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Lime as a Fertilizer.
Tl|Cfe h :ts been a good deal said of late
fipon the subject of ground litnestomf as
a fertilizer. In order to discuss this matter
one must first understand clearly the future
of limestone ; its chemical composition and
action with water and other elements. It is
a very widely distributed mineral in its
various forms, pure anddmpure. Limestone
is a compound of carbonic acid and lime.
The carbonic acid can be easily liberated
from its union with the liinc by the use of
another acid which has a stronger affinity for
the lime. Thus, place a piece of lime in a
glass of water and add sulphuric or muriatic
acid, and the carbonic acid is set free as a
gas, which rising in bubbles to the surface of
the water causes an effervescence. If
sulphuric acid has been used, it replaces the
carbonic acid, and instead of carbonate of
lime a sulphate of lime (gypsum) is formed.
1 liis is what takes place in the generator of
a soda fountain. Finely ground marble, which
is one of the purest forms of limestone, is put
into the generator and sulphuric acid added,
after which the liberated carbonic acid "as
is taken up and hedd by the water under
pressure. Limestone i3 very slightly soluble
in water, it taking I,GOO parts of water to
dissolve one part of limestone.
'I he carbonic acid of the limestone can be
separated from the lime by heat, and this ? s
done on a large scale in every lime kiln. If
freshly burnt lime is tested with a strong acid,
there is no evolution of gas because there is
no carbonic acid present; there is only lime.
Freshly burned limestone gives quick lime.
If a lump of this quickdimc is put in a dish
of water, or has water poured upon it, the
lump soon becomes hot, swells up and falls
into a fine white powder. The water has
united with the quick lime and has changed
it into slaked lime or caustic lime. Quick
lime exposed for a time to the air takes up
the water from the atmosphere and slowly
slakes and becomes air slaked lime.
It has been seen that in the process of
burning the limestome has given up its
carbonic acid, but it has not lost the power
of again taking up carbonic acid and forming
with it a carbonate of lime. Ground lime
stome is inert or inactive so far as its relation
to carbonic acid is concerned, simply because
it has enough in itself and is satisfied. It is
not so with burned lime, quick or slaked lime,
for they take in carbonic acid and slowly
change into carbonate of lime, or, so to speak,
limestone.
Lime is an essential element of plant food,
but it is widelj'distributed and so universal!} 7
present in sufficient quantities, that as such
it is generally believed that any addition of
it is not called for. The action of lime in
the soil upon which its value depends, is its
power to aid in the decomposition of organic
matter, thus fitting it to be taken up as food
bv the growing plants. The ability of lime
to do this work depends upon its power or
affinity for carbonic acid, removing it from
organic compounds, etc., and thus acting as
a decomposing agent. Limestone being
already a carbonate has no affinity for carbonic
acid, and is inactive in that respect. The
value of lime is most marked upon a soil rich
in vegetable matter. That same soil may
contain an abundance of limestone, in fact
be underlaid by it, but where burnt limestone,
that is, quick-lime, is added, the effect is very
marked.
Lime, doubtless, has other good effects
upon soils. There is a relationship between
it and ammonia, and upon heavy clay soil it
bas a salutary mechanical effect in making
them less adhesive and more open and porous.
But its chief use is its stimulating effect upon
dccomposible organic matter in the soil. On
this account burnt lime is far superior to
ground limestone, and the quicker it is used
after being burned the better, because the
more thorough in its caustic action .—Farmers'
Review.
Making a Hot Bed.
The following simple directions for making
a hot bed are from the “Seed Annual” of
I). M. Ferey & Cos., of Detroit, Mich.: “ Se
lect a southeast aspect and take out the soil
to the depth of eighteen inches the size vou
require; make a frame eighteen inches hi"h
at the back and one foot high in front, filling
it with stable manure well shaken as it is
placed in ; cover with six inches of good,
mellow loam, or light soil, allowing it to stand
two or three days, till the gross heat has passed
away. Now sow your seeds as previously
directed. As the seedlings appear above
ground give air by tilting the sashes at the
back ; during nights a mat should he thrown
over the frame to prevent the loss of heat
being careful on bright, sunny days to shade
the plants from the burning rays of the sun.
A good method is to give the glass a slight
coat of whitewash. As soon as the plants
are large enough they may be transplanted in
the open ground, but before doing so they
should be well hardened off. If 3’ou have a
cold frame it would be well to plant them in
it a week or two for this purpose. Fresh
stable manure, in which there is plenty of
litter, is most suited for this purpose. There
should be at least one-third litter in the heap.
If this is not in the mass in sufficient quantity
add leaves or tanbark. Shake it up and mix
well together, adding water if at all dry and
musty, and throw it into a compact heap to
ferment. Let it remain a week, and then
throw it over thoroughly as before, and add
water if necessary. Where the ground is quite
dry a very good method is'to dig a space about
eighteen Indies deep and put in the manure,
tramping it firmly and evenly, and put in flm
rich earth, and in about four days sow the
A3 OMH'Hc .
A Chapter on Vegetables.
HOW TO COOK AND PREFACE THEM FOR TIIE
TABLE.
Beets are familiar enough boiled and sliced,
either served hot with butter, pepper and salt,
or pickled, but a novelty is a beet pudding,
made by mixing a pint of cooked sugar-beets,
chopped, witli four eggs, a quart of milk, a
little salt and pepper, a tablespoonful of but
ter and baking them about half an hour ; cold
boiled beets sliced and fried with butter are
palatable ; to cook them so that none of their
color shall be lost, carefully wash them with
out breaking the skin or cutting of the roots
or stalks, and boil them until tender, about
an liour, in boiling salted water.
Turnips, either white or yellow, stewed in
gravy, are excellent. Choose a quart of small
even size ; peel them, boil them ; boil them
fifteen minutes in well-salted boiling water;
drain them ; put them into a frying pan with
sufficient butter to prevent burning ; brown
them ; stir in a tablespoonful of flour ; cover
them with hot water; add a palatable season
ing of salt and pepper and stew them gently
until tender. Or peel and cut them in small
regular pieces ; brown them over the fire with
a little butter and a slight sprinkling of su
gar ; add salt and pepper and boiling water
enough to cover them, and gently stew them
until tender ; serve them hot.
Parsnips are not sufficiently appreciated,
perhaps because of their too sweet taste ; but
ffiis can be overcome to a palatable extent
Iby judicious cookery; they are excellent
when sliced, after boiling and warmed in a
sauce made by mixing flour, butter and milk
over the fire and seasoning it with salt and
pepper; a3 soon as warm they are served
witji a little chopped parsley and a squeeze
of lemon juice. For parsnips fried brown in
an old-fashioned iron pot with slices of salt
pork and a seasoning of salt and pepper,
several good words might be said.
Carrots boiled and mashed and warmed
with butter, pepper and salt, deserve to be
known ; or sliced and quickly browned in
butter; tossed for five minutes over the fire
with chopped onion, parsley, butter ; or toss
ed for five minutes over the fire with chopped
onion, parsley, butter, seasonings and suf
ficient gravy to moisten them; or boiled,
quartered, heated with cream, seasoned, and,
at the moment of serving, thickened with the
yolk of eggs.
Onions are capital when sliced and quickly
fried in plenty of smoking hot fat, or roasted
whole until tender, and served with butter,
pepper and salt; or chosen while still small,
carefully peeled without breaking, browned
in butter, and then simmered tender with just
boiling water enough to cover them ; or boil
ed tender in broth and then heated five min
utes in nicely seasoned cream.
Oyster plant, scraped under cold water,
boiled tender in salted water containing a
trace of vinegar, and then heated with a lit
tle highly seasoned melted butter, is excel
lent ; the tender leaves which it often bears
make a nice salad. Somewhat like oyster
plant are Jerusalem artichokes, which are
good and cheap in this market. Like oyster
plant they must be peeled under waiter, boil
ed tender, and then served with melted but
ter, or quickly browned in butter, either plain
or with chopped herbs, or served with an acid
sauce of any kind.
Celery we know best in its uncooked state,
but it is very good stewed in any brown or
white gravy or sauce, or rolled in fritter bat
ter and fried brown.
Squash and pumpkin are very good either
boiled, sliced, and broiled or fried, or made
into fritters like oyster plant.
Potatoes, most important of all hardy veg
etables, must close the list. Lives there a
cook with soul so dead as not to be willing to
Q
expend all the powers of fire, water and salt
to produce mealy potatoes ? If so, the writ
ing of her epitaph would be a cheerful task.
And if cold ones are left they can rehabili
tate themselves in favor by appearing chop
ped, moistened with white sauce or cream,
and either fried in butter or baked quickly,
with a covering of bread crumbs. Steam
fried, that is sliced raw, put into a covered
pan over the fire, with butter and seasoning,
and kept covered until tender, with only
enough stirring to prevent burning, they are
capital. To fry them Lyonnaisc style they
are cooled in their jackets to keep them whole,
sliced about a quarter of an inch thick, brown
ed in butter with a little onion, sprinkled
with chopped parsley, pepper and salt, and
served hot. Larded, they have bits of fat
ham or bacon inserted in them, and arc
baked tender. Note well that the more ex
peditiously a baked potato is cooked and
eaten the better it will be.
Airing the Beds.
It must be a false idea of neatness which
demands that beds should be made soon after
being vacated. Let it be remembered that
more than three-fifths of the solids and liquids
taken into the stomach should pass ofFthrough
the pores of the skin—7,ooo,ooo in number
—and that this escape is most rapid during
the night, while warm in bed. At least one
half of the waste and putrid matter (from
tweuty to thirty ounces in the night) must
become more or less tangled in the bedding
—of course soiling it—and a part of this may
become re-absorbed by the skin if it is allow
ed to come in contact with it on the next
night, as it must if the bedding is not ex
posed for a few hours in the light. We may
well imitate the Dutch example of placing
such bedding on two chairs near the window
in the sunlight, or in the window, that the
best purifier known, the light of the sun, may
dissipate their impurities or neutralize them.
At least three hours, on the average, is as
LOOK AT THIS!
Tilling: of it i
.a.jnt:d
COME AND SEE FOR YOURSELVES.
JITBT R.BCEIVED
300 ELEGANT COOK STOVES,
3000 Bozen Wash Pans,
100 Bozen Splendid Baking Pans,
100 Bozen Elegant Dish Pans,
And a large stock of goods in our line which will be sold
CHEAP FOB CASH.
A. K. CHILDS & CO.
Feb. 25 Opposite Reaves, Nicholson & Cos., Athens, Ga.
A. 11. ROBERTSON,
DEALER IN ITALIAN AND AMERICAN MARBLE
Monuments, Tombs, Head & Foot Stones,
LARGE and SMALL CRADLE TOMBS,
Marble and Granite Bos Tombs,
AT ALL PRICES TO SUIT PURCHASERS.
A Large, Lot of Finished Monuments and Tombstones on
Hand for Sale and Ready for Lettering.
My Yard is Full of Marble, and Ready to Fill Any Orders.
<3-1 VIE 3VET] -A. CALL, -ZAUNTD GET MY PRICES.
A. R. ROBERTSON,
Monumental Builder, Athens. Georgia.
BALDWIN & BURNETT,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN
3E3Oe> 8 3753 Jk. IXTIO SSXXCHBSi,
JVo. 3 Broad Street, Athens, Georgia.
WE HAVE just received the largest and most complete stock of Hoots and Shoes ever brought
to Athens. The quality of our goods is of the highest order, and our prices within the reach
of all. We deal
EXCLitJSIVBXjY
in this lino, and promise the most courteous treatment and perfect satisfaction to all who
may call.
TO MERCHANTS:
Our WIIOLKSALK DEPARTMENT is complete, and we guarantee prices as low as
any house in the South, and will save you freight.
GS-I-VE XT S AA C ALE.
BALD WIJY § BURNETT.
Athens, Ga., October Ist, 1880.
LOWE <&& CO-T
WHOLESALE DEALERS IN
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC LIQUORS,
Eto., Etc.
ALSO AGENTS FOR TIIE CELEBRATED
Stone Mountain Corn Whisky.
Corner Broad and Jackson Sts., Athens, G-a.
Feb. 25
@5 ££ Outfit sent free to those who wish to cn
gage in the most pleasant and profitable
business known. Everything new. Capital not
required. We will furnish you everything. $lO
a day and upwards is easily made without staying
away from home over night. No risk whatever.
Many new workers wanted at once. Many arc
making fortunes at the business. Ladies make as
much as men, and young boys and girls make
great pay. No one who is willing toAvork fails
to make more money every day than can be made
in a week at any ordinary employment. Those
who engage at once will find a short road to for
tune. Address 11. llallett & Cos., Portland.
Maine.
Yermor’s Prediction’s!
For this Month's Weather, prepared expressly for
s ronni it rs it a; vi ew.
Coffins! Coffins!
IV ILL keep on hand, in Jefferson, a full sup
ply of
COFFINS
—AND—
BURIAL CASES
of all sizes, and at prices to suit the times. Every
effort will be made to serve parties prompt l}- and
Richmond and Danville Rail Road.
Passenger Department.
ON and after May loth, 1881, Passenger Train Service on the Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Lino
vision of this road will be as follows : u, ~
P . CTU ,. DO I U *JJ* j N * Egress, ;U. S. Fast Mail,: Suwanee
EASTWARD. No. 4.5, No. L, No. 49, • Accommodation
j I C. No. 21.
Leave Atlanta j 4.00 A. M. j 3.15 P. M. j G. 30 P. M j 5 (x7~7>~\t
Arrive Suwanee 1)| 5.18 4.37 “ ; 7.43
“ Lula El G. 45 “ 5.59 “ j 9.00 “ i
“ Toccoa Fj 7.58 “ i 7.15 “ I lo!l< “ j
“ Seneca Gi 9.20 “ ; 8.40 “ I 11.25 “ I
“ Greenville 11l 10.58 “ 10.20 “ 1.00 A. M
“ Spartanburg K 12.14 P. M. 11.40 2.11 I
“ Gastonia L; 2.30 “ 2.04 A. M. 4.27
" Charlotte M 3.35 u j 3.15 “ 5.35 “ j
i.,r, Tllll n„ U. S. Mail, •jN. Y. Express, !U. S. Fast Mail.! Suwanee
WESTWARD. No. 42. ; No. 48. No. 50. Accommodation
i I No. 22.
Leave Charlotte M; 12.30 P. M. 12.20 A. M. 12.10 A. M. I
“ Gastonia Li 1.27 “ j 1.30 “ I 12.50 “# * j
“ Spartanburg K.I 3.50 “ 4.05 “ i 2.53 “ i
“ Greenville II; 5.07 “ j 5.18 “ ; 4.05 u !
“ Seneca (jj G. 50 “ 7.02 “ 5.27 “ i
“ Toccoa FI f.Ol “ j 8.15 “ j 0.30 “ I
“ Lula El 9.1 G “ 9.31 “ ! 7.59 “ !
“ Suwanee 1): 10.38 “ j 10.54 “ j 8.51 “ 540 A M
Arrive Atlanta I 12.05 A. M. : 12.20 P. M. I 10.00 ** s.OO *“ *
CONTISrECTION'S.
A with arriving trains of Georgia Central and A. & AV. P. Railroads.
15 with arriving trains of Georgia Central, A. & W. P. and W. & A. Railroads.
C with arriving trains of Georgia Railroad.
TANARUS) with Lawrcnccvillc Branch to and from Lavvrcnceville, Ga.
E with Northeastern Railroad of Georgia to and from Athens, Ga.
F with Elberton Air-Line to and from Elberton, Ga.
G with Columbia and Greenville to and from Columbia and Charleston, S. C.
II with Columbia and Greenville to and from Columbia and Charleston, S. C.
lv with Spartanburg and Ashville, and Spartanburg, Union and Columbia to and from Henderson
and Ashville, and Alston and Columbia.
L with Chester and Lenoir Narrow Guagc to and from Dallas and Chester.
M with C., C. (t A—C. C. —R. & 1). and A. T. & O. for all points West, North and East.
N with North Carolina Division R. & D. Railroad to and from the North.
A. POPE,
General Passenger Agent.
PARKER & CAMP IUU)8.
W e have within the last few weeks
opened up a first-class stock of
FANCY and FAMILY GROCERIES,
CIGARS AMD TOBACCO,
STAPLE I)UY GOODS, HATS AM) SHOES ,
All of which, we are oliering at
10-ooXsl Bottom Prices.
Our Goods Arc Bought From Manufacturers For Cash*
And We Will Sell vis Cheap vis The Cheapest.
C3rl TJfSi
\\a\A Y>v Cjowv-vweeA Y\\u\ AY v AY\\a\A AY e
Respectfully.
PARKER & CAMP EROS.,
Feb. 25 No. 12 Broad Street, Athens, Ga.
THE VJWIEL PRATT
COTTON GrlTsT I
THE BEST IN THE WORLD!
RECEIVED PREMIUMS AT ALL THE STATE FAIRS IN THE
COTTON GROWING STATES!
PRICE $3.50 PER SAW, DELIVERED. EVERY GIN, FEEDER, and CONDENSER
GUARANTEED TO GIVE
PERFECT S-A-TISiFA-OTIOINr.
This Gin CLEANS THE SEED and makes a better SAMPLE than any Gin on the market.
T. FLEMING & SONS, Agents,
Juno 24 Hardware Merchants, Athens, Ga.
CL 13- M 3 KIE 3
ATHENS, --------- GEORGIA.
AGENT FOK. T. T. HAYDOOK’S
Cincinnati Buggies and Carriages,
W\ve CioVvvw\\)vvs Co" s Vvwe <v*\A Ctvvv'votes,
THE CELEBRATED MILBURN ONE AND TWO-HORSE FARM WAGON.
BPJf“A good assortment of Harness. Also Manufacturers’ Agents for the WINSHIP COTTON
GIN, Cotton Press, Condenser and Feeder, the best gin outfit on the market. Steam Engines,
Saw Mills and Agricultural Implements. Prompt attention paid to orders. Terms liberal. Of
fice and Ware-Rooms, corner Clayton and Thomas Streets, Athens, Ga.
Jniy22 JOHN WINN, Salesman.
lliOT) i~y AO E NTS
XJXOX -YU. WANTED.
WE WANT A LIMITED number of active, ener
getic canvassers to engage in a pleasant and prof
itable business. Good men will find this a rare
chance
to ivroisr:e~Nr.
Such will please answer this advertisement by
letter, enclosing stamp for reply, stating what
business they have been engaged in. None but
those who mean business need apply.
Address FINLEY, HARVEY & CO..
Atlanta, Ga.
■ —- ■
"feJTTT n> Yourselves by making money
" -■* I ,|| jSt when a golden chance is offer
ed, thereby always keeping poverty from your
door. Those who always take advantage of the
good chances for making money that are offered,
generally become wealthy, while those who do
not improve such chances remain in poverty. V o
want many men, women, boys and girls to work
for us right in their own localities. The business
will pay more than ten times ordinary wages.
We furnish an expensive outfit and all that you
need, free. No one who engages fails to make
money very rapidly. You can devote your whole
time to the work, or only your spare moments.
Full information and all that is needed sent free.
Address Stinson & Cos., Portland, Maine.
AGEYI S WANTED for the Best and
Fastest-Selling Pictorial Books and Bibles.
Prices reduced 33 per cent. National Publishing
Cn.. Atlanta, (fa. a V \ 1 3IU __