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RUSSIAN PEASANT LIFE.
EXISTENCE ’VIATJT2 A BT7RDK?T 3Y
TAXATION AND EXTOBTION.
Description of the Homes of the
Lower Classes—Their Food, Cloth¬
ing and Amusements.
The monotony of peasant life is simply
indescribable, especially among the older
members of the communities. They rise
with the sun and labor almost incessantly
until he sinks to rest. Scanty raiment,
often insufficient food, and at all times cf
the coarsest quality, are not apt to pro¬
duce smiling faces or happy hearts.
Every act of the peasant's life is imbued
with a certain sadness. If he laughs, it
is in a subdued, quiet manner; if he
sings, it is always in minor notes, a sad
refrain of the still sadder thoughts of his
heart. Even when intoxicated, he is dif¬
ferent from the same class of other na¬
tions; instead of becoming quarrelsome,
he leans to the other extreme, and is one
of the best-natured creatures on earth ;
bis sole desire seems to be to embrace all
xvitlun ... . , his . reach. , rn Tae . peasant . s house , in .
a simple structure, onlv on rare occasions
containing ° more than one room. Tlle
roof r . usually thatched * ■» i except , .
is • a one, 1 in
cases of . more tnan ordinary prosperity,
when boards arc used, ’ which afford
greater security against wind j and , rain. ■
The single ofbome apartmeDt, whieh receive, Ihe
name na ‘ ne ot ho “ e ’ is fu-nished l saea the tue e- = -e
space 1 round witn narys or wooden
, beucncs. , These dunng ’ tue day take the
•
place , of r chairs, i • and j at . night . . , are used .
’ ° as
f, tiie sleeping , quarters of c the .. entire family. p -,
. They know nothing of beds sucu as are
. this ■
in use in country. J
Perhaps the most unique furnishing of
its kind is the ovenlike stove built
against one side of the room. This is
composed entirely ot brick, and serves a
double purpose, for, after perlormiug its
daily function, for the it is aged utilized members as a sleeping of the j
p.ace more j
family. Between the stove and floor is
a space of several inches, in which |
chickens are cared for during the long,
cold winter, ihe floor of the one room
is ol earth, beaten to the hardness ol
stone. The most important feature ol j
the peasant home is what is known as
thc “sacred coiner,” in which reposes an
image of the Virgin, and several Icons
(saints). Its construction is a model oi i
simplicity. Usually the most prominent
corner of the room is devoted to the
celebration of this sacred custom. A
bracket projecting some distance irom j
the wall holds the sacred image of the
Virgin, while, directly in front of it a
lamp hangs suspended by chains from
the ceiling. The quality of metallised
in the caains denotes the wealth of the
owner. This lamp is kept burning dur- j
ing the three hundred and sixty-five days
ot the year, aud the people believe if by |
any accident the light becomes extin- l
gu shed the direst calamities will befall
the careless family. The succeeding ;
days, while awaiting the coining sorrow, !
arc ma rued by much depression aud sad-
ness of mamier. Each member of the 1
household, on entering or leaving the |
room, turns to the sacred corner, aud, j
reverently bearing the head, cross them¬
selves three times. There is a certain
solemnity attached to this performance
which inpires the bohoidcr with a feeling
of awe, and should a guest or member of j
the family refuse to comply with the .
time-honored custom they are quickly
given to understand that their presence
is not desirable.
The peasants, especially the women, I
dearly love to visit aud go'ssip with their I
neighbors, and at the ciose of the day’s
labors may be found in little groups
quietly “chatting” and working. The
work in the field during the daytime is
followed by work of another sort in the
evening. The Russian peasant always
carries her distaff, and while holding
sweet converse with her friend swiftly
conrerts the flax she has brought with
her into thread, which is afterward woven
into the world-famed liucu of the country.
The men sometimes accoinnany their
wives and sweethearts, but they also do
not believe in idleness, and carry work
in some form with them. Sometimes
is a farm implement in need of repairs,
sometimes it is harness, shoes or some
articles belonging to the home; no matter
what it is, it- is carried along, and re-
ceives the needed attention. In these
gatherings men and women seat them¬
selves indiscriminately on the floor, and
if not conversing, chant the sweet, sad
•wusic of their native land. They are
»aiepts in the folk lore with which the
country abounds, but it, like their music,
is weird and thrilling, full of the mysteri¬
ous. Occasionally, when they are par-
tUularly jovial, thev indulge in sallies of
wit; but their wi't is heavy, nothing
sparkling about it. But even such as it
is, it gives one a glimpse of the bright
Bide oi their nature The men never
join in the gossip of the women. They
are far too serious for any such frivolity.
They consider it beneath their dignity to
talk of their neighbors' affairs.
The Russian peasants, as a rule, are a
singularly healthy people, and tree from
any form of disease. Tiie young people
of both sexes have their various pleasures,
particularly in the winter season, when
they indulge in the games and pa-.imes
Toiumon to the country. Tnev are
moderately fond of dancing, and iu those
parts of the Empire where the climate is
sufficiently severe, they go out in large
sleighing parties, whicn afford them much
nmusement. In the matter of food the
peasant taste is rather peculiar. Sour
cabbage soup is a favorite dish, especially
M if flavored with fat salt pork. The
SSSZZFZtt'SZiS
the cravings of hunger. Meat i* not
considered so great a luxury as formerly,
but even now it is rarely eaten except
during a olidav season. Fish is the
staple article of food, and happy the
peasant if he lives near a lake or stream.
They prepare the same kind of fish in
several different ways, all tempting and
palatable. In the way of vegetables,
mushrooms and onions are most used, and
during their season are both plentiful
and cueap. Perog is a peculiar kind of
cake, highly prized by the peasant.
Each cake sells foi five kopekas, and il
money chances to be plenty the peasant
fairly revels in its fat-soaked crusts, be¬
tween which is closed a mixture of fish,
onions and bacon. Tea may be consid¬
ered the national drink, and eight or ten
euos is the ordinary allowance at a sit¬
ting. The samovar is in constant use,
and at all hours of the day the family
may be quaffing this refreshing beverage.
It is prepared by pouring a small quan¬
tity of tea of ordinary strength into a
glass and filling it up with boiling water;
. in this one or two slices of lemon are
' , . -
‘j. . S occasion-
b ,j ce ' iS /f. l )e stU1 SI P ’
g")-a • . mhhle of hnnp
. sojar troma
| held in his left hand. Vodki, \ next to
tea, , . the , drink . • , most , indulged . . . . wmle ...
is in,
T®-, » hquor made . r from rye or barley, , ,
is also a favorite drink. Give a Russian
! P««"t . plenty , , ol . markumves . , (tobacco ...
' ° f the strongest quality and a good-sized
j bo!tie of vodki (whisky) and he is the
happiest . . , creature . . existence, ,
i ,V, in
1 he dress . of P the peasant . consists . , of ,
* a
, long, " loose . outer , garment, . ’ confined „ , at
the waist by a bi - oad belt . T his in sum-
mer is ■ made a of e some „■ turn, - coarse ma-
terial; . , . ■ it - of c sheepskin, , with ...
, in winter . . is
lbe woo u y side turned in. It is so loosely
confined that the wearer has perfectfree-
t i om 0 f rao tion. The trousers are of home-
made linen. Stockings are never worn;
bu t fis a substitute a long piece of linen
cloth is wound around the foot and
an k le. In winter flannel takes the place
0 f linen. Their siioesare sometimes made
Q f tbe un tanned hide of the bullock, at
others of the bark of trees; even woolen
cloth is used for the purpose. They are
kept in place by numerous leather thongs
wound around the leg and ankle until
they form a perfect network, which also
ser ves to confine the linen strip. The
holiday garment worn by the men is of
scarlet cloth and open in front. The
costume of the women consists of ashort
s gi r t of some bright-colored, cheap raa-
terial. The jupka (waist) is cut square
j Q the neck, and is prettily ornamented
with strips carried over the shoulders.
'p be jupka is worn over a blouse of
homemade linen. The effect of the entire
costume is extremely picturesque. The
distinction between married aud single
women is shown iu the arrangement of
the hair. The married women are never
se en without a coronet-shaped headdress,
W iiilc young women simply dress theliair
two long braids down the back; on
festive occasions thc ends are tied with
bright ribbons. During warm weather
the head is seldom covered, but ocea-
sionallv bright handkerchief - ' be
a may
st -ea picturesquely arranged over the
flossy braids. Tae outdoor garment of
the women in summer is a long loose
sack, made of some thin dark material;
i Q winter cloth is substituted. The shoes
worn are the safne as those of the men.—
j^ ew York Star.
Taxation in Switzerland.
Almost the fiist difficulty that besets a
tr vin § ^ - ovem f °r themselves is
-
tbe 4 uestl0n of reveuue ’ Where 18 the
money to come from? Taxes, the bug¬
bear of all nations, also puzzle the Swiss.
His method of raising them iu some of
the cantons is alike interesting and novel.
No official assessment is made of prop¬
erty. Blanks are distributed to every
b( , to , be fii ed , . , b ts °f cu aQts
? U3e ’ m v ‘ P ’
~
The . known tue “progres-
system is as
Sl '’^ tax seme.
A ’ ' vho $4090 worth of property,
P 1 - 8 ' 011 1 ° 1 ’
owns $JO,000 . worth, pays taxes on eight-
tcntbs of it; wl,lI « C > ' Vlth hls * 100 < 000
w ‘* r h °f f P ro P er J. pays taxes on tue
whole * fh f resu 1 18 tbat 0 W s uot the
I proportional . f twenty-fave times the amount
Aa tfiXe8 ’ but hft v tl rae8 1 * 8 mnch -
-
/ he l “ c ome tax 18 mana =' ed 1 alter a simi ‘
ar f as llon .
*
The rich pay out of all proportion to
the poorer classes. They probably would
not change places with the poor, how¬
ever, even to save what they decry as un¬
just taxation. The plan is not always a
papular one. Leaving every man to as¬
sess himself has the disadvantage which
the rich, with stocks and bonds, some¬
times do not make return of them. When
nch . , _ . ... however , Gu
a bwlS8 ’ tau * era -
«ncnt control 1 of h.a csUte quickly makes
amends for all his past misdeeas in the
way of assessments, and every penny of
taxes held back is now deaucted, to-
getuer with compound interest and flues.
— Harper's Magazine.
Fancy Cabinet Wools.
Of the woods that are chiefly used in
fancy cabinet work, ebony comes mostly
from Ceylon and 3Iadagascar, and is sold
by importers at eight cents per pound,
Stainwood is grown on the island of San
Domingo and in Porto Rico. It is one
of the beautiful woods, and is described
as a “canary yellow.” In the log it
sells at seventy-five cents per foot. Tulip
wood is but little used. It is imported
more for turning aud inlaying thau auy-
thing eise. It is found in Central Aruer-
ica, aud when brought to New York
sells for eight cents per pound. — Chicago
Herald.
SITTING BULL DEAD.
HE IS KILLED IN ATTEMPTING TO ESCAtM-
FROM THE INDIAN POLICE.
A dispatch from St. Paul, Mina., says:
Sitting Bull has been kdle i. Genera
Miles received two dispatches Mondu
evening—ti st from Pie re, S. D., sta'ing
that Sittin- Bull and his son had bee:
killed, but giving no further particulars Rock
The other wa> from Standing polici
agency and stating that Indian
started out during the morning to
arrest Sitting Bull, hiving understoo.
that he or -posed starting out foi
the Bad Lunds ut once. 'I ne police ur.dei wer-
followed by a troop of cava ry
Captain Fechet, and i f.ntry under Col¬
onel Drum. When the police reached
Sitting Bull’s camp on Grand liver, about
forty inilts fr m Standing Rock, the
lound arrangements being mad - for de¬
parture. The cavalry had not
yet reached camp when the started polic
arrested Sitdng Bull and
back with him. His followers quickly
rallied to his rescue and tried to retake
him. In the melee that ensued the wily
old chief is said to have be.n kiGed, and
five of toe best ol the Indian police were
also killed.
THE NEWS CONFIRMED.
Indian Commissioner Morgan,at Wash¬
ington, received from Indian Agent Mc-
Laughl n, Monday < veuing, the follow
inb dispa ch, dated Fort \ ates, N. D..
December 35:
T he Indian police arre-ted Sitting Bull
at hi- camp, forty miles northwest ol the
agency, this morning at daylight, II is
followers attempted his rescue, and the
light ng commenced. Four policemen Eight
were killed and three wounded.
indians were killed, including Sitting
Bull and his son, Crowfoot, a"d several
others weie wounded. Tie police maintained were
surrounded lor a time, but
their ground until relieved by the United
State- troops, who now have possession the
of Sitti tr Bull’s camp, with all
women, children and nc/iv.
TRADE REVIEW.
DUN St COMPANY’S REPORT FOR THE PAST
WEEK.
The weekly circular of R. G. Dun &
Co. issued Friday, says: The stringency
in commercial loans, noticed last week as
the chief cause <>f the present disturb¬
ance, is now lmost the only r mainiug
cause. The influence of European trou¬
bles has passed Foreign commerce is
heavily in favor of this country. While
imports at New York for November ex¬
ceed lasty ar’s, which were usu bv light,
by 12 per cent, the increase in exports
here has been 8J per cent, though last
year's were remarkably heavy, so that
the excess of exports for the month w ifr
probably over $80,000,o00. In dome-tic
affairs there has been a distinct improve-
ment in the disposition of banks and
money lenders to give necessary support
to legitimate business, curtailing possinle specu¬
lative advances as far as The
volume of trade is st.il surprisingly
heavy. show the
Reports front other lines that
cheapne of cotton at the south and the
delay of winter we tlier at the north
have somewhat reduced transactions and
caused more tardiness in collections than
heretofore, but co der weather and the
appro .ch of the holiday season already
begin to have a favorable effect at many
points Bus ness failures of the week
number 282, against 271 for the corres¬
ponding week last year.
Russia is the leading grain exporting
country of the world, the United States.
India and Rouinauia following iu the
order named. Odessa is the leading
grain and exporting port of the Russian Em¬
pire, may he considered as the prin¬
cipal has business city. The export trade
for many years been almost ex-
illusively in the hands of called'a foreigners and
Odessa might equally be French
German, Italian or even a Hebrew citv
as far as the languages spoken or the
characteristics of the inhabitants are eou-
sidered.
i oYoalaittiy
fy 3
aft
■ SN
4
v: \ Mir’Wf > 'V* ri-s *. ■ /
V ' /■! ,.W
Opt stock was never larger or better,
and lr prices never lower. \\ e have
just opened a iarge line of
Beautiful Novelties
and invite you to come and see th ra
whether you w >nt to buy or not. No
charge -or looking and pricing. Call
and see for yourself.
Repair ng a SpeciaPy.
Old Cold Exchanged for New.
J. H. & W. W. WILLIAMS,
L adiug Jewelers 352 ,8s co d St..
31 aeon, Ga.
ORDINARY’S NOTICES.
ELECTION RESULT.
EORGIA. Crawford County. —At
Vj the electiou held in and for the
532nd District, G. -M., said county, (m
the 22nd day of November, 18i>0, on the
question, ‘"For Fence” or ' Stock Law,
there was a majority of votes cast .or
‘•Stock Law,” and the result is hereby
declared in favor of Stock Law, in and
for said District; and it is ordered, by
the authority in me vested under the laws
of said State, that all provisions of law,
regulating and controlling same, go into
effect in said Militia District within six
months from this date. Wi ness, my
hand officially, this the first day of De¬
cember, 1890.
O. P. WRIGHT, ORDINARY.
RESULT OK ELECTION.
pEORGIA, Crawf.ii d County.—T he
|3 vote polled in the 529th District, G.
M., said county, on the 22u I day ol N -
vein her, 1890, on the question, “For
Fence” or “Stock La-',’ at an elect.on
held in and for sail clistr et. sto d on
coii-ol dation theieoffi ty-stven majority
in favor of fence, and the re>ult is so de-
clart-d by me as requir d under the 1 i ws
ot said State. Witness my hard offi¬
cial y this the li st day of D cetnber,
1890. O P. WEIGH r,
Oidinary.
Administrator’s Sale.
* GEORGIA, Crawford ( ounty.
Under and by virtue of an order of the
Court of Ordinary of said county I will
sell before the c urt-house- door, in the
town of Knoxville, said county, on the
first Tuesday iu January next, within
the legal hours of sale, to the highest
bidder, the following described property
to-vvit: All of the land lying on the
west side of the A. A F. R. in the
second district of said county, and be-
i longiug to the estate and ho.ue place of
J. W. Lowe, deceased containing
seven (seven acres, more or less, adjoin¬
ing lands of VV. 8. Bond, Cicero Spil-
lers, J W. Stroud. S Id for the benefit
of him and his credi ors. terms cash.
Mrs. J. B. I.ov. e,
Adm’trx of John W. Lowe, deceased.
Dee. 2d, 1890.
NOTICE.
All teachers wh wish to s*cure liceuss
to teach in the pubic schools of Craw¬
ford c< unty for the year 1891, will meet
me iu Kuoxvdle on Dee. 20 h, to stand
the public ex tin nation.
I will pay off t. a tellers on that day for
teaching iu the pu die schools th s year.
II F. S vNDERS, C. 5. C.
Dec. 2. 189 >.
NOTICE.
Oak Grove School will open the 5th
^ a y January next. Would be glad
if the patrons would send in the first day,
jf they can co veniently do so, as it is
much better both for teacher and pupils.
j ADAB. WILSON,
Dec. Dt, 1890. . Teacher.
! NOTICE.
j
There will be » c unty meeting of the
Alliance on the first Monday in Decem¬
ber next, and a full attendance of dele-
gates from all the lodges is requested, as
there will be business ol importance be-
f ore the body. Every Alliaueeman in the
county is invited to attend the meeting
on December first.
Gf.o. W. White,
President Co. Alliance
Nov. 0. 1890.
Notice of Local Legislation.
Notice is hereby given of intention tc
apply to the next General Assembly for
tbc }’ ilsSi, S e c a Law to be entitled An
Act to amei ri c act entitled An Act to
PK*cnbe thc n! ° tle of £ r ’ ntl " I,ct ' nsc to
;, ‘ :l »»toxicating liquors in the e<*unties
uf Jefferson, Burke and W shmgton.
So lar as the same .elates to Crawford
and for other purposes.
Oct. 7th, 1889. xxx
kid Your Criers to
V if Til
'1181 ih
CHERRY STREET, MACON, GA.
FOR-
F.ne Old Straight
wn-m ip iniKiss,
Blue Crass Rys,
Hume Bourbon,
Heliwood Rye,
Finch’s Golden Welding Rye,
S. VV. Private Stock North Carol.na
Coru and Apple Braudy.
Georgia Hand-M idtf Peach Brandy.
The Best Gi>»ds lor the Money \n
G orgia !
isSTGive me a Call when iu the
•By or send me your orders.
CRAWFOR D SHERI FF Sim
pEORGIA, Ordni Crawford f Cor\- JlrJf Tv „
nee ot > - said C.,u
le number f Freeholders ’' ®
1 -pus .
vided b law, of ihe 529 li
M id said < ounty, have filed Mi
,
their petition th ask ng ihat ..
submitting to ■ tpialifii-ii voter
strict t e (jUesti ii: “For F i co"
“Stock Law,''
for said di-trict. It i- t
f re order d by the Am),
held ty in me Saturday vested that the 22nd such day eleetiV-' 1
on o; \ '-‘verc.
her, 1890, a t the order has been-i
vertised Said as provided cl -ct to by be law h j a " ^ 1
cases. on -'J tl
laws of said S'.a'e directs. Witaiessm
hand officially ‘ this the 20th div of
her, 1890. O. P. W'RI HIT
Or linary of Crawford Count y.
pEORGIA, Crawford County.- y'
U tice is hereby aiven ..f iute ,ti oa ‘!
apply to the next Legislature for the i'- r '
age o a law to be entitled An act to >,,,
vent the sale of liquor church, within t ire- ' Kile ’
of .douut Carmel n Crawf
county, and for other purposes.
Q O 1 ATE OF 11 EORGIA, Ciiaivfi
County.—T he re< ui«ite number if
freeholders in the 532d District, G v
of said county, have filed with me ii
terms of the law, a [ edition askingf or
election in and for sad district <>n tM
question, “For Fence” or ‘-Stock Liwl J
ar.d it is hereby ordered by the authoritv
me vested t lmt said election be held J
ther the 22nd that day of be November, held in strict 1890, and coapij] fa]
same
mice with the law in such cases mafic nil
tuis provided. the 20th Witness day of October, my hand 1890 official j
O. P. WRIGHT,
Or liiisirv. I
p EORGIA, < raw fold County.
13 James A. Eubanks, Administrator fi
James D. Eubanks, deceased, has applied
to me for leave to sell sixt. acres of iana
belonging to the estate of said deceased
and such leave will be granted on ■!
first Monday iu December next ua'tsi
good objections are tiled W itness
hand officially O. toher 21st, 1890
O. P. WRl'.lIT,
. _ Ordinary.
_
VJT EORGIA, Crawford County.-W ill
be sold before the court house dooi
iu the town of Knoxville, said couny, o 5
the first Tuesday in January t ext, with*
the legal hours of sale, the following uV
scribed property, to-wit: Lot of 'M
number one hundred and twenty-niai
(129) in the Gth district of s d count;,
containing two hundred two and one
half (2<>2A) acres more or less; soid as
the property of the estate of A. G. Allen,
deceased, under and by virtue of a ti fa,
issued from the Justice c urt of tin
532nd D strict, G. 31., said cou ty, i: A
favor of M. E'ktvn vs M. A. Alien, ad¬
ministratrix of said A. G. Allen, deceusd
Said pr perty found in possession of Thos.
G. Dickson, now executor f said 31 i
A leu, who is now deceased, lend
c-sh. Witness my hand officially.
B. A. HARTLEY, Sheriff .
(i 1 EORGIA, Crawford Cocnty-I
Thomas J. Pic e has applied toinij
foi letters of guardianship for the per¬
son and property of Ja ues H ilmes, ana
such letters will De g anted by meontU
li'St Monday in Ja iuiry next, wiltss
g -od objections arc filed. Witness inj
Rand officially this L> c. 1st, 1890
O. P. WRIGHT,
Ordinary.
t > EORGIA, Crawford County-J.
forleitcso U I. M'Elinurray has applied to nu
guariiianship of the pers*a MG
and property ot Ella and Hallie -
murrav, min F children of A!o zoMEi-
niurrav, deceased, and such letters w ,1
be granted applicant on the first Mon 1 J
in January next unites go >d objection)
are li ed. W tn ss my hand «fii i d y,
this Dec, 1st, 1890.
O. P. WRIGHT,
Ordinary.
G EORGIA, Crawford County- h-l
be he.d before the court house d<w
iu the town of Knoxv lie, said couutv,
on the first Thur-day in January nest,
within the legal hou s of sale, the 1
ins property, to-w t: One house and M
in the village of 3lu ella, said county:
said lot lying west of A. & F R R-- aI1
irom«b .
near the.eto in said v Huge, ami
ately south of lot on which storehouse™
J. 8. McGee is located, and containing
one acre, more or less. Sold as the pro; ■
city of J. S. 3IcGee to satisfy a fi
issued from the superior c urt ol saw
•county in favor of Potts & Potts • s. V
Gee Bros., a firm compos dof Jeff H il -
J. S. McGee. Terms, cash.
Witness my baud officially, this
cembtr 2d, 1890 Sheriff-
B. A. Hartley,
V. / EORGIA—Crawford County. author, ^ ,
'3m Un-‘er and by virtue of
in us vested l>y the last will and tes*
ment of Gray Andrews, late of 5i!
ti' 5 _
c- unty, deceased, we will on the '
Tuesday in Jauuury next, between tb«2
legal houis of sale, sell before 'h" c ° r ^ i
house in the town < f Knoxville- i
county, lot land No. 178 m the 2d ,k *
of ihe county aforesaid, for (list d’ lK
cas u
and the payment of d- bts. Terms
A. 31. Andrews,
J. T. Andrews,
4t Executors.
T EOBGIA Crawford County.— K
T 8. A. K 1 ey. guardian of No' 8 edl
ley and Abigail Cochran, has »PP* said
me lor her dismissi n from her it-
dianship, and lier application 1
day I assed in upo - at mv < flic on the fi st L*-' j
Jamm y cexr. Wit e-s
offic aily this Dec. 1st, IS90. WRIGHT.
O. P.
Ordm- ;