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Black Oak Agricultural Society, >
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Resolved. That the Report of the ( momittccon Manures,
•his day read, be communicated to the Slate Agricultural
Soaietv, to l*e read before that hodv.—From the Minutes.
11. \V. liAVENEL, Bec'ry.
REPORT.
The Committee on Manures, in pursuance of the Reso
lution ayder which they are required, at the fall meeting
©f tlie Society, to report, concerning "the best and most
economical mode of collecting and preparing manures ; the
time aud manner of their application ; the adaptation of cer
tain manures to certain crops, with a detailed an ouni of all
experiments on the subject, which have been carefully
conducted and the results accurately noted ;” beg leave to
observe, that the wfte range of duty committed to them re
quires more time than lias elapsed since their appointment,
sensible, however, of the vast importance of the subject,
they have entered seriously & faithfully into the discharge
of their duty, and offer the following as a Report only in
parti
It is due, however, to the Society, to premise that the
direction which has been given to our labors, is one which
can hardly be said to be comprehended in the resolution
under which this report is presented. Believing, however,
that the points to which we are desirous of drawing the at
tention of the Society, are of vital importance to our inte
rests, we offer no apology for our apparent deviation from
the letter of the chart laid down for our governance.
It is^uta very few years since, within the limits of this
fleciat*, the benefits ofmanure# were mooted at every so.
rial meeting ; and even now, though no one is so outward
ly heretical as to question their ability, there are vet many
who h ave derived so little practical benefit from their ap
plication, that their faith in their efficacy, is rather a con
fidence in the testimony of others, than the result of their
own observation and experience.
Believing firmly as we do, that on the judicious use of
manures, depends the prosperity not only of our Society,
but of our State, we have devoted onr labors to an investi
gation of the cauios of the failures of manures, and have
endeavored, with the aid of ourpresent stale of knowledge,
•o point ouwtic remedies.
The great object of all farmers, both practical and theo
retical. has been to accumulate and bestow upon the land
a quantity of animal and vegetable matter, in the state of
progressive decomposition. This manure, called compost,
has been foi many veara the only sort applied to cotton hus
bandry in the inland districts. Its value depends upon its
origin ; that from the stable being always much more high
]/esteemed than that from the cow-pen. These were the
vaanureti universally applied to all soils, whatever their
condition. Limited, however, ai was the range of our
manuring resources, our knowledge of ibo soil as cultiva
ted, was, and even now is, still more contracted. No idea
whatever was entertained of their chemical composition.—
A brief inquiry into their physical cond.tion was all the in
vestigation bestowed upon them.
A new light hat recently dawned ape r us; and it becomes
tis peculiarly as cultivators of products unknown to other
portion* of Caucasian civilization, to embrace and improve
it to the highest possible degree. This light is the thorough
application of chemistry to agriculture. The cultivators of
other products have for their guides the experience of ages,
and o* the whole extent of civilization. We stand, as ag
riculturists. isolated from the inass of mankind 5 their prac
tice is to us 3 mystery, their experience to us useless.—
Let us hail. then, as the opening of a new era in our* agri-
culture, the scientific discoveries which enable us to ap
ply t©praciical fainting the mysteries of the laboratory.
The doctrine of the necessity of furnishing to p’ants, ei
ther as native constituents of the soil on which they are re
quired to grow, or in form <»f in 1 on e. <til 1 .<• «■
first distinctly announced by Liebig, the publication of
whose book forms an interesting epoch in the history of ag
riculture. But whilst announcing the important fact, he
seems to have regarded it father ns an axiom, incontrovert
ible. than as a new truth whose importance was to have
baan enforced upon the attention of agriculturis s. Hence
moat readers of his work are conscious of no operation of
husbandry so important na the collection and supply of ni
trogen to plants. Indeed the philosopher seetns to snuff*
ammonia in every b-eeze. All .lie picking impressions
which others derive from the sight of a herd of cattle go
ing to market, are lost to his imagination. He sees in them
nothing but a mass of nitrogen unfairly abstracted froexits
soil; and when man himself has finished his work
®*d given up the ghost, his only concern is that the nit
we have devoted this Report exclusively to a considera
tion of manures suitable for its production. 1m the analy
sis of this product, including the wool aud the seed, we
find the following inorganic constituents:
Carbonate ofFuiash, with traces of ^oda.
Phosphate of Lime, with traces of Magnesia.
Carbonate of Lime.
Carbonate of Magnesia.
Sil«ca.
Alumina.
Sulphate of Potash.
Chloride r*f Potassium.
Chloride of Magnesium.
Sulphate of Lime.
Phosphate of Potash.
Oxide of Iron nnd Manganese.
Or. by reducing these compounds to simple forms, we
find, in the indisiruciible portion of cotton, potash, lime,
inagnesis, silica, alumina, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, j
Iron, and manganese This is the general result of the a-
nalysis. made for this Society by Professor Shepard. As
the some general result was obtained by Dr. Ure'a analy
sis, we have every reason to believe that the before nam
ed ingredients are all necessary to the perfect development
of cotton. Let us now examine tiie material or soil upon
which, and the tools or manures with which, we operate.
The analysis of our soils is yet to be made. The Agri
cultural Society of Sr. John’s Colleton, enjoys the honor of
having taken the lead of her sister Societies in this enter-
prize. She has furnished an analysis of six specimens of
soils taken from a cotton plantation on Edisto Island, of
which the following u the general result:
Silica, alumina, peroxide of iron, carbonate of lime, nnd
phosphate ofltme.
It would thus appear that the soil of Edisto Tsland is de
ficient in four of the nine inorganic constituents of cotton,
vizj: potash, magnesia, sulphur an<l chlorine.
It is to be observed, however, respecting this analysis,
that it was made before the publication of Liebig's work on
Agricultural Chemistry, ana before the important doctrine
laid down in this report, was even partially recognized. It
was made 100, at a lime when the attention of our planters
was just beginning to be directed towards the use of lime;
nnd the respectable chemist, by whom the analysis was
made aimed rather to establish the amount of lime exist
ing in the soil, than to demonstrate rigorously nil the ma
terial, or, ns they were then considered, the immaterial
parts of which it is composed.’
Among the soils sent for analysis was h specimen of marsh
mud, that agent which has so signally contributed to reno
vate the soils of the islands on our const. Its component
parts appear to be silica, hornblende, feldspar, alumina,
iron, lime, and phosphorus. The hornblende nnd feldspar
of this mud furnish potash, lime, sods magnesia, manga
nese, and fiourine; so that with the aid of this manure, the
soil is furnished with every constituent of cotton except
chlorine and sulphur. It is difficult, however, to conceive
how either of these elements can be abseDt from n mud
which is twice daily flawed with sea water. It is rather to
he supposed that they are not enumerated, as being too ob
vious to require a special notice.
Having now ascertained, as far as chemical operations
have gone, the general composition of our cotton, and the
soils upon which we raise it, let us now inquire what are
the ingredients wheiewith we propose to amend our soils,
so as to increase their productiveness.
The cow-pen nnd stable have hitherto funished oil our
manures. The droppings of our cattle and homes mixed
up with the leaves of trees form our composts. Of these,
the product of the stable is generally found to be benefi
cial, while that of the cow pen is often so little value as to
discourage the planter in his efforts to obtain it.
One of the most successful planters in this Society has
declared, that for many years past, he has ceased to per
ceive any improvement 4in his crops from the use of cow pen
manure. The stalks have indeed increased too large size,
but they cither produce little fruit, or fail to mature a good
crop. It it obvious from Ibis result, that there can be no
want of nitrogenized matter in the manure, or it would not
promote rank vegetation. Tnc defect most lie in its inor
ganic constituents, and we may, by comparing the analy
sis of cotton nnd of our manures, find wherein the deficien
cy exists. Let it'be remembered, however, that we are
hampered in our reasonings by the want of full information
which it is the. province of the chemist alone to give.
Dr. Ure gives the following as the result of his analysis
of cow dung: lime, phosphate of lime, magnesia, iron,
alumina, silica, muriate, nnd sulphate of potash—in other
words, all the inorganic consti’.uents of cotton. It is to be
remarked, that though all the ingredients are there, yet
some exist in almost mfitiiienessimal qualities. Thus, all
the chlorine, sulphur, and potash, in 3-1 lbs. of dried cow
I dung, amount altogether n about 19 ounces, while the a-
mount of potash alone in a thousand pounds of cotton in the
seed, is equivalent to-five pounds. Now a good crop ot
cotton in the limits of this Society, not unfrequently yialds
a thousand pounds of cotton in the seed, or five pounds of
potash, on two acres ol land. Let ns now suppose a liberal
supply of compost bestowed upon two acres. If we say a
hundred loads o^manure to the two acres, we will far ex
ceed the average amount of manuring. Another liberalal-
lowance would be the supposition of the presence of the
equivalent »f three bushels of thoroughly dried cow dong
in each load of compost, and the measure of our liberality
will be filled to overflowing, if we suppose each bushel to
weigh fif^ pounds. Now. the 15,000 lbs. of cow dung,
which is thus applied to the two acres, contain but five lbs.
of sulphur, chlorine, and potash together, whereas the cot
ton to be obtained from the two acres, would require^ five
pounds of potash alone. It is obvious, tht refore. that if the
soil is wanting in these ingredients, the crop of cotton to be
obtained by this manuring must fall far abort of an average
good one, and this comes perceptibly so. when i: is recol
lected that the whol“ amount of manure is not consumed in
a season, but that its effects are continued for several years.*
It is but just to observe that the urine of the cow, yields
by aualysis a larger propoitional quantity of these necessa
ry ingredients in which the dung is deficient. Bnt this ad
vantage is hardly compensated when we reflect that in a
thousand parts of this excrement all the saline ingredients
together do not constitute o fiftieth portion.
Chemistry has revealed the composition of the excre
menisof the cow, a manure whicti we find decidedly infe
rior in value to that of the horse. We have not, however,
the same accurate analysis of these last to enable us to com-
parethem rigorously. We must use the light we have so
far as it goes, nnd trust to logical deductions for some of
the conclusions to which we snail arrive.
And in the first place, chemists differ very materially in
the partial analysis which they have made of horse dung.—
Macaire and Marcet found 97 per cent, of inorganic matter
or salts, in that analyzed by them. Liebig admits that he
has never found over 10 per cent., and Dr. Jackson, of Bos
ton, somewhat under8 per cent These discrepencies stag
ger our faith in the partial results which have been produ
ced. Suppose, however, the lowest to be the most accu
rate, and we have nearly four times the am aunt of ino gan-
ic matter in the excrements of a horse as in those of a cow.
panacea for aU agricultural evils, and that disappointment
was the natural consequences ofs«cb unreasonable prac
tices and hopes. And yet, with all the odium attached
to its memory, we have heard of some singularly fa
vorable results attending its use. Among others, we have
heard t u at the late Thomas Palmer, Esq- from his plan
tation in St. Stephens, the average production of which was
CO lbs. of cotton per acre, obtained one year, with the aid
ol gypsum, an average of 120 lbs. If subsequent experi
ments resulted in failures, litis may be accounted for ia a
variety of wa\s; the gypsutn may (as lime will do) have
exhausted the soil; this is no mystery in countries where
lime is used; the reasons may have been unpropitious.—
And ii may be true, that in the absence of any marked ben
eficial result, our planters may have been diacouraged,
and seized gladly any pretext for saving their money and
avoiding a labor to which they were unaccustomed. Of
all men in the world, agriculturists are the most unwilling
t© follow improvements in their profession, and the readi
est to discover the inability of those suggested. Our plan
ters long since knew that liuie was used in their vt<ry neigh
borhood with favorable resulta. but it required the energy
and fire of #3 Ruffin to make the adoption of its use general.
In addition to the eypsum, we would recommend that all
the spare cotton seed should be cast upon the compost heap.
It is needless to dwell before this Society, upon the ines
timable value of this manure. We would only suggest
that the cow-pen should be materially improved, while the
cotton seed would be permitted to be spread profitably,
though in small quantities, over a much greater surface
than they could be applied in the usual way.
Lastly, vit would perfect the compost by the addition of
ashes. There is no manure, cotton seed perhaps excepted,
which, applied singly to land, produces such striking re
sults. The ashes of the oak, though most accessible tout,
contain all the inorganic constituents of cotton, and are par
ticularly rich in lime, potash, sulphuric acid, chlorine, and
phosphoric acid, while they contain so much of all its other
constituents as to preclude the idea of deficiency in any.
It may be objected to the addition of ashes to the com
post heao. that the mixture will hasten the evolution of
ammonia, and thus rob the manure of its nitrogen. If,how-
ever, gypsum be applied previt uslj, or in combination
with the ashes, this objection will in a great measure be
removed, since the ammonia kas an affinity with the sul
phuric acid of the gypsum, with which it forms a solid bo
dy, the sulphate 01 ammonia. But even were this not the
case, observation has taught that it ia almost impossible to
expel all the nitrogen; that which remains will unite with
the potash ; in the great laboratory of nature, fresh supplies
will be elicited from the atmosphere, and the result will be
the nitrate of potash, or common saltpetre of commence,
an agricultural agent at least as valuable as any prepara
tion of ammonia can be.
We close our report with the relation of a few facts, com
ing under our observation, corroboratory of the views we
have offered.
On the 22d of August last, the Committee on Manures
visited Fair Spring, the plantation of Mr. Robert Afazyck,
to witness the result of his experiments with green sand.
This marl, of which this is the only locality hitherto disco
vered in the State, is found in a ravine, on*the eastern side
of Begin Swatnp. It is of a lively green color, so soft as to
be easily turned out with the spade, is full of fossils, indi-
catingthe presence of lime in its various inodes of exist
ence. and is said to be rich in potash. It is to be regretted
that Mr. Mazyck did not accurately observe the quantity
applied to his land ; and it is rather too early in the season
for us to be furnished with the results of his experiment
At that period of the summer, however, a practical eye
can judge with tolerable accuracy what the result wjllbe.—
It required but a glance to convince us, that the cotton ma
nured with green sand was three-fold the best portion of
his crop not so manured. We can give no better idea of
its appearance than by comparing it to a pyramid of luxuri-
ant vegetation, rising so abruptly from outToflhe rest of the
cotton, as to be at a glance obvious to the most careless
spectator; and the quantity and maturity of the fruit cor
responded with the luxuriance of the plant.
Less striking in appearance on that same day was a field
atSomerton, manured with twenty leads of cow-pen com
post, and twenty bushels of ashes per acre. But even this
small quantity of ashes caused such a difference in the
growth and maturity of the cotton as to be easily distinguish
ed from that which had none. A pari of the result of the
experiment at Somerton is known, and corroborates our
opinion that ashes should b« mingled with the compost. At
the second picking of cotton, before the middle of Septem
ber, four hundred pounds per acre of cotton in the seed
were harvested from that portion which had ashes. It is
but just, however, to observe, that in this case the ashes
formed no portion of the compost; they were spread upon
the list; the compost placed under.
One of the Committee has recently aeen a crop of cotton
in Sl Andrew’s .Parish, which he thinks would be esti
mated at ton low a late at a thousand pounds of seed cwtton
per acre. This result was effected by using the fine parti
cles of compost, at the bottom of the manure heap, la this
case the active particles of the compost heap were concen
trated at the bottom; for they always have a tendency CO
descend, being carried down, partly in a state of solution,
partly by the mechanical actions of rains. The result of
these three instances are with us conclusive, that tht ae
tion of manures is directly in proportion to the amount
and quality of their inorganic constituents, and that
to the collection of these, the planter should mainly di
rect his attention.
Offering the accompanying Resolutions, as necessary to
carry into operation the principles of this Report, we shall
no longer trespass upon the patience of the Society.
In behalf of the Committee.
FRED- A. PORCHER.
RESOLUTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE O.H MANURES.
1. That it be recommend ad jto the Society to annrm<riate
adequate funds to the accomplishment of at horough analy
sis, of all the products of our soils, of our soils themselves
and of our manures.
2. That we earnestly recommend to 1 our sister Societies
throughout the State, to contribute to a similar analysis of
their soils and productions.
3. That the Representstivea to the Legislature from these
parishes, be respectfully requested to urge upon their re
spective houses the necessity and expediency of perfecting
the A gricultura! Survey of the Slate, so happily begun.
It is to be remarked, also, that the pbospbete of magneah
exists in a notable quantity in the dung of a horse, and is
also a conspicuous constituent of cotton. The partial report
of Dr. Jackson, however, gives no potash nor sulphur
whatever. This considerati »n alone induces us to consid
er the analysis incomplete, and compels us in the absence
of a rigorou-i analysis, to resort to the indications affurded
* | * ' * * * “ nccrrauuiIUUCU to toe
fan of hi* composition is laid down too low to be made a-
vailaV.e to vegetation.
Out let sa do justice to Liebig. He is tint one-sided in his
views. He dwells, it is true, particularly upon one sub-
but hi« love of a theory does n»»t lead hint to strain
every point to sustain his views. Another class of philoso
phers have ridden a hobby which they call g m ine, to which
•hey attribute s)J the virtues of manures. It would be best
we think, before going into the modus operandi •>( man
ures, to inquire first into the whole condition of the pro
ducts of the soil—let us first know what they are. and we
•hall be unfortunate indeed, if we do not find out what is
good for them.
It is one ol the blessings wherewith our lot is tempered,
(hat all genuine work, all honest labor, is productive. So
we have been benefit ted by every class of philosophers
who ha ve applied their industry to the consideration of ag
riculture. We ire still hampered ia our researches after
truth, by ths obtrusion of their fanciful theories; but a mass
of light has been shed on the subject, from which we are
Confident of deriving vast benefit.
All plants, we may say all vegetable products, are com
posed cfcarbon, hydiogen and oxygen ; in addition to these
•oxne have nitrogen. Of these constituents, the soil is
cemposed chiefly of carbonaceous matter; the atmosphere
we brasthe, consiau of oxvgen and nitrogen in a state of
Wehanica! combination ; and water is the chemical union
of hydrogen with Oxygen. Thus it is obvious, the sources
of these organic constituents are inexhaustible. But there
is another portion of vegetables which has hitherto been
overlooked. It is the incombustib'e or Inorganic structure;
that which after combustion remains in the form of ashes,
•nd to which the general and unsatisfactory name of salts
is applied. Now. in onr system of making manures, we
have regard chiefly the collection ol organic matter, nnd
w# are surprised and disappointed when the application of
tbit matter fails to produce the required effect. We shall
try to shoot that the cause of this tailuie is to lie attributed
•« our neglect in provt ding for the t norganic constitu
ents of the nlants ue cultivate.
Il is a rule which cannot now be diftpuird. th»t where-
fttr tht mnulytitofa vegetable product t/irli*, a*a con- I
Uant quality, an i inrgnnir contlUuent.hoiccver small,
such inorganic body ix absolutely necessary to the 1
ksaltkful condition of the plant ; and it will follow, as a j
©ecessarv consequence of this rule. tha 1 . wherever tihe soil [
on which it is attempted to cultivate a plant, is desti
tute of any one of its inorganic conniitucntn, it tail U J
vain to attempt to prou the plant upon it. If the mate- |
rial exist in too small a quantity in the soil, the cr»q> will
bo correspondingly short and sickly.
Regarding this rule ns nu axiom in enlightened agricul
ture, we ahall draw n few practical results thatefroni, in
relation to our own pursuits.
The first step necessary toward?, productive agriculture,
end one which falls within the province of our agricultur
al Societies, it to lave vigorous and sccurote analysis
made, not only of the crops we cultivate, but of the soils
en which we raise them, and of the manures which we em
ploy in tbe*r cultivation.
Our own Society has the honor of having made one of
tht firat moves in tbit en’erprize, and has furnished an an-
elyait ef her principal products As cotton is our staple, ,
test ol analyses, are better treated in every respect than
those from which we derive our manure. It is a common
sense principle, and a rule in practical agriculture is based
upon it in Europe, that the excrement of an animal ahall
bear n fair proportion to the food he eats. Titus in the
neighborhood of Hildeahrine. in Germany, the farmers pay
a higher price^ for the excrements of Protestants than for
those of Catholics, as those of the latter are impoverished
by the numerous faats enjoined by the Church of Rome —
The same must be true likewise of the lower animals. In
Europe, where cable constitute an important item in a far
mer s wealth, they are fed with the most nutritious food
which they are capable of digesting, and their excrements
must partake of the nature of their food. The clover and
turnip* which the happy cattle of thatcountry consume, are
rich in the most inorganic constituents, and hold in large
quantities potash, magnesia, sulpher, and phosphorus, and
yet. with all this advantage in point of food, their excie-
rnents are inferior in value to those of the horse. Fargrc-a-
ter then must be the difference here, where the cow is left
to her own ingenuity todiaw her nourishment from the
soil. The grasses abounding in phosphates are not faund
with us, and it i* more than probable that the small qcanii-
t phosphates they do contain, are all required to
aid in the formation and support of the bones of the animal,
C fri* n *V a ver y ,n * nule portion to pass out in the excretions
The horse on ti e contrary is as well fed here as in any
part ot Europe, perhaps (for we have not yet learned the
economy of farming) he is better fed. We have therefore
a right to expect to find in his excretions the constituents
of maize, viz: potash, lime, phosphorus, magnesia, and
sulphur, and the quantity of sulphur will be sensibly in-
create.I when he ** fed on peas. Moreover, his urine yields
nearly five percent, of saline ingredients, while that of a
cow falls short of two.
thu
h the
Note.—A few observations are yet necessary to perfect
the report, which has grown under our bands, to an unex
pected length. It will be observed, that we have taken no
notice whatever of the amount of inorganic matter existing
in the litter with which our compost is made. As this is an
equal quantity in both sorts of compost, il cannot, as a gen
eral rule, materially effect the relative value of either.—
With respect to what has been said in the earlier pact of
the report respecting the theories of the chemists, we cheer
fully acknowledge our unfitness to sit in judgment upon
their merits. We do know, however, when they give ua
satisfactory replies to our queries, and we are painfully
conscious when they fail to answer us; and the worst of It
too is. that they undertake to speak a language intelligible
to eve*y farmer. Now in our humble jidgment, when •
fat mar consults a book purely scientific, for information re
lative to his profession, he expects to find the language of
science, and is generally prepared to meet it. Now, what
can be more unsatisfactory than the following. Weinqtdj^
you the result of my analysis of cowdung in such Urmt
as the farmer may comprehend ; water 83 60 ; hay H ;
biliary matter (bile resin, fat and green resin of hay) 1,275;
eeine combined with potash, (vegetable extract,) 0,95; al
bumen. 0,175.” If the farmer may comprehend this, may
he not equally comprehend the results of a destructive anal
ysis ? Is it not likely that the farmer would better apprect-
ate the value of silica, alumina, liine, magnesia, Alc.. than
of this mysterious geine which it thus forced upon his at
tention? Particularly when he is told that all these sre
constituent portions of the crop he cultivates. Let the
chemist use the language of his profession, and give the re
sult of his labors, and the farmer will thank him.
deni to early youth—incident to the ** barrel
age,” and fatal to old men. Like the measles
and the whooping cough, it seldom attacks
mote than once, and the older the victim the
more dangerous. It ruing the health of the bo
dy and affects the mind. But the cure—what
is the cure? And here all differ. Some seek
in travel a remedy—others take to Byron and
diink, and thereby prolong their misery.—
There is but one cure. Let the patient eat—
eat with all his might, and viands and disease
will disappear together.
’Twas at a party we were first attacked.—
We came in late, with a goodly quantity of
bad chnmpaigne in our weak head, just in the
situation to be easily assailed by the disorder,
and we met it near the entrance. Mephisto-
pholes, we are told, after leaving the witches’
den with Faust, remarks that his companion is
juat in the situation to think the first woman he'
met an angel, From this we gather th >t the
doctor was drunk. We were tipsy on that
memorable n : ght, and through a sort of cloud
saw our angel seated at the piano. We took a
lean upon the mantel, and a long stare at the
divinity before us, for once forgetting our hands
and feet. We saw a multitude of siiken ring
lets falling over a marble brow, and shoulders
of snowy whiteness. We say eyes—full, glo
rious eves, that welled forth untold and untena
ble feelings. We saw a figure beaut'fjlly
rounded, light as a fairy. And then, oh ! ye
gods, those hands, small, plump, delicately
moulded, that seemed like gemmed insects, or
rather beautiful birds, to hover and flutter over
the ivory keys, charming music from the instru
ment they scarcely seemed to touch. Such
execution was seldom heard on a piano—‘twas
nothing to the execution done on our heart.
Oh! Widow Green—Widow Green, 3’ou
were near the death of us, you were indeed.—
You snapped nearly asunder the chords that
bound us to the ideal—
"The beautiful is vanished and returns not.”
As dark shadows steal over the meadow when
the sun departs, so gloom has settled on our
soul since thy sunny countenance fled from us
forever. Oh ! Widow Green, oh
Hold ! bring us a potatoc—we feel a relapse.
We were introduced, nnd all the evening we
hovered round, (whew ! think of a youth with
such feet -* hovering”—haunt is the word) lis
tening to sweet nothings, lisped out. In such a
frank, simple manner, that the bolt her beauty
had sent smashing through our poor heart was
well rivetted. We saw her hooded and cloak
ed, nnd helped into her carriage, and then reel
ed home drunk—with love and beauty.
The following morning, dressed with unusu
al care, we called upon onr charmer. Visit
followed fast upon the heels of visit, until we
became a sort of fixture at the widow’s man
sion. We were encouraged in the most flat-
tering manner. Observant reader, have you
ever studied a widow, while inveigling an inno
cent youth into her toils ? If you have, you’ve
some idea of the labor a youth—a verdant
youth—a youth of the ** barrel age,” may per
form. To act the groom on horseback, to
make hideous with serenades, to spend a small
fortune in bouquets and buggies, to dance at
tendance at the theatres, b-dls, parties, lectures,
exhibitions, «fcc.—to do all this is <o do but a
small part of what is exacted. We worked
like a slave and expended like a nabob.—
Week after week flew by in this service. We
became thin and pale, and subject to sudden
fits of poetry. In looking over our common
place book, we find, among other things of the
like ilk, the following. It is given to the read
er, not for any supposed merit, (heaven save the
mark !) but as an instance of what a matier-of-
f«o' bii.-inoeo man may ho guilty of at the ‘‘bar.
rel age,” when deeply in love :
Here, in the right of an experienced old
bachelor, permit us to give one word of advice
to lovers in general. Never spend a cent in
love making. If the girl is worth having, you
cannot purchase her with bouqueisand buggies,
serenades and sonnets. It adds to the agonv
From the IVatkington CanttUxUton.
Scenes at Washington,
The present is a moment full of instruction
and anxiety. The President, wbo has k cen
sought in his retirement, and elevated to the
first office in the gift of the people, isjust enter.
of ilia rejected one to know, that he has lost , ' n S u P on *l |e discharge of those muhifaricus,
and often unwelcome duties which that office
devolves. The first net which has art official
form, and which has a most intimate and impor
tant bearing upon all others, is the selection of
those persons who are to compose his Cabinet,
The position assumed by us in reference t 0
that subject lias uniformly been, that the Pre.
sident should be left perfectly free to choott
those members of his official family without anj
extraneous influence whatever. And to th#
President of their choice, with a Cabinet to
chosen, the people would rally with the same
j zeal and enthusiasm which had enabled them to
achieve a great party victoiy. With a single
exception, that Cabinet consists of men long
trusted and confided in by the people—veter
ans in the public service, and in tlje political
councils of the country ; and the exception *1-
luded to possessing talents and literary merit*
of|the very highest order. Wi'hsuch a Cabi
net, hacked by the confidence a id kind' wishe*
of the country, the President enters upon the
duties assigned him. This he does, neither
with a blind confidence nor a timid distruit,
but with that calm self-possession which springs
from a proper appreciation of his own powers,
and a firm determination to do his duty without
fear, favor, or affection.
The first thing in order, seems to be the ne
cessary duty of giving some reply to the soli
citations of that vast multitude who have come
herefrom all parts of the country, to partici- .
pate in the patronage which the President has
to bestow. This assemblage is made up of two
distinct parties—one set is already in office,
and desires to remain in. and the other, of
course, desires to get in. To dispense theio
Government favors, where so many are apply
ing, according to principles of justice, and m
that manner which may best contribute to the
advancement of the public serv ice, is a most
difficult, and sometimes embarrassing task, and
calls for great firmness and judgment. The
President is fully equal to the exigency, and .
will proceed to the discharge of these delicate
and troublesome duties with deliberations and
firmness. We are assured, that no man will
further chances of success, by urging his re
quests with pertinacity and annoying frequen
cy. When they have presented their claims,
and whatever rec r mmendations they may have
to sustain them, and the throng that now press
es upon him shall have returned to their homes,
he will deliberately consider the character of
not: only his heart, hut his dimes. He may
do as un old friend of ours once did, make out
a hill—stop, we have it somewhere about—all!
here it is,
Lizza Catcriat,
To Davy Dumps, Dr.
To 16 serenades, one dollar per serenade, SIC 00
10 buggy rides, $1 50 each. 15 00
52 bouquets, sny one dollar per bouquet, 52 00
02 day’s lime lost, three dollars per day, 276 00
$359 00
To this Davy added a large sum in the way
of damages fur friends lost and a doctor’s bill.
But this, however amusing, will not heal a
light pocket any more than it can cure a hea
vy heart.
In pursuit of the widow we thinned and pa
led rapidly. Love-making, ns Montaznma
Dawkins correctly remarks, is ‘ putty fun,”
but it can’t Ian forever, and in our case we
determined to end it or our existence by the un
tried experiment of “popping the question,”
which was more easily determined upon than
accomplished. Opportunity after opportunity
escaped without accomplishing the object.—
Either courage oozed out at the proper mo
ntent. or the widow, with the tact of a skilful
hand, led us from the poin\ But come it
must; and we fixed a time, and inwardly
swore the matter should be settled then or ne
ver.
Returning in the evening from a fashionable
church, the choir of which the widow Ire-
quentnd, we determined should be the occa
sion of our undei taking. We prepared a lit
tle speech. We settled ourself into an untri
ed pair of inexpressibles, and passed nearly an
hour in compressing our understanding into
new boots. FinaBy, with a pain at our heart
and a pain, at our toes, we walked the widow to
church. She passed up the gallery, and we
seated ourself in a pew half way down the prin-
cipal aisle. The Rev. Mr. Lcatherlungs was a
popular divine, and the house was crowded
to excess, and warm to suffocation. The heat
began soon to affect our pedal extremities.—
Our boots were too small in ihe first instance ;
and before the Reverend gentleman, was half
through, we were suffer ng the agonies of the
damned. Talk of thumb-screwg and the rack !
they are nothing to swelling feet in tight boots !
They grew worse every minute. We had fe
vers and numbness—sharp pains, dull pains,
running pains, and throbbing pains. Our face
was Hushed——our body bent with agony es- the incumbent, as well as the applicant for of.
From the Mississippi Democrat.
A Reminiscence of an 014 Bachelor*
11 Yet what Boots it now to telL*'— Brito*.
" Venjrou feel* riveiah. Samire), especially for a rid-
der. don’t hang yourself, that's wulgar. but go into a closet
and take picen, andyou‘11 feel glad of it afterward*/’
FiCKWICK,
food
by investigating the constitution of the
/11ich the two animals eat. dispense in a great mess*
ure with any particular analysis of their excrements, and
5afelv come to the following conclusion; Tli.it the inorgan-
1C c.inMjtaent. of ibe excrements ofa horse, ure more tlinn
double in quantity to those of the cow, and that while those
of the latter consist chiefly of silicates, those of the former
abound in ih*» phosphates oflimennd magnesia, twoof the
in >?! important constituents of cotton.
We would suggest therefore the propriety nf improving
the value of our cow pen composts, by the admixture of
certain matters of known utility, and either cheap, if pur
chased with money, or easily accssible to every cotton
planter.
And in the first place, we would recommend the addi
tion of a bushel of gypsum for every acre which it ia in
tended to rover with the compost.
1 he advantage of this mixture is a double one. In the
first place, we add to the manure both lima and sulphuric '
acid, substances winch perforin important functions, not
only in the growth of cotton, but of every crop we cultivate;
nnd, la the second place, we prevent the evaporation of
the ammnniacnl gnases which have always a tendency to
escape during rite progress of decomposition.
A strong prejudice prevails in many parts ofSoulb Caro
lina aeain.t the use of gypsuin. and this prejudice ia
atre.rth.ned by the consideration that it wa» imported
largely for the sake of its suppose i fertilizint; properties,
»n,I failed. Hut it should be remembered that, at that time,
the use of any minure was a blind practice, equivalent to
quackery : that from the use of gvpsam unaided by other
agents all virtues were eapected ; that it was used as a
” It were a real increase of human happi
ness,” observes Carlyle, “ could all young
men from (he age of nineteen be covered under
barrels or otherwise rendered invisible, and
there left to follow their lawful studies and cal
lings, till they emerged sadder and wiser at tne
| age of twenty-five; such gawks are they, and
I yet wiili such a vulturous hunger for sell-indul-
gence; so obstinate, obstroperous, vainglori*
ous ; in all sense- so fro ward, and so forward.”
At the most wretched period of this most
wretched age, we left our Alma Mater fur a
dive into society before settling down in a pro
fession. Without settled principles or opin
ions, with no correct idea of the world, but with
a firm belief that a dissipated life was u Para
dise regained, in which wine and women, balls
and buggies, cards and cigars, floated confused-
ly in our fascinated imagination, with no con
trol over our hands and feet, we were turned
loose upon the community at large. Ever me
morable times! Bright, yet ruinous! The
da 3 , at least so much of it as we permitted to I watering a cold in the chest or that the “winds
see our valuable person out of bed, was passed that sigh around the bower” are playin<* the
m loafing in cofree houses or ntne-pin alleys, very duce with your hollow too*li^ to know
r dnvng fast trotting horses ; while the eve- that the guitar will „ive B t j£°Z
The stars are bright in heaven’s deep*
Soft runs the drowsy stream,
Tht birds are in thy bower asleep,
And flowers nodding dream ;
The winds scarce bear the melody.
And all the rent are left,
Save one, who sleepless sings to thee,
By thee of sleep bereft. 4
When sunlight leaves the fading west,
And stars are in the tkies,
I turn me from my deep unrest
To muse upon thine eyes ;
Of if. perchance, sweet sleep appear
To bid my heart rejiice,
Thy fairy form I see, I heir
The music of thy voice*
Then wake—though o’er thy gentle head
In dreams wild fancies play,
Oh ! wake—though hopes are rtund thee shed
That waking fades away ;
Oh! wake thee, dearest, wake awhile,
Tny gentle voice we need,
Without thy voice, without thy smile.
The night is night indeed.
This was sung by a music man of rather
** rt, plejion (k/a h*»J puir! him q ffollar,
for we have no music in our soul) under the
widow’s window at J past 11 P. M. precisely.
For an audience we had two men, three boys,
and.* watchman, all “just dropped by,” and
having an ear for sweet sounds, remained to
listen, kindly throwing in a few remarks, such
as “ wake ’em up, Durby,” “go it strong,”
&c. f and toshow their, musical abilities, whist
led, or sung offhand accompaniments, enliven
ed with occasional imitations of the French
horn. In the middle of the third line of the
second verse our musician suddenly sneezed—
whereupon the applause became tumultuous.—
We were favored with a bouquet by the widow,
but in dropping it she dropped her night cap.
It came sailing down like a snow-wreath from
heaven, and now hangs, even unto this day, be
side our looking-giass, a warning to gods and
men.
What a very absurd business, by the by, is
this serenading. For the lady, il may be well
enough to be wakened from a deep sleep, and
then soothed to slumber again by strains that
steal out on the nlght air. She retires about
ten P. M. after doing up her lovely locks in
brown paper, pulls over them a warm night
cap, enrolls herself in a gown tha; it did not
take Mrs, Tippet a week to fit and fashion, or
her immaculate washer woman to whiten—
thus encased she rolls in snugly, with nothing
visible but the (ip end of her lovely nose.—
When the music awakens her, she opens one
ear, and long before the last quaver dies away,
is lost in dreams again. The dav following,
the serenaded boasts—“Oh! I had such a nice
serenade last night—two flutes, fiddle, guitar,
and all, and Mr. did sing so—Oh, my !”
Well enough, well enough. But fi>r full grown
men, after dvradling about on chairs and sofas
until midnight to travel round attached to guit
ars and fiddles, is too absurd. To feel when
‘twilight dews are falling fast,” that they are
cape there was none. The architects of the
church understood human nature, and placed
the pulpit near the entrance, so that after the
congregation was once seated, none could es
cape until the sermon had been heard and paid
for. Nay had the Reverend gei tlemun fallen
down in an apoplectic fit, and thereby left tlie
way clear, doubtful had it become whether
we could have walked. Relief must be had !
nnd desperately we cut our straps, fixed our
left foot under the stool used to km-el a-pon, &
gave a jerk We upset the stool, nnd sent it
with considerable rumpus a dozen feet on the
floor. We persevered, however, pulled off
one boot, and left the other partly on. Deli
cious, oh delicious beyond expression-, was the
relief afforded. While the congregation is-dis
persing, wp can easily stoop down nnd pull on
our boot. Delusive hope! The last hymn
was at last sung-—the benediction given—the
congregation began to disperse. We stooped
to try the hoots—we pulled, we str ined, we
kicked, we jerked—bootless—’twas all in vain.
Not an inch would ojtfoot advance. Horrible
fact! Ottr little widow tripped down the aisle,
and stood talking to the sexton, evidently wait
ing for us, near the door. The refractory
boots would not go on. Horrible fact!
We have danced a war dance with the Pot-
tawattomies; we have gazed upon the pyra
mids while resting under the shadow of a cam-
el; we have seen th*r vast prairies of the Wes',
and thousands of huffal *es herding together;
we once saw a hog go over Niagara Fall; we
have taken tea with Ann Royal, we have been
ir. many situations that called up emotions from
the bottom of the soul—but never, no, neve r
in one that hooked up the same sense of an aw
ful reality as the fix that night.
There stood the widow waiting impatiently
for us. We cou'd’nt hide in the pews and be
locked tip in the church—no trap opened in
ttie tloor through which we could disappear in
a flash of blue light. Desperate at last, we
seized our boot and started out. With our left
foot unnaturally elevated some three inches,
(we measure six feet two,) with the big toe of
our right foot shamefully sticking out ofa dir
ty sock, we travelled at u quick pace with a
very cranky motion. The widow saw us ap
proach with a look of utter astonishment.—
With face glowing like a furnace, we slowly
banged to the door, paused on the threshhold
but for a moment to hear some merry peals of
laughter, and then fh-w home—liavingour speed
considerably quickened at one corner by a little
urchin, screaming out—“G'o it boots.”
We have had, since the event here record
ed, many ups and downs of various character.
We have hid our head much settled by the
weight of Blackstone, Chitt v, Arc., hut to this
day we feel grievously afflicted at the most
distant allusion to our misfortune. Even while
flee, and decide according to justice and the
fitnessmf things. In this way individual n>er.
it will be rewarded, the public service advan
ced, and no just cause of offence given to any,
because a just impartiality will be observed
towards all.
licep Out of Debt.
Let every young man and youth read and
remember the following : “ Of what a hide~
ous progeny of ill is debt the father! What
lies, what meanness, what invasions of self-re
spect, what double dealing! How in due seav
son it vrrl} carve - the frank, open-face into wrine
kies—how like a knife ’twill stab the honest!
heart. And then its transformation ! How
it has been known to change a goodly face into -
a mask of bras* : the man into a callous trick
ster! A freedom 1 from debt, and what nour
ishing sweetness may he found in water;
what toothsomeness In a dry crust; what am
brosial nourishment in : a- hard egg. Be sure
of It, he who dines out of debt, though his meal
be a biscuit and an onion, dines in “the Apol-
!o.” And then for raiment—what warmth in
a thread-bare coat, if the tailor’s receipt be in
the pocket; what Tyrian purple in. the faded
waistcoat, the vest not owed for, how glossy
the well worn hat if it cover not the aching
head ofa debtor.
Next, the home sweets, the out door recrea
tions of a free man. The street door knockers
fall not a knell on his heart; the foot on the
stair case, though he live on the third pair,
sends no spasm through his anatomy; at the
rap at his door, he can crow forth •* come in,’ r
and his pulse still beat healthfully, his heart
sinks not into his bowels.
See bins abroad ! How confidently, yet
how pleasantly, be takes the stre.it ; how he
returns lo k for look with any passenger; how
he saunters now meeting an ucquaintance, he
stands and gossips ! But then this man knows
no debt—debt that casts a drug in the richest
wine ; that makes the food of the g<>ds un
wholesome, indigestible ; that sprinkles the
banquet of Lucullus witli ashes, soot in the
soup of an emperor ; debt, that like the moth*
makes valueless furs and velvets, inclosing the
wearer in a fastening prison, (the shirt of Nes-
sus was a shirt not paid fur :) debt, that writes
upon frescoed walls the hand writing of the at
torney, that puts a voice of terror in the knock
er ; and makes the heart quake at the haunted'
fireside; debt, the invisible demon that walks
abroad with a mnn, now quickening h s stepsy
now making him lookon all sides like a hunted
beast, and bringing to his face the ashy hue of
death, as the unconscious passenger looks gTao-
cy upon him ! Poverty is a bitter draught,
yet may, and sometimes with advantage, be
gulped down. Though the drinker make wry
faces, there may, after all, be a wholesome
goodness in the cup. But debt, however cour-
‘boots /”
enjoying a play, we start nervously should the te0Us |y * l be offered, is the sup of a syren, and
pit Trollope convicted raise the cry of i l ^ e Wlne * s P' ce( k delicious though it be, an
' eating poison. The man out of debt, though
with a flaw in his jerkin, a crack in the shoe
leather, and a hole in his hat, is still the son of
liberty, free as the sing ng lark above him ; but
the debtor, though clothed in the utmost brave*
ry, what is he but a serf upen a holiday, a
slave to be reclaimed at any instant by his own
er, the creditor f
My son, it poor, see wine in the running
spring, let thy mouth water at a last week’s roll,
think a threadbare coat the only wearer, tr.d
acknowledge a whitewashed garret the filteit
housing place for a gentleman. Do this and
flee debt. So shall thy heart be at peace, and
the sheriff be confounded.”
i
I
1
a
4
n
a
c
/!
«
ft
T
?
I
k
*
statement.
e thr ;
tha
>ore wift written, we h«tve seen Dr. Daria’s
• ay , 1 nf cow dun*, av evacuated, is
j< < poums I nw, »fP3 per cent, nf this he water, the
allowance of 50 ll>* a, the weight of the ,lrv dung, is in
deed an excess of liberal,,*. The true weight of the drv
dune, is just 22 pounds, and ihe quantity neceisarv to e-
qual 1 5.000 lb,, would be 452 bushel,. Compare .tits with
ii a-pnr
tun ofe
ning found us associated with others of like
age nnd character, ot the theatre or any other
place of amusement that would release us late
nt night to cards, hot punch, broiled bones, and
perhaps broken heads or the watch house.-
How such a life would have terminated can on
ly be imagined, for we were arrested in mid
career. Gentle reader, w; fell in ] a v fl t
Much hus been said, sung, and written upon
ilfthrotTgMhe medi- I ,h ' 9 ' maUer ° f lf>Ve > and a11 to purpose
That it is a disease, all admit. A disease inei-
guitar will give place to a catarrh, 01
that the trombones will be followed by aching
bones, is sickening. Go to balls, parlies, sup
pers,—get drunk—go on a spree, and suffer
afterwards—there is some alleviation in your
misery to know that there was fun and excite
ment in the deed. But serenading is a cold
blooded business. Rob '—hire a band and
send them round, with orders to bring home
all that is thrown out, even a chair, and next
morning, after a comfortable night’* rest, you
can gather in the laurels.
Statistics orOrunkciincs?.
Hoar the wag Bunch talk upon the “statis
tics of drunkenness.”
A very curious document has been lately
drawn upon the origin, causes, results, meta
physics, philosophy, and physiology of drunk
enness. One of the most curious clmpters is
that which contains the table of the various cir
cumstances to which inebriety may be attribu
ted. The report divides intoxication into sev
eral heads, including the muzzy, six cases out
often may be traced to spasms’ and that one
nineteenth arises from birth-days ; that among
confidential clerks inebriety is rare, hut when
it occurs, pickled salmon, or the arrival ofa
friend from the country, arc found to be the
most usual causes of the malady.
Drunkenness has also been known to arise
in some instances from taking up a bill; but as
the latter is an operation which persons given!
to intoxication seldom perform, the number of
cases to be attributed to this source is very in
significant. A wife’s birth day has often been
known to lead to a total prostration of the hus
band, but it is a remarkable fact, that the dav
is frequently mistaken in these instances, and
such is the power of ima ination. that
Dime ! Time! Time!—A dollar dropped in
to the sea cannot be recovered, neither can a
lost hour be regained ; once lost, it is lost for
ever. Napoleon once said to some boys in a
school he visited ; “My lads, every hour 0 f
lost time is a chance for future misfortune.”
Early ^Rising.—Young ladies, would votr
improve^jrour ininds ?—know that the morning
is tlie best time to study. Would you improve
vour beauty ?—know that the morning air i*
the best cosmetic. Would you enjov pleasure
without alloy I—know that the sun rising from
his yellow couch, presents one of the most
sublime arid beautiful scenes in nature. Would
lias been knoiv,, drop d<„v„ into thr, g ™, j M*
eight or nine limps in a yenr, through having
fancied that the birtli-dav of his wife occurred
repeatedly in the course of a twelvemonth.
now that flowers are clad in their
best attire, and send fortli the sweetest per
fumes in the morning. Finally, would you
attend a morning school ?—get up at 4 o’clock.