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REPLIES TO UIBJ Eg
Information Furnished by the
Agricultural Department.
MAST QUESTIONS ARE ANSWERED
Bast Varlati** of Co* PeM For Hoy—Boot
Bazar Cuttlvotloo—Tbo Propagation of
Poach Tree*—Canao of Diwan In Chlok
ona—Fartlllaere For Potatoes and Cab
bage*, Kt*.
Question. —Please give me some idea
of the advantages of silage over other
food for stock. Is it suited to horses
and mules ? I have never had any expe
rience tn making or using it, but if what
I hear of it is true, I would like to try
some another year. Please give tae
some directions as to the best way of
putting it up, and the best crops to plant
for it Do you think it pays for the
trouble and expense ?
—Silage is eaten by all farm
animals, but is peculiarly fitted for
milk cowa. It pays, because it enables
us to put up a green summer crop and
keep it in condition for feeding all win
ter, and it produces nearly equal results
as if fed green. Animals fed on silage
not only relish it, but it will produce as
much milk and butter, or even more,
than the same kind of fodder in the dry
stage, because the stock will have bet
ter appetites than if fed entirely on the
dry food, and are cohsequently more
thrifty. One acre in corn will produce
as much nutritious food as several acres
in hay. Thus it is cheaper than hay
and has besides the following advant
age: It is a. practically certain crop,
while hay is uncertain. As the proper
time to harvest any green crop for en
silage is at maturity, before the leaves
turn brown, just w en the water con
tents of the plant i ’gift to dimin
ish, it follows that there is ( very
little loss of quantity in preserving it as
silage, while the best part of our dried
fodder is often destroyed by unfavorable
weather before we can get it under*
shelter. Any. of the following crops
may be used: Corn, red clover, rye, oats,
wheat, sorghum, the millets, soja beans
and cow peas, indeed almost any green
crop may be utilized, but all things con
sidered corn pays the best. It should
be planted very thick and out when the
ears are well formed. The Whole plant
is then cut up into short lengths and
packed in the silo, tramping down
evenly and firmly. Unless this precau
tion is observed, that is, should the
leaves and bits of stalk be unevenly dis
tributed, the silage will become mouldy
and unfit for use. If there should be
lack of moisture when packing the
whole mass will become dry and mouldy.
This should be remedied by pouring
water over the mass during the process
of packing. Os course the silo must be
absolutely water and air tight, and the
contents, after being cured, bear some
what the same relation to our dry hays
and fodders, as canned fruit does to
dried fruit.
The daily ration is about 1 cubic foot
of silage. An experienced dairyman
says he gives his eowe all they will eat,
from BOto 50 pounds to each cow, and has
never experienced any bad results from
it. A small, deep silo is to be pre
ferred. Small because a greater depth
of silage can be removed each day,
which 18 an advantage in both warm
and cold weather. In warm weather
there is less loss from spoiling, and in
cold weather less injury from freezing.
The silo should be deep, because the
greater depth gives more weight, and it
is less liable to mould. At least ft inches
. 7 should be removed for the daily feeding
in order to keep the mass in* good con
dition. On he whole we think the fol
lowing directions cover the ground for
building a well constructed silo, and
they are the only kind that pay. A
carelessly built silo is an extravagance;
• well made one is an economy. -
1. The inside walls should be smooth
and as nearly vertical as possible, there
should be no uneven edges to prevent
the uniform settling of the contents.
We have already mentioned that the
silo should be narrow and deep, rather
than wide and shallow.
2. As the moisture from the silage is
acid and tends to decay the jrpod, the
inside of the silo should be well pro-_
tested by a coat of coal tar, applied hot.
The inside of the silo should be two lay
ers of boards, the first horizontal and
placed against the studs. Over this
place a layer of the tarred paper, whioh
can be bought ready prepared, and last,
a layer of smooth dressed boards placed
vertically on close edges.
8. The floor may be of stiff clay
tramped hard, and to make it smooth,
close and rat proof a layer of cement is
highly recommended. Foa ven tills tfon
there should be .anger holes bored be
tween the studs and openings should be
left at the top of the wait These should
be covered with screen wire to keep out
rats and mice.
4. The studs should be very strong
to resist tlt great pressure to whioh
they are subjected, the foundation
should extend below the first line and
should be 18 inches thick, the sills
should be well tarred and should rest qn
a,good foundation, bedded in cement or
mortar. The roof should be dose and
should have a dormer window through
which to fill the sila
5. The silo should be so constructed
and situated as that no water will fall
or drain into it at any time, Theseare
the main points; but we would advise
that if you are not acquainted with the
principles or practical workings of a
sila you examine one which is prop
erly constructed before attempting to
build for your own use. —State Agricul
tural Department
OMiat of Dteeaa* In Cfctekeae.
Question —For several years I have
raised comparatively* few chickens,
though I once prided myself on my suc
cess in this line. I am careful as to
food aud water, and my coops are kept
clean, but from the several hundred
chickens annually hatched out very
few come to maturity, most of them
dying in the first few weeks. My neigh
bors are disposed to think that some
disease germ has gained a foothold here,
and that it is useless for me to attempt
to raise poultry. Do you think such
oan be the case, and it sp, is there any
remedy whioh I oan use to eradicate it?
Answer—Without a fall knowledge
of-your surroundings and methods it
is difficult to answer your question ex
cept on general principles. It is true
that disease germs may lurk in poultry
houses from year to year and that thou
sands ot chickens are carried off an
nually by them unsuspected agents. In
such cases the best plan is to tear dow;
the fowlhouse and build in an entirely
different location, as far removed from
the first as/possible—then give the
house a thorough whitewashing with
lime, inside and out, in whioh a con
siderable quantity of crude carbolic acid
has been mixed—say a teacup of the
acid to each gallon of limewash. Put
in new roosts and nests, and arrange
them so that they can be taken out and
cleaned every few weeks. In cleaning
them, a good plan is to carry them a
safe distance from the house, brush
them over with kerosene and then apply
a lighted match. The fire will run over
without injuring them,, and will
destroy any lice or mites whioh
may be in hiding. From an expe
rience of several years we have come
to the conclusion that these destructive
pests carry off a < greater number of
chickens than actual disease. By hav
ing movable nests and roosts which oan
be taken out in a few moments it is
much easier to give the house a thor
ough cleaning and one cannot be too
careful to go into every crack and cor
ner. A few of these vermin safely
lodged in an unnoticed crack will lay
the foundation for millions of others in
a very short time. We have found
kerosene a splendid agent for checking
them, and a common watering pot for
sprinkling into the otherwise inaccessi
ble crevices answers every purpose.
The droppings should not be allowed to
accumulate and become a harbor for
these myriads of insects, which, being
almost invisible to the naked eye, will
accumulate alarmingly before their
presence is even suspected. The drop
pings should be removed each day and
the houses kept scrupulously clean, not
only to prevent vermin, but as a sani
tary measure. Where the droppings
are allowed to accumulate from week
to week, they give off unwholesome
gases and odors, which, being inhaled,
causes many of the diseases from which
our chickens suffer. If a layer of plas
ter or dry earth is spread on the floor of
the coop all the fertilizing properties of
the manure ate absorbed and fixed, and
if care is taken to remove and store ft
under shelter, we have a fertilizer ap
proaching in composition to guano,
though not so rich. Such manure com
posted with eight or ten times its bulk of
rich ear h, will make a fertilizer of great
value for either field or garden crops.
Another prolific cause of the fatality
among young chickens is the wide
spread custom of feeding them on raw
cornmeal dough. It should always be
cooked. Where milk is plentiful we
have found it a good plan to scald the
milk and stir into it sufficient meal to
make a soft dough, letting it stand on
the fire long enough for the meal to be
come cooked, but not scorched. If wheat
bran is convenient it adds very much to
the nutriment of the mixture, and this
makes a splendid warm feed for the
cool spring mornings, when the little
chicks often become chilled. Besides
this they should be given any table
scraps, meat, fruit or vegetable trim
mings, and if sweet milk and clabber
can be spared for them they are of in
calculable worth in giving them a vig
orous and early growth. A flock of well
kept poultry can be made the source of
a steady income, and should only enough
be raised so home use the investment
pays better than anything else which
requires the same outlay of time and
money. State Agricultural Depart
ment.
Treatment of Peaeh Orchard, Where Last
Year's Crop Vailed.
Question —I gave my peach orchard
a moderate fertilising last year, but the
crop was almost a complete failure. I
have almq't determined to leave it
alone, that is without anything further
than keeping down the weeds, until I
get some return from the fertilizer put
on last year. Do you think this would
be a good plan? ,
1 Answer —The care of a peach orchard
requires the exercise of a good deal of
common sense, as well as the judgment
gained from experience J and observa
tion, and in answering a question like
the foregoing much depends on the con
dition of th land on which the trees
stand, as well as on the .age and condi
tion of the trees themselves. Il the
trees are thrifty and the soil in good
condition perhaps you may another
year reap some return from your invest
ment of fertilizer, bat the general mis
take in fertilising an orchard is to make
the allowance too small rather than too
i Drge. And sometimes may make a
i mistake in the kind of f< rtiliser used.
; For instance, old trees, w ich have been
in bearing a number of years, do not
i need the elements in the tame propor
tions as a young orchard just coining
into bearing. The latter will require a
larger per cent of nitrogen, while an old
orchard which has been well cared for
will require little else than a liberal ap
plication of potash, with, perhaps a
small per cent of phosphoric acid. Your
orchard should have been well plowed
in the fall, turning udder all vegetable
matter, aud it pays better to
ize at the same time and With
a generous hand. The heavier prun
ing also should have been done in
the fall. While careful pruning is ab
, solutely necessary to healthful and
profitable development of the trees, it is
extremely hazardous to do any severe
cutting after Jan. 1. It is too near the
time for the sap to start, and although
too much wood is the general mistake
among our orchardlsts, it is too late
now to remedy an error of this kind.
Severe cutting at this season is not only
fatal to the crop, but often to the trees
also. On the whole we would say, if
your orchard is on thin land and is
rough and overrun with weeds and
briars and bushes, we would certainly
clean it off and plow it, if possible giv
ing it a dressing of potash, and if the
orchard is young a small application of
nitrogen. Later on a crop of peas will
do much in the way of humus and ni
trogen to encourage a healthy growth,
even if the pea crop is harvested, and
thus you will not consider that your
land is entirely idle, though the peach
crop shouhp-f&il.— State Agricultural
Department.
Are Feachea Reproduce J From the Seed T
Question. —I have had little experi
ence in the propagation of peach trees,
but I can remember when my grand
! mother always saved and planted every
unusually fine peach which she came
across during the summer. Her or
chard was mostly from seedlings and I
don’t think I ever saw a finer one. But
I am told now that seedlings cannot be
i depended Upon to reproduce themselves.
Is this true and is there any assigned
| reason for it ?
Answer —Formerly in nearly every
part of this state there were good varie
ties, which were kept up from the seed,
but from neglect and other causes they
have deteriorated, and today if we wish
’ to propagate a particular variety we
must depend on budding aud grafting
to produce certainly what we wish.
The seeds from all cultivated or
chards have a strong tendency to
revert to the original-wIM type, which
was very inferior as to size and quality,
being little more than a large seed cov
ered with a thin layer of flesh. Besides,
the blossoms from one tree may be fer
tilized from those of another and per
haps different variety and there are al
ways these uncertainties attending the
propagation of a peach from the seed.
We have tried the experiment and suc
ceeded in producing a thrifty yonhg or
chard of seedlings from extra fine
peaches, whose first crop of fruit proved
them, without a single exception, to be
, utterly worthless.—State Agricultural
i Department.
Dlfiereut Varietlee of Co* Feas For Dif
ferent Purposes.
Question. —Please tell me what you
consider the best variety of cow peas
for hay, also for turning under, an d for I
the other u m to which this cron is put.
> Os the 50 odd varieties raised, I suppose
a good many posses the same cnaracter
istics. Wh it I . wish to know is the
principal n -ieties and their uses.
Answer—The selection of the va
riety for planting should be determined
by the use for which the crop is de-
• signed. If a heavy yield of hay is the
' principal object, the more vigorous and
> late maturing upright varieties, such as
1 clay, unknown and whipporwill, should
i be used. Os these the unknown is cer
tainly one o' the best, but if to be cut
1 for hay should not be planted too early,
> as it finally becomes so trailing as to be
• difficult to out with a machine, and it
i produces less seed when it has too long
> a season for growth.
i If the crop is to be pastured, or is to
• be left to decay through the winter on
the surface of the ground, trailing va-
' rietiea should be used; the unknown,
■ black and red ripper being among the
■ best For this purpose they should be
I planted as early as possible.
! For stock peas, black, clay, speckled
i crowder and unknown have given us
S the heaviest yields; but if peas are
i wanted for table use the large and small
I lady, sugar and buckeye will be among
‘,he best
One of the common methods of grow
ing peavines is to plant them between
the rows of corn at the time of giving
■ the last cultivation. In this way a crop
• is secured which costs absolutely noth
■ ing except for. the seed and sowing, and
• which may be relied upon for a oonsid
; erable amount of seed and grazing, and
J at the same time will make a cheap and
effective fertilizer for the succeeding
[ crop. In some cases the peas and corn
have been planted at the same time, in
alternate hills, but we have rarely found
the practice economical If running va
i rieties are used they tie cornstalks to
gether so as to materially reduce the
i yield of the grain, while if dwarf varie
ties are used they are so shaded by the
, corn as to make but little growth.
When granted between the rows in
■ June or 1 July they begin their rapid
growth after the-corn begins to ripen,
- and the corn crop is gathered before the
> vines are large enoughto be trouble
ij some. When a crop of peas ta grown in
- , . -■ 1..' u" eess
this way it cinnot well be cut for hay,
but will usually make a good yield at
seed, and Wil 1 afford a largo amount at
most excellei t grazing for either cattle
or hogs. F r such Late grazing the
black and the red ripper are among the
beet varieties, as the peas will He on the
ground a long time without injury.-*
State Agricultural Department,
Uaet Sugar. '
Question.—l notice a good deal in
the daily papers about the feasibility of
our farmers being successful in the cul
tivation of beets for sugar. What is
your opinion on thia subject, and would
you advise a man who has suitable laqd
to go into the business of cultivating
beets for maiket?
Answer—As suitable land is onlj
one of the many requisites for success
ful beet culture, we would not advise
the venture, if that is the only advan
tage possessed by the owner. latest aud
foremost is a suitable and accessible
market, then a knowledge of how to
prepare for, plant, cultivate and sell
the crop, is absolutely iadispenslbh.
Granted those essentials we should bo
able to produce our own supply of sugar,
but, as with every other new enterprise,
it is a mistake to rush in and undertake
to cany it through before we are thor
oughly prepared for the work. The
signs of the times point to this as a now
American industry, and as the Louisiana
Planter pertinently says, wo could reach
an immense development of the sugar
Industry before we should be compelled
by the magnitude of our home produc
tion to accept the price of the world at
largu At any rate tbe < American
people seem determined to try
the experiment of the beet sugar
industry. The closeness of the
margins in manufacturing in almost
every district loads to the concentration
of much attention in this one Inductor,
Which seems to promise a profit tothteu.
who engage in it; or at least to promise
a profit after the first losses due to bad
management shall have been made.
The industry is one suited to our soils
and climate, is legitimate in every re
spoct, and we trust that it will be so en
couraged that in time we will be able to
fully Supply our home market.—State
Agricultural-Department.
Deberalag.
Question. Does dehorning Injure
Ue animal very seriously and is it very
ihdnfiil? Would you advise that, where
a large number of cows are kept, they
should be dehorned?
Answer—lt has been conclusively
demonstrated that if dehorning is prop
erly done, and proper attention given to
the animal afterwards, they experience
little inconvenience and feel very little
pain. We have known whole herds of
grown animals dehorned, where scarcely
an animal misted a feed, and the flow
of milk was not perceptibly diminished.
But every precaution was used to give
as little pain as possible and the most
approved instruments were used. On
the other hand, we have seen cattle die
from the effects of cruelty and after
neglect The best time for such work
is in the mild weather of spring or fait
During hot weather the flies are trou
blesome and should bo guarded against
by smearing tar over tbe wounded part.
In cold weather the cows should be well
protected and cared for until they en
tirely recover from the operation. The
best plan of dehorning is to apply a
chemical dehorner to the "button” as
soon as it appears on the calves, which
is easily and cheaply done. On no ac
count. should one attempt to dehorn a
grown animal, until ho has previously
seen the work properly done, and has
the necessary and suitable tools and
appliances at hand for taking off the
horns thoroughly and quickly.—State
Agricultural Department.
Fartlllaar FOr Potato**.
Question.—Please give m® » gopd
fertilizer for my potatoes, and will the
same formula do for my early cabbages ?
Answer—A good fertilizer foe pota
toes should contain about IB per cent of
potash, 8 per cent of phoephorio add,
and 8 per cent of nitrogen. For cab
bages, 8 per cent of potash, 8 per cent
of phosphoric Mid and 9 per cent of ni
trogen. We have here illustrated the
principle that different crops, while
they require the same elements, need
these in different proportions. Were
you to use the cabbage formula for your
potatoes you would perhaps have vig
orous plan i with luxuriant foliage and
but few tubers. The large amount of
ammonia would stimulate a vigorous
growth at> ve ground, while the propor
tion of po ash and phoephorio add is
not sufficient to form considerable
number of potatoes. Oh the contrary
cabbages are gross feeders and require
heavy appMaiitions of nitrogen with
smaller doses of potash and phosphoric
add.—State Agricultural Department.
Wlzm t* Apgly X4*m.
Qumtioi —ls it too late to apply
lime to my land? How shall I phi it
on. and how much to the acre?
Answer—As a general thing it is
best to apply limo In the fall. It should
be applied evenly to the surface of the
fall plowed land. It will gradually sink
into the soil and perform a wonderful
work there. To aid in its even distri
bution, on which much of its benefldal
effect depends, a harrow should bo run
lightly over the land. There are ex
ceptional oases in which the application
may be made later. For instance, if
the soil is very sour, or if fertilisers
without nitrogen are to be used. If ni
trogenous fertilizers are to be used the
be applied in the tall The
usual rate is from one to two tons to the
acre. On very dry, sandy soils smaller
applications must be made than upon
moist ones. Other things being equal,
the productiveness of the soil is, in a
measure, dependent on a certain per
centage of lime.—State Agricultural
Department, _ i
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Schedule In Effect Dec. 12, 1897.
“No. 4 «o. ri No.l ' Daily ftSi/
Daily- Dally. Dally.statkhw. Daily,
74pm 4 06ptn 760 am Lv Atlanta.. -....Ari 7»pm USlam SSSR
838 pm 446 pm 8 28am Lt. J0ne5b0r0....... Ar 6ttpm »»«■ agJSrOI
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and Ce^rto—D MAHBo **