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How the Farmer in tlie Arid Region Utilizes Wind-Power to Irrigate His
Land, and to Supply His Home With Water- Western
Windmills Are the Queerest, Most Interest
ing and Host Useful in the World.
idy Waldon Knwcett.
ARIOUS and
mf iny stories
Y|V*__ jjt have l)eeii wrlt
\aV Ml-%. ten about the
pieturesqueness
of the windmills
iu llolland - iiiit
unfamed by
a * song and story,
and almost wholly unknown to the
world at large, are the strange, wind
propelled machines of our Western
States.
Yet the Western windmills are infi
nitely quainter and more interesting
CATTLE AXt-
oStelk=x-. _ 3 L jj
. w
than any erected since the days of
Don Quixote. They are among the
greatest curiosities of the continent.
The chief use of these ingenious
structures is to furnish an adequate
supply of water to farms. More than
one-third of the area of the States is,
or was originally, arid land, and is
(habitable for man and beast only
when subjected to the magical influ
ence of irrigation—hence the windmills.
The windmill in the Great Plains’ re
gion of the West, is as distinctive a
A SIMPLE TURBINE WINDMILL. A GIANT TURBINE.
Bign of progress as is the railway loco
motive.
Throughout almost the entire terri
tory between the Mississippi and the
(Pacific coast the supply of Avater is so
scanty that it is impossible to store it
In reservoirs, or to make elaborate
waterworks.
A small amount"of water is available
almost everywhere—and it is due to
the successful experiments of the Uni
ted States Government In utilizing the
ever-present force of the wind that
windmills dot this region as thickly
as farmhouses.
Government experts estimate that
throughout at least one-fourth of the
States windmills must ever be insepar
ably connected with the development
of the country.
The windmill was popular in this
[Western country as a means to raise
water for domestic use long before it
was used to irrigate the land. Giant
A TWO-FAN WINDMILL.
windmills have enabled farmers on the
plains to introduce town luxuries into
their homes, hot and cold water baths,
lawn sprinklers and systems of fire
protection. The windmills feed a
steady stream of cold water through
tlii rrilu. house to the stock trough.
Cool water is allowed to play around
the milk-cans, for it has been found
that it will cause a greater percentage
of cream to rise to the surface than
would otherwise be the case—natur
ally a matter of considerable impor
tance, as the butter products of this
territory amount to many millions of
dollars annually.
In many progressive towns and vil
lages in the West the windmill has to
tally displaced the town pump, and
wind-propelled machinery and large
storage tanks now supply all the water
required by the public.
In order to insure sufficient pressure
to throw the water above the house
tops the tanks are placed on high
ground or on high towers.
The newest use of the windmill,
however, is the most important—its
use in irrigation.
The home-made windmill is having
an appreciable effect on population.
There are many regions where good
grazing may be found and where great
herds of cattle may be fed free of cost,
summer and winter alike. If the cat
tle-mcn and their families are to live
here, however, they must have at least
a fertile acre for their own uses—this
the whirling mill now makes possible.
There are almost as many different
types as there are mills. Many are
home-made, though manufacturers de
sign types to meet all possible require
ments. But often the farmer and his
sons prefer to build their own mills in
unemployed hours.
Almost, any material that comes to
hand will serve the purpose—odds and
ends of hardware, old wire, bolts, nails
and poles—even neglected mowing ma
chines, reapers, planters or old bug
gies and wagons.
There are “go-devil” or “jumbo”
mills, “merry-go-rounds,” and “tur
bines,” each class represented by in
numerable types.
Jumbo windmills are like paddle
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watermills. The larger kinds are
placed on the ground—baby jumbos
are put up on high towers. The cost
averages about $4, and some develop
as much as two-horse power.
A boy in Nebraska built a baby jum
bo which numps ten gallons of water a
minute, supplying the needs of a large
boarding house.
The merry-go-round pattern mills
may be made in any size, with unlim
ited power—may attain a diameter of
twenty-four feet and pump an eight
inch stream of water. Their fans re
volve about a vertical axis, and look
not unlike the showman's merry-go
round.
The turbine class includes “battle
axe” and “Holland mills.” The dis
tinguishing feature of the battle-axe
mill is a tower supporting a horizontal
axis and crank, to which are attached
arms with fan-like blades at their ex
tremities. A fair-sized Holland mill
will grind 300 bushels of grain in a
day.
Among these Western windmills
I many are extremely primitive.
THE WEEKLY NEWS, CARTERSVILLE, GA.
One ingenious farmer, for instance,
bolted the axle of an old wagon, with
hub and wheel intact, to the beams on
the side of a barn, and nailed fans to
the spokes, thus making a mill that
served its purpose admirably.
But the commonest types are those
with a set turbine and many fans—
they are inseparable features of every
landscape out West. In any town
thirty or forty may be counted; in the
country twenty or thirty mills are of
ten in vibw at one time.
And still the development of the
windmill goes on. In some places the
energy generated is transmitted long
distances, from field to field and over
hills.
During the windy hours of the day
the surplus energy of the wind is bot
tled—that is to say, the windmill com
presses the air into stout iron cylin
ders, from which it may be drawn off
when desired.
The windmill enthusiasts of the
West are poiutng to the fact that in
many countries old and advanced in
the aris the use of the windmill is un
known, water is raised by hand, grain
is ground by horse power, water power
or hand, machinery is driven in much
the same way, while the wind, with
all its potential energy, is neglected.
In this matter of windmills the pro
gressive Western States lead the world.
—Pearson’s Magazine.
THE EMPEROR’S ROBE.
Recently Brouelit to San Francisco by a
Returned Soldier.
One of the royal robes of the Em
peror of China is in the possession of
Lieutenant Charles Kilburn, cf the
Fourteenth Infantry, who ‘s home on
sick leave, says the San Francisco Ex
aminer. The garment was brought
from Pekin, but its value was not
BEliOo*-t> TO KWANQ SU.
known until a few days ago, when
it was examined by some Chinese
scholars, who recognized prominently
among the figures of the embroidery
the five-toed dragon and the seal of
Emperor Kwang Su. As no one but
persons of royalty are permitted to
adore their garments with such figures
of the dragon and only tue Emperor
can decorate his clothing with his
seal, there is little doubt as to whom
the garment belonged before the Box
ers began their revolt.
The robe was given to Lieutenant
Kilburn as he wms leaving Pekin by
one of the soldiers of his regiment.
With many other articles it had been
saved by the troops from a burning
building that had been fired by a band
of Chinese, who during the excitement
of the entrance of the allied forces
into the city had raided, pillaged and
burned many of the houses of the
rich Chinese, who had lied at the ap
proach of the soldiers.
The robe is magnificently embroid
ered. It is arranged with many
pleats, and the figures are so designed
that with the pleats opened or closed
the design is continuous and complete.
Camp-Fire Utensil Holder.
It is so easy to tip over the coffee
pot or to spill the contents of the
other cooking utensils when placed on
the ordinary camp-fire that the utility
of the device shown herewith will im
mediately become apparent, and, as
it also has cheapness and small bulk
to recommend it, there is little doubt
that it will form a part of many a
camping outfit the coming season. The
holder comprises a metal tube, a length
of gas pipe answering the purpose
nicely, and a series of brackets, with
straight, narrow shanks, which can be
inserted in the oblong openings cut
in the tube for this purpose. The stake
is driven firmly into the ground in the
place selected- for the fire, and, after
the brackets are once in place, the
wood can be laid up around the stake
and the fire lighted. A sufficient num
ber of slots is provided to allow the
placing of brackets so as to utilize
nearly all of the heating surface pre
sented by the blaze, and after the
£W:
COFFEE POT AND KETTLE SUPPORT.
cooking is finished the food can be
moved to the upper brackets to keep
warm until wanted. The patent on
this utensil has beeu granted to
ChuiAis L. LuniL
TO GREAT AMERICANS
Mcchly Discussed Hall of Fame
Is Dedicated at New York.
HONOR TABLETS ARE UNVEILED
Senator Depew Was Orator of the
Day—Hall is Intended to
Be American West
minister.
The Hall of Fame at New York uni
versity was dedicated Thursday.
The ceremonies at the dedication
were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr.
N. Hillis. Senator Chauncey M. De
pew delivered the oration.
Following the oration, Chancellor
MacCracken, of the New York univer
sity, in an address, made formal de
claration of the opening of the hall.
The tablets were then unveiled by
representatives of various societies,
schools and families in the following
order:
Washington tablet, by the Society
of Cincinnati.
Lincoln tablet, by the Military Or
der of Loyal Legion.
Webster tablet, by the Daughters if
the American Revolution.
Franklin tablet, by the Colonial
Dames.
Jefferson tablet, by the Sons of the
American Revolution.
Clay tablet, by the Daughters of
the Revolution.
Adams tablet, by Sons of the Revo
lution.
Grant tablet, by the Grand Army of
the Republic.
Farragut tablet, by the National As
sociation of Naval Veterans.
Lee tablet, by the United Daughters
of the Confederacy, represented by
Mrs. Edwin G. Weed, Miss M. F.
Meares, Mrs. W. W. Reade and Mrs.
Parker.
Marshall tablet, by the American
Bar Association.
Kent tablet, by the Bar Association
of New York.
Storey tablet, by the American
Academy of Political and Social
Science.
Peabody tablet, by the Peabody ed
ucation fund.
Cooper tablet, by Edward Cooper,
Abram S. Hewitt and R. F. Cutting.
Stuart tablet, by the National Acad
emy of Design.
Fulton tablet, by the American so
ciety of Civil Engineers.
Morse tablet, by the American In
stitute of Electrical Engineers.
Whitney tablet, by the American So
ciety of Mechanical Engineers.
Audubon tablet, by the American
Society of Naturalists.
Gray tablet, by the Botanical Socie
ty of America.
Edwards tablet, by the Society of
Christian Endeavor.
Mann tablet, by the National Edu
cation Association.
Channing tablet, by the New Eng
land Society.
Emerson tablet, by the New York
Normal college.
Hawthorne tablet, by the Peter
Cooper High school.
Irving tablet, by the Wadleigh High
school.
Longfellow tablet, by the Brooklyn
Girls’ High school.
The idea of the Hall of Fame was
conceived by Chancellor MacCracken.
to whom it was suggested by the need
of a building which would round out
the beauty of the university quadran
gle. This space the chancellor pro
posed to devote to an institution simi
lar to Westminster Abbey, the Pan
theon in Paris and the “Ruhmes
Halle,” Munich. Twenty-nine tablets
were decided upon by a plan of selec
tion, designed with every regard to
fairness, by a jury of eminent Ameri
cans. This number of names will be
added every five years throughout the
twentieth century, when five new tab
lets will be unveiled i the hall, pro
vided the electors, under the rules,
can agree on so many. The dimen
sions of the building are as follows:
Total exterior length of the colonnade,
504 feet; height, 20 feet; breadth, 16
feet; length of museum, exclusive of
entrance corridor, 200 feet; breadth,
40 feet; height 16 feet.
CHARGES MORE THAN COAL.
Fuel Cost $20,000 and Freight to Ma
nila Will Be $60,000.
A special from Norfolk, Ya., says:
The freight on the $20,000 cargo of
coal to be shipped at once by the gov
ernment to Manila will be $60,000, or
three times the value of the fuel the
British steamship Ataka will take to
the fleet in the Philippines.
Stock Increased Fifty Millions.
Stockholders of the American Tele
graph and Telephone Company held
a special meeting in New York Mon
day and voted to increase the capital
stock from $100,000,000 to $150,000,000.
BOTHA APPEALING FOR PEACE.
•
London Paper Prints a Doubtful Piece
of Information.
The London Sun of Saturday pub
lished a story to the effect that Gen
eral Botha has arrived at Standerton
and is communicating by telegraph
with Mr. Kruger through the Nether
lands government, appealing to Mr.
Kruger to sue for peace. Lord Kitch
ener is sa : rl to have given Botha per
mission to adept this course.
CONGRESS NOT NEEDED.
Presient Has All Necessary Authority
to Deal With Islands With
out Extra Session.
A Washington special says: The
cabinet Tuesday unanimously decided
that existing conditions do not war
rant the calling of an extra session of
congress this summer. Secretary
Root and Attorney General Knox both
rendered legal opinions to the effect
that the authority to govern the Phil
ippines vested in the president by the
Spooner amendment was ample.
These opinions were concurred in by
all the members of the cabinet. The
decision of the cabinet was announced
after the cabinet meeting in the fol
lowing statement issued by Secretary
Cortelyou:
‘‘The president has determined that
existing conditions do not require or
warrant calling congress together dur
ing the present summer or making any
change in the policy hitherto pursued
and announced in regard to the Philip
pines.”
About the first of next month full
civil government will be set up in the
Philippines exactly as projected by the
Philippine commission. As soon after
that date as the administration ma
chinery can be made ready ior it, the
new Philippine tariff will be proclaim
ed, thus following out the original plan
formed before the announcement of
fihe decision of the supreme court last
week. These determinations followed
careful study of the decisions of the
court, the results of which were made
known at Tuesday’s cabinet meeting.
Secretary Root had had little doubt at
any time since the court’s action of
the feasibility of continuing the exe
cution of the Philippine programme,
without violating any of the principles
enunciated by the court, and his study
was mainly to make sure that he had
not overlooked anything in the decis
ions that might qualify that belief on
his part. He has not found in any
of the opinions delivered by the jus
tices anything to shake his original
idea, and having so advised the cabi
net and that view being shared by
the attorney general, the original pro
gramme is to be carried out.
As to the legal status of tne islands,
the officials have nothing to say. They
do not indicate whether the tenure is
to be regarded as one purely military
or whether they have found in the de
cision warrant for taking the Spooner
act as quite sufficient in itself for jus
tifying the establishment of a purely
civil government in the Philippines by
the taxing exhibited in tariff sched
ules.
The general statement is made that
the exercise of autnoritv is „to be by
virtue of the power reposed
in the president. It may be either a
commander in chief of the United
States military establishment or by
virtue of the special designation in
the Spooner law; perhaps either
would be sufficient.
The collector at San Francisco will
go on taking up Dingley duties on im
ports from the Philippines, for the
cabinet has assured itself that the
practice is legal, or, at any rate, they
are not bound to otherwise declare in
the absence of a decision by the high
est judicial authority. The failure of
the court to announce a decision in
the fourteen diamond rings case, the
one involving the legality of the im
position of Dingley duties on goods
coming from the Philippines, is regard
ed as warranting the belief that the
court did not find in this case a paral
lel to the DeLima case.
The report of the Philippine com
mission setting out in vast detail the
complete scheme of civil government
devised by them is now in Washing
ton, and the legal difficulty being
passed, consideration will not be giv
en to this report. It would not be feas
ible to notify Judge Taft by mail of
his appointment as the first civil gov
ernor of the Philippines in time for
him to assume office July Ist, so this
must be done by cable.
BADLY ABUSED BY BURGLARS.
Old Couple Are bound. Gagged and
Robbed By Midnight Marauders.
Nicholas Goetting and wife, an aged
| couple living alone near Venice, Ohio,
j were bound and gagged, tortured and
robbed by burglars Monday night.
They were alone in the house and not
until nearly neon Tuesday did Mrs.
Goetting succeed in freeing herself
and give the alarm. The couple were
bound for ten hours.
FRACAS AT TIEN TSIN.
Soldiers of Different Powers Have
Bloooy Fight in Chinese City.
There was a serious affray at Tien
Tsin between international troops.
Some British Fusiliers who were act
ing as police, sought to prevent French
soldiers from house breaking when
they were attacked with bayonets and
bricks.
In the melee a Frenchman was kill
ed, while five Germans and one Japan
ese were wounded. The arrival of a
German officer and a strong guard
ended the affray.
SOLDIERS HAVE A CLASH.
Bloody Fight In 'lion Tsin Among
Troops of the Powers.
There was a serious affray at Tien
Tsin between international troops.
Some British Fusiliers who were act
ing as police, sought to prevent French
soldiers from house breaking when
they were attacked with bayonets and
bricks.
In the melee a Frenchman was kill
ed. while five Germans and one Japan
ese were wounded. The arrival of a
German officer and a strong guard
ended the affray.
CONSTITUTION RIVEN
m
So Declares Bryan Anent Insular
Decision of Supreme Court.
MAKES M’KINLEY AN EMPEROR
Nebraskan Asserts that Republic’s
Foundation Is Assailed and
People Must Settle Issue
at the Polls.
Taking for his text the words “Em
peror McKinley,” William J. Bryan, at
Lincoln, Neb., has given out an extend
ed statement bearing oa the supreme
court decision in the insular cases.
Mr. Bryan declares the supreme court
has joined hands with the president
and congress in an effort to change
our form of government, and he calls
on the people to repudiate the verdict.
Mr. Bryan says in part:
“By a vote of 5 to 4 the supreme
court has declared President McKinley
emperor of Porto Rico and, according
to the press dispatches, the emperor
has gladly and gratefully accepted the
title conferred upon him by the high
est judicial tribunal of the land.
“Those who were encouraged to be
lieve that the constitution has caught
up with the flag were doomed to dis
appointment. In the Downes case, de
cided immediately afterward, a major
ity of the court composed of Justices
Brown, Gray, White, Shiras and Mc-
Kenna, neld that congress could deal
with Porto Rico, and the same logic
applies to the Philippines, without re
gard to the limitations of the consti
tution. Chief Justice Fuller and Asso
ciate Justices Harlan, Peckham and
Brewer dissented in strong and vig
orous language, but the opinion of the
majority, even a majority of one,
stands until it is reversed.
“This is one of the most important
decisions, if not the most important,
rendered by the court; it not only de
clares that congress is greater than
the constitution, which created it —the
creature greater than the creator—but
it denies the necessity for a written
constitution. The position taken by
the court is defended, or rather ex
cused, by reasoning which, if followed
out, will destroy constitutional liberty
of the United States. Every reason
given by Justice Brown could be used,
with even more force, to support a de
cision nullifying all limitations placed
by the constitution on congress when
dealing with the citizens of the sev
eral states. If the Porto Ricans can
trust the wisdom and justice of a con
gress, which they do not elect and can
not remove, why do the people of the
United States need a constitution to
protect them from congress which
they do elect and can remove? The
decision, in effect, declares that the
people are not the source of power,
it defends taxation without represen
tation and denies that governments de
rive their just powers from the con
sent of the governed.
“This decision, like the Dred Scott
decision, raises a political issue which
must be settled by the people. The su
preme court has joined with the presi
dent and congress in an attempt to
change the form of government, but
there yet remains an appeal to the
people.”
ULTIMATUM TO STRIKERS.
Southern Officials Order Machinists to
Return Or Be Fired.
The general order issued to the
striking machinists on the Southern
railroad was promulgated at Washing
ton Saturday by Vice President and
General Manager Gannon. It was an
ultimatum and announced that if the
strikers failed to report for duty at
their respective shops at the regular
hour on Monday it would be consid
ered that they had quit, and they
would be paid off and their places
filled.
Mr. Gannon estimated that the num
ber of men out on the whole system
aggregated between 500 and 600. He
says that the rolling stock of the road
is in excellent condition and that the
shops could remain closed for thirty
days without the least inconvenience.
ENTITLED TO PROTECTION.
Uncle Sam issues Passports to Mi
grating Residents of Philippines,
In answer to his application for in
structions, Secretary Hay has directed
Ambassador Choate at London to issue
passports to the two Filipinos who
appeared as the embassy a day or two
ago, “as residents of the Philippine
islands, and as such entitled to the
protection of the United States.”
The decision upon this point is of
importance as having, perhaps, some
bearing upon the status of the people
of the Philippines, Porto Rico and
Guam.
A circular of instruction now in
formulation, which will be sent out to
all United States diplomatic and con
sular representatives will direct them
to issue not certificates, but genuine
American passports to the islanders.
FIFTEEN PROBABLY DROWNED.
Fleet of Fishing Boats Swamped By
Squall Off Charleston Coast.
Fifteen men were probably drowned
about forty miles out from Charleston
Friday.
A fleet of fishing boats Svere caught
in a squall and three boats are missing
with crews aggregating fifteen men.
the majority of whom wore colored.
These boats, together with the crews,
are believed to be lost. _