And yet it represents
merely a painter m a black, eighteen cen
tury costume, with his unpowdered hair
gathered into a club behind, seated before
his easel with his.back turned to the spec
tator. This picture, originally sold for
2,000 francs, was purchased some years
ago by M. Dumas for 16,000, and wnhin
the last few days he has refused 60,000
francs ($12,000), offered by a picture-
dealer. Well, it is worth it. It is a Meis-
sonier of first quality, and such a work as
the old man no longer has the patience, or,
perhaps, the ability, to execute.
M. Dumas told me he could never write
in Paris, as he was so exposed to interrup
tions. His just-completedthree-acl comedy
which he wrote in six days, was composed
at the country house of a friend. Ita pro-
visional title is The Princess of Bagdad.
It is intended for the Comedie Francaise,
and M’lle. Croizette is to take the part of
the heroine, Lionnette. He laughingly re-
mi rked that he did not write for young
girls, and that his own daughters had never
seen any of his plays till M ile. Colette
profited by her marriage to go to see the
Fils Nuturel. He spoke rather bitterly
of tne fact that La Dame awe Camelias
has been played fully 3,000 times in the
United States since it was first produced,
and hud never brought him in one single
farthing. 1 agreed with him heartily, for
the non-existence of any copyright laws in
our country, so far as the writings of for
eign authora are concerned, is a positive
shame and scandal. He took from his
writing desk and showed us a model in
bronze ot a broad, powerful, fleshy hand—
the hand of his illustrious father, and also
a model in the same material of an exqui
sitely female hand, that of the well-known
water-color artist, Mile. Madeleine Le-
maire. And so, charmed with our visit,
and still more so with our gracious and
courteous host, we took our departure.
Only a Cape aud a Sword.
When Bonaparte first paid court to Mad
ame de Beauharnais, neither was rich
enough to keep a carriage, and the young
hero, who was deeply in iove, often gave
the charming widow his arm when she
went to visit her man of business, a no
tary named Ragiaeau.
Madame, who had great confidence in
this legal adviser, who was a friend as well,
went to see him immediately after her en
gagement to Bonaparte, who, as usual, ac
companied her but, from motives of deli
cacy did not enter the notary’s cabinet, but
remained in an adjoining room, where sev
eral clerks were writing.
The door beiDg imperfectly closed he
here beard nearly all that was said during
the interview, and especially the arguments
used by Raguideau to deter Madame de
Beauharnais from the marriage she ac-
knewledged herself about to contract.
“Mark my words, madame,” said the
notary, earnestly, “you are about to commit
a great folly of which you will bitterly re
pent. Why, this man you are about to es
pouse has nothing in the world but a cape
and a sword.”
Said Josephine: “Bonaparte never spoke
to me of this, and I had not the fainter
suspicion that he had overheard Ragi
deau’s contemptous words. Can you,
Bourrinne, figure to yourself my astonish
ment when, eight years after,on the day of
his coronation, as soon as he was invested
with his imperial robes, be said:
“Let them go and seek Raguideau;
have him come instantly. I have some
thing lo say to him."
The notary was promptly brought, and
stood muck astonished before the Empe
ror, who, with his peculiar sardonic smile,
said to him : ‘Eh, bien, monsieur 1 bare I
nothing in the world but a cape and a
sword?’”
The Romans were keen, business-like
men, who never pretended to be above
trade, even though they were of superior
rank or wealth. It did not cost much to
keep a man in the early centuries, the year
ly allowance for a slave being thirty-seven
dollars and a half, while a free laborer liv
ed for forty-four dollars a year. Corn was
the main stay, fifteen million bushels being
consumed annually, and oil and honey
were used in large quantities. Among the
rich, epicures were more common and more
extravagant than in the modem world. For
tunes were spent on single banquets. Men
"were absurdly lavish. And yet everything
was very cheap even in this extravagant
city. The market reports show that lamb
and fish were only six cents per pound, beef
four cents, fish two cents, a pair of quail
thirty cents, eggs six cents per dozen,
wheat sixteen cents per peck, four pounds
of large grapes two cents; chickens, per
psir, thirty cents; five to ten heads of let
tuce two cents. The Romans were not
very fond of any meat save pork, and this
they consumed sparingly Beef was not
popular, being used mostly for sacrifices.
Game and fish were favorite articles, and
many choice imported fish brought large
prices. The common people could not
afford many luxuries, as wages were low.
The yearly pay of a journeyman mechanic
was from ninety-five dollars to one hundred
and twenty-five dollars and board. Food
cost forty dollars and clothing fifteen dol
lars per year. From the account of Forbi-
gcr it seemed that goods were very low. A
pair of shoes cost thirty cents; one pair of
woman’s gaiters, thirty cents; one felt hat,
one dollar; one tonic, sixteen dollars to
thirty-six dollars; one toga, twenty dol
lars to twenty-eight dollars. A man could
get a share for two cents. The Romans
spent large amounts on other luxuries be
side those of the table. The Imports of
flowers, perfumes, ointments and dresses
from India in one year amounted to two
million two hundred thousand dollars. In
furniture they had their decorative art
grazes, the citrus wood tables being favor
ite articles for squandering money upon.
In Cicerq’s time it was not unusual to spend
fifty thousand dollars for one of these tab
les, aud Seneca, the stoic, who prated of
the virtues of abstinence and the vice of
luxury, owned five hundred of them.
Farmlug in Russia,
The report comes from 8t Petersburg
that native cereals are so scarce in Russia
that large quantities of American corn aud
Chilian wheat are selling at tbe capital. Al
though eminently agricultural, only 271,
000,000 acres—a small area comparatively
—are under cultivation. In the central
belt of the empire the soil, mostly black
mold, is extremely fertile, seldom requiring
manure. The syBtein of tillage is mainly
the three-field system, as it is called, in
which one-third of the land is allowed to
lie fallow. In the south and south east the
fallow system peculiar to that country is
practiced. It consists of raising three or
four consecutive crops from the same land,
and then permitting it to stand idle for five
or six years. After that time the soil begins
to grow feather grass, regarded as a sign
of returning fertility. Husbandry has un
dergone great general changes since the
emancipation of the serfs, to whom a con
siderable portion of the land has been trans
ferred in freehold. The landowners hav
ing lost their former right to the labor of
their serfs, find it advantageous to decrease
their tilled lands, or lease parts of it to the
peasants, often in return for half the crop.
Agriculture suffers materially from want
of proper means of communication, causing
the gram to be very low in the locality
where it is raised. The chief cereals are
wheat, grown as far north as latitude six
ty-two deg., rye, barley and oats. Buck
wheat and millet are produced in the sooth,
and from these and rye comes the staple
food of the inhabitants. Hemp and flax
are also widely raised, and flaxseed Is used
for food by the lower orders dunog the
continually recurring fasts, embracing
more than six months out of the twelve.
During the last forty years potatoes have
been extensively grown, the government
haring done much to encouiage and aug
ment their growth after the famine of 1839.
An area of 486,030,000 acres is covered
with woods, but timber is so liberally used
by tbe Russians in building houses, beating,
lighting, making carta and household uten
sils and in other wuys, that the supply is
steadily diminishing. In the north of the
czar’s dominions from ninety to ninety-five
per cent, of the territory is covered with
forests, which are very scarce in the south.
Wood, the principal article of interior com
merce, is floated down the rivers from the
treetul to the treeless districis. The wheat
product of Russia is generally so large that
it annually exports large quantitiea
the wheat exported into Britain in 1875
eighteen per cent, of it came from Russia
and forty-five per cent, from the United
States. -
South Africa.
seaports towards the interior, intended to
concentrate at the diamond fields, taking
in branches through the Free State. Natal
has a line of seAnty miles, from the chief
seaport of Durham to Maritzburg, the capi
tal. an extension to be made either into the
Transvaal or to the diamond fields. There
are now in the Cape Colony 1,000 miles of
railroad in operation, and the extentiona of
the various lines, which should be com
pleted in the next five or ten years, will
add another 1,000.
In this branch of trade there is a good
opening for American enterprise in the ex
portation of passenger cars. The only cars
in use on these lines are the English, but
the American cars Ore much better suited
to the country and would soen become pop
ular. The lines are long, the stations a
considerable distance apart, and what,
with warm weather and limited accommo
dations at the stations, the American cars
would supply such conveniences as would
be highlr appreciated and which are not to
be had on English cars.
The climate of South Africa proves to
be one of the healthier ia the world, espe
cially for pulmonary diseases, and English
and European consumptives and other in
valids are now resorting thither in increas
ing numbers, owing to its having been so
highly recommended by some prominent
medical men sent out to report upon its
climatic conditions, Traders and travelers
have gradually extended their sphere of
operations in late years, anti] now there is
hardly a tribe or clan from North of the
Zambezi to the Cape wku have not t—A
some acquaintance with the white m»n A
trading expedition through Dawaraiaad is
now no novelty, and a hunt to the Zam
bezi is a boy’s adventure from Kimberley
or Pretoria.
Divorces.
A ustealiaxs. —Di vorevs have never been
sanctioned in Australia.
Jaws.—In olden times the Jews had a
discretionary power of divorcing their-
wives.
Japass.—If the wife be dissatisfied she
can obtain a divorce by paying a certain
Smelima or Alsalaxr.
In the expression of affection the sense
of smell, there is reason to believe, is older
in use and dignity than that of taste or touch.
Of a Mongol father a travellers writes: “He
smelled from time to- time the head of his
youngest son, a mark of paternal tender
ness usual among the Mongols instead of
embracing.” In the Philippine islands, we
are told, “the sense of smell is developed to
so great a degree that they are able, by
smelling of the pocket-handkerchiefs, to tell
to which persons they belong; and lovers
at parting exchange pieces of the linen they
may be wearing, and, during their separa
tion, inhale the odor of the beloved being.”
Among tbe Cittagong Hill people again it
is said “the manner of kissing is peculiar.
Instead of pressing lip to lip they place the
nose and mouth upon the cheek and inhale
the breath strongly. Their form of sjieech
Is not “Give me a kiss," but “Smell me.”
In tbe same way, according to another
traveller, “The Burmese do not kiss each
other in the Western fashion, but apply the
lip and nose to the cheek and make a strong
inhalation.” Moreover, the Samoans
The discovery of diamonds in 1860, the
adoption of ostrich tanning on an increased
scale at about tbe same period, and the
subsequent spread of Angora goat farming
have been special providences to South
Africa and have given a great impetus to
trade and settlement. Since about 1870
the recorded export of diamonds has been
at the rate of upward of $12,500,000 a
year, while it is estimated that twenty-five
per cent, of that amount finds its way
through the colonies and out of tbe coun
try in private hands. There is still no de
crease in the amount of stones discovered
and several new fields have been lately
opened np, among them being a valuable
field of which the Free State rejoices in
the possession.
Ostrich farming nas developed into a
large industry sinoe it was first adopted,
about fifteen years ago. Tea years ago
the annual export of feathers amounted to
only about $500,000, whil ihis year’s ex
port will amount to aVju’ $5,000,000.
Angora goat farming is ro doubt destined
to eclipse even these; as tbe finest and
rarest breeds from Asia Minor have been
found to thrive as well ca the Karoo lands
of the Cape as m their own native plains
and hills. The hair produced is of the
most excellent quality and the Cape An
gora is rapidly establishing a high reputa
tion in the London markets. The wine
farms of the Cape, once so celebrated for
the delicacy of tjieir produce, are again re
ceiving attention .md efforts are now made
to obtain from the English Government
such a revision of the wine duties ss will
enable the colony to enter the borne mar
ket ic competition with France and Spain.
The principal exports df the Free Stale are
wool and skins. The Transvaal exports
bu> little as yet except ivory and the skins
of wild animals. The flourishing colony
of Natal now sends out increased quanti
ties of sugar, which it produces in excel
lent quality.
With the increase of productive wealth
tnte by “juxtaposition of noses, sccompa-; public works and ra/irosiis have kept good
nied not by a rob, but by a hearty smelL" j p»ce. The first experiment in South Afri-
There is scriptural preoedent for such cus- era railways having been started about
toms. When blind Isaac was In doubt y860, mnch progress has of late years been
whether the son who came to him sa Ja-; made in this direction. There are now
cob or not, “ha smalt ths Jmeii of his ral- j three systems of railroads in the Cape
meat, and bissyyd Mm. ” | Colony, leading from the three principal
Thibetans.—Divorces are seldom
lowed, unless with the consent of botd
parties, neither of whom can afterward rej
marry.
Moohs.—If the wif&Qoes not become the^
mother of a boy she may be divorced with
the consent of the tribe, and she can many
again.
Abtbsiniaxs.—No form of marriage is
necessary. The connection may be dis
solved and renewed as often as the parties
think proper.
Sibebiaxs.—If the man be dissatisfied
with the most trilling acts of his wife, he
tears her cap or veil from her head, and
this constitutes a divorce.
Coksah.—The husband can divorce his
wife at pleasure, and leave her the charge
of maintaining the children. If she proves
unfaithful he can put her to death.
Siamese.—The first wife may be di
vorced, not sold, as the others may be.
She then may claim the first, third and
fifth child, and the alternate children
yielded to the husband.
Arctic Region'.—When a i
divorce he leaves the ho
does not return for sevJ
wife understands the hint, T
and leaves.
Detse akd Turkoman-.—Among these
people, if a w$ie asks her husband’s per
mission to go out, and he says “Go," with
out adding “but come back again,” she is
divorced. Though both parties desire it,
they cannot live together again without
being remarried.
Cochin China. —If the parties chnoy, m
separate they break a pair ot chopsticks or
a copper coin in the presence of witnesses;
by which action the union is dissolved.
The husband must restore to the wife the
property belonging to her prior to her
marriage.
American Indians.—Among some tribes
the pieces of sticks given to the witnesses
of the marriage are broken as a sign of di
vorce. Usually new connections are formed
without the eld ones being dissolved. A
man never divorces his wife if she has
borne him sons.
Tartars.—The husband may put away
his partner and seek another when it
pleases him, and the wife may do the same.
If she be ill-treated, she complains to the
magistrate, who, attended by the principal
people, accompanies her to the house, and
pronounces a formal divorce.
Chinese.—Divorces are allowed in all
cases of criminality, mutual dislike, jeal
ousy, incompatibility of temper, or too
much loquacity on the part of the Wife.
The husband cannot sell bis wife until she
leaves him, and becomes a slave to him by
action of the law for desertion. A son is
bound to divorce his wife if she displeases
his parents.
Circassians.—Two kinds of divorce are
granted in Circassia—one total, the other
provisional. When the first is ailowe^tbc
parties can immediately marry sjfn;
where the second exists the couple agree to
separate for a year, and if, at the expira
tion of that time, the husband does not
send for his wife, her relations may de
mand of him a total divorce.
Grecians.—A settlement was usually
given to a wife at marriage for support in
case of a divorce. The wife’s portion was
then restored to her, and the husband re
quired to pay monthly interest for its use
during the time he retained it from her.
Usually the men could put their wives
away on slight occasions. Even the fear
of having too large a family sufficed. Di
vorces scarcely ever occur in modern
Greece.
Hindoos—Either party for a slight cause
may leave the other and marry. When Lo:h
desire it there is not the least trouble. If
a man calls his wife “mother,” it is con
sidered indelicate to live with her again.
AmoDg one tribe, the “Gores,” if the wife
be unfaithful, the husband cannot obtain a
divorce unless he gives her all the property
and children. A woman, on the contrary,
may leave when she pleases, and many
another man, and convey to him the entire
property of her former husband.
Homans.—In olden times a nan might
divorce his wise if she were unfaithful, if
sbe counterfeited his private keys, or drank
without his knowledge. They would di
vorce their wives when they pleased. Not
withstanding this, 621 years elapsed with
out one divorce. Afterward a law was
passed allowing either sez to the ap
plication. Divorces then became frequent
on the slightest pretexts. Seneca says that
some women no longer reckoned the year
by the consuls, but by the number ef their
husbands. St. Jerome speaks of a
who had buried twenty wives, and a
woman who had bnried twenty-two hus
bands. The Emperor Augustus endeav
ored to restrain the license by penalties.
A remar kailt soisr protube:
lately observed by M. ^
Paris Observatory, f"
rose vertically as a tl
moving at the rat*
miles per second, to a
one-fourth of the sun
abont 215,000 miles,
gradually decreased
at the same time enlarging to
gtous dimensions.