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BuumVBANCHOBS. Bf' NFS AND WOODEN TUBES FILLED B r W |TH LEAD FIRST USED. "y M jcarlie** Anchor* Made on the Hook 9 *Vrin< lP le Had On,y °“ e Vluke-Cfude I pevlee* T,,at Are Stlll V * ed In DUrerent ■ pgrt# of the World. 1 There appear to be two ideas which ■ led up to the invention of the W odern anchor: (1) the idea of attach- ■ the vessel by means of a rope .or fl hain to a weight sufficiently heavy to I San the vessel from moving when the I weight has sunk to the bottom of,the fl * au d (2) the idea of using a hook fl LTtead of (or in addition to) the weight, B as to catch in the bottom. The Eng- I Hsh word anchor is practically the same S «s the Latin ancora and the Greek ang- ■ kura meaning “that which has an an- I rie.’’’ fro’ ll the root ank ’ bent ■ ® h 0 earliest anchors made on the I hook principle probably only had one ■ fluke instead of two. In the “Sussex I Archffiil. Coll. ” there is an illustration I of what has beep' surmised to be an I anchor made out of the natural forked I branch of a tree. It was found with an I ancient British canoe at Burpham, Sus- ■ gex. There is in the British museum an I interesting leaden anchor with two I flukes bearing a Greek inscription. Its I date is about 50 B. CL and it was found I o ff the coast of Cyrene. ■ The invention of theanchor with two I flukes is attributed by Pausanius to ■ Midas, by Pliny to Eupalamas, aud by I Strabo to Anacharsis. Diodorus Siculus I states that the first anchors were wood | en tubes filled with lead, while another I classical writer says that before the in- I troduction of metal anchors lumps of I stone with a hole through the middle I for the attachment of the cable were I used. I The form of the used by the Greeks and Bomans is well known from representations on Trajan’s column and in the catacombs at Rome as an early Christian symbol. This form does not seem to have changed x materially for quite a thousand years, as is shown by the Bayeux tapestry. Some very primitive kinds of anchors are in use at the present day in different parts of the world, and a study of their construction may Throw some light on fi>e evolution of the modern anchor. An anchor which came from Japan consists of a natural forked branch of a tree, slightly improved artificially, so as to make a hook. Two round bars are fixed at right angles to the shank, and to these two ordinary beach pebbles are tied. The length of the anchor is 2 feet 8 inches, the width across the hook 8 inches, and across the transverse bars 1 feot 5 inches. The stones are from sto 6 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick. Another anchor was in use quite re cently in the Arran islands, off the west coast of Galway. It is constructed of a doping bar at each side and three cross bars, forming a figure not unlike the isosceles triangle in Euclid’s pons asi norum. The lowest of the three cross bars is of square section and is fixed by iron spikes at each side to the sloping pieces so as to prevent them spreading outward. The stone, which acts as a weight, is clipped by means of the two side pieces, being held tightly by two spliced rings of rope passing under tho upper crossbars. These crossbars are of round section and project at each side, thus keeping the rope rings from slipping upward. The cable is fixed to* the middle of the lowest transverse bar and is carried up ou one side of the stone, then between the two sloping boards, and finally through a loop fixed to a hole at the top of, the anchor. The boards at each side are 1 foot. 10% inches long and the stone 1 foot 5 inches long. It may seem strange that such primi tive looking contrivances should con tinue to be used by fishermen who have a full knowledge of every modern ap pliance connected with navigation and vessels, yet there are good reasons why they should have survived. Where the sea or fiver bed is rocky anchors are easily lost This is a serious matter when the anchor is of iron and of some value, but if it is constructed like those described there is not much difficulty or expense in replacing it. A beach stone and a few bits of wood are always at hand, and the skilled workmanship (squired to fashion them into a very taviceable anchor is but small. Thus it is that under certain condi tions primitive appliances must always hold their own against modern inven tions. When, as often happens, a newly introduced contrivance gets out of or der, it generally involves much greater loss of time and more expensed re place it than if it were of simpler con struction and capable of being made by an ordinary workman out of materials easily procurable on the spot. Highly civilized man has much to learn from his prehistoric ancestors and from uncultured races still existing as to how he should act in an emergency *hen deprived of his usual appliances. —Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeolo gist. Trial* of Translation. English critics say that recently fate gave evidence of more than usual intel ligence in the office of a Parisian jour | ,tal- The Parisian editor saw a London critic’s appreciation ot Anna Thibaud, whose songs are as pointed and flowery B,'? h gr “rosebtod” slippers. The Lon doner wrote that “mademoiselle’s feet *ere incased in fairy boots. ’ ’ The Pari- diligently to work with tos dictionary, and soon had it correct slated, we presume, but when it Zp eßreti in print, instead of reading hat mademoiselle’s feet were incased ? hottes de fee,” it said they were cased in “pots a fleurs” (flower pots). | w ,'^, ever l> e critical upon the ladies,” maxim of an old Irish peer, re liable for his homage to the sex. he only way that a true gentleman attempt to look at the faults • Pretty woman is to shut his eyes. ” TOURISTS ABROAD. • ——— — The Money They Spend Amount* So •700,000,000 » Tear. The amount of money expended by tourists in Europe has, if official records abroad are to be accepted as authentic, increased enormously of late years. There has been recently filed with the Swiss minister of fiuaiico &nd customs at Bern a detailed statement of hotel receipts in that country, from which it appears that the gross receipts of Swiss hotels rose from 52,800,000 francs in 1880 to 114,883,000 in 1894. The entire annual expenses of the Swiss republic amount in a year to between 80,000,000 and 90,000,000 francs <the budget for this year is given at the latter figure), and it would seem, therefore, very much as if the hotels of Switzerland take in in a year more than the government it self docs. - The Swiss figures are not the only ones furnished in Europe recently on this point A French record shows that every year there are 270. 000 foreigners who pass from a forteight to a whole Tyinter on the Riviera. Every person is supposed to expend on an average 1,000 francs, or S2OO, in the country. In oth er words, the foreign visitors spend in the country every winter the sum of $54,000,000. The English are put down as contributing one-third of this amount; the French themselves contribute anoth er third; Germans, Belgians, Dutch, Russians and Americans contribute the remainder. From being a poor country when it was annexed to France in 1860 Nice has become one of the richest de partments of the republic. Some figures recently compiled of the revenues to hotels from tourists in Paris show the average number of foreign visitors to be 60,000. It is customary to estimate at 10 francs, or $2, a day the hotel bills of strangers in Paris. Estimating at $2 a day each the hotel bills of 60,000 and at about as much more their other outlays it is, to be seen that tourists an Paris can be put down for an expenditure of nearly $250, - 000 a day. The total sum expended by tourists in Europe in a year is probably not very far from $700,000,000, and a very com siderable portion of this comes from the pockets, the purses and the bankers’ balances of Americans, who are pro verbially the most liberal among travel ers. Russians come second, Brazilians third, —Exchange. SLEEPWALKING. Strange Thing* Men Do While In a State of Somnambulism. Reeders of that charming work of my late friend Wilkie Collins, “The Moon stone,’’will remember the sleepwalk ing feats of Mr. Franklin Blake when under the influence of an opiate. What the novelist describes as a piece of fic tion may be paralleled from the sober records of science. McNish, in his classic volume on “Sleep,” tells us of a shepherd lad who, wrapt in slumber, walked miles to the place where his flock was pastured, waded through a river and returned home without waking. In another case a lad in his sleep scaled a precipitous cliff and brought home from it an eagle’s nest, which was found under his bed in the morning. Abercrombie’s ease of the Scottish lawyer who, when worried over a per plexing case, was seen by his wife to rise from his bed in the night is an other illustration of the occasionally purposive character of somnambulism, when, directed by its private secretaries, the sleeping ego is apparently roused from its couch and made to act the part of a pure automaton. This individual went to a writing desk which stood in his bedroom, sat down before the desk and wrote for some time. Then, replac ing the paper within the desk, he re turned to bed. ■ . In the morning he told his wife of a dream he had experienced, in which he imagined he had given a satisfactory opinion on the case which was trou bling He expressed regret that he could not recall the train of thought represented in his dream. On his wife directing him to his writing desk, he found therein the opinion in question, clearly written out and in every respect satisfactory.—Andrew Wilson, M. D., in Harper’s Magazine. A Have You Seen It? Every big railroad in this country has a freight car in its equipment bearing the number 12,845, and yet I’ll lay reasonable odds that you may tramp this town over and you will not be able to find a man, I care not how much he has traveled, who has ever seen a car with that number. Among railroad men it is known as the “sequence car” or the “one-two-three-four-five car.” Perhaps you never looked for it. I have. For years in my travels I made it a practice to get out whenever the train stopped and take a look at the freight cars in sight, and I have met drummers who told me they did the same thing, but never a glimpse did I get of that car nor did I ever run across a man who had been so fortunate. Try it. Go up to the freightyards in this city or across the river. You will find hundreds of cars, but it’s $lO to a pint of peanuts that car 12,345 will not be among them. —St Louis Republic. Ancient Playing Card*. The ancient Tarot packs were the ear liest playing cards known to our forefa thers. They consisted of 72, 77 or 78 cards. These cards are still used in re mote parts of Italy, France and Switzer .land and are made in Florence, the de signs being handed down from genera tion to generation. ,• Ostriches, which are supposed to flour ish only in very warm climates, have been raised successfully in southern Rus sia, the feathers being of good quality and the birds healthy. To be perfectly proportioned a man should weigh 28 pounds for every foot pf fl SMOKELESS POWDER. CORDITE THE MOST POTENT EX PLOSIVE OF MODERN *ME3. It I* Composed of Nitroglycerin, Gun Cot ton and Vaaellne—The Interesting Proc •“ Which It* Dangeron* Element* Are Combined. Since the advent of (he speedy torpe do boat and since rapid firing guns have been placed on battleships and cruisers an explosive that would allow to the officers and gunners an unobstructed view of an enemy under all conditions has been sought, and thousands of dol lars have been expended in the effort to obtain a satisfactory substitute for black gunpowder. Cordite, the latest explo sive, is said to bo the most satisfactory propellant of modern times for naval warfare, and the expert opinion seems to be that in a few years gunpowder as now understood will have vanished. Tho earliest records of established powder mills show that there was only one in operation in 1590, this one being in England. During the year 1787 the Waltham Abbey Powder mills were purchased by the English government. They are still conducted by it The Fa vershiun mills, which up to that date were the largest in the world, passed into the hands of a private corporation in 1815. The manufacture of powder was continued without much improve ment, except in the efficiency of the grinding and mixing machinery, -until about 35 years ago, the formula for black powder being saltpeter 75 parts, charcoal 15 parts and sulphur 10 parts, the whole forming a mechanical mix ture and not a chemical compound. Smokeless powder, however, became absolutely a necessity, for the reason that smoke producing powders masked tho object aimed at, and the torpedo boat, which was becoming a recognized feature of naval warfare, could dash up and discharge one or more deadly mis siles under cover of the smoke. Smokeless powders were first pro duced in France, and for some time the secret of the manufacture was guarded jealously. As soon as the necessity for this kind of powder became apparent, however, a number of manufacturers devoted attention to it, and as a result various brands of smokeless explosives were placed on the market. The most satisfactory results eventu ally made their appearance in cordite, which was produced through experi ments made by Professor Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel. Cordite is composed of nitroglycerin 58 per cent, gun cotton 37 per cent and vaseline 5 per cent Nitro glycerin is an oily, colorless liquid and an active poison. It is produced by mix ing a quantity of sulphuric acid with almost double the amount of nitric acid and allowing it to cook About one eighth of the total weight of glycerin is then added gradually, the mixture be ing kept below a temperature of 70 de grees F. by passing air and cold water through it. After the mixture has stood a sufficient time the acids are drawn off, and the residue (nitroglycerin) is wash ed and filtered. Nitroglycerin cannot be ignited easily by a flame, and a lighted match or ta per plunged into it would be extinguish ed. It is sensitive to friction or percus sion, either of which will detonate it Another peculiarity is that the higher the temperature the more sensitive it becomes. It will solidify at a temper ature of 40 degrees, and its explosive force* is estimated to be about twelve times that of gunpowder. One of the most approved methods used in the manufacture of gun cotton is this: The raw cotton is torn into shreds, dried and dipped in a mixture of sulphuric and nitrio acids. It is then placed in a stream of running water and washed thoroughly. The cotton is then wrung out, usually in a centrifugal ma chine. It is afterward boiled, dried, cut into pulp and pressed into disks. When the gun cotton is finished, there should be no trace of the acids remaining. Vase line, the other component part of cor dite, is the well known extract from pe troleum, and its usefulness is chiefly to lubricate the bore of the gun and thus lessen the friction between it and the projectile. It also has a tendency to im part a waterproof nature to cordite. A colorless liquid prepared from ace tate of lime, called acetone, is used as a solvent in the manufacture of cordite. The method of preparing the explosive is: The required proportion of nitro glycerin is poured over the gun cotton, and the two, with the addition of ace tone, are kneaded together into a stiff paste. Vaseline is then added, and the whole compound, after being thorough ly mixed, is put into a machine and the cordite pressed out and cut into lengths, after which it is dried} To the artillerist the nature of cordite is represented by a fraction whose nu merator gives in hundredths of an inch the diameter of the die through which the cordite has been pressed, its denom inator being the length of the stick in inches. The cordite known as 30-12, which is the size used for the 6 inch quick firing guns, signifies that its di ameter is three-tenths of an inch, and it is 12 inches long. It is necessary to use a fine grain powder to ignite a charge of cordite, it being secured in such a manner that a flash from the tube firing the gun will cause the explosion of the charge. A full charge of powder for a 12 inch gun is 295 pounds, while the cordite charge, having the same efficiency, is only 167% pounds. Cordite is one of the safest explosives known, and is not dangerous unless it is confined. It can be held, in the hand and lighted without danger. It burns slowly and with a bright flame. Al though comparatively a new discovery, it is used extensively in every navy throughout the world. It was manufac tured first in Great Britain and was in general use ou her battleships before adopted by other powers.—New York Sun. A NIGHT OF TERROR. IT PROVED THE DOWNFALL OF NEG- LEV AND HIS PALS. ♦ X A ThrtHln* Incident of Life la th* City ofPRUIHut Karly In the Present Cen tury, Belated by a Woman—Preaenee of Mind Alone Saved Her. The following incident, which, at the time, caused much talk, and is still told by the children of old settlers who heard it from their parents, has never, to my knowledge, appeared in print, and the only object in telling it now is that so many peoplo are interested in anything of an historical nature pertain ing to the days of our grandfathers. My ancestors were among the first settlers of western Pennsylvania, my grandfather bring one cf the garrison of old Fort Pitt, dying there during the Revolutionary war The incident refer rod to was told me by my mother, who was attending a school in Pittsburg at the time, and my grandmother Culber son, who was a resilient of the city for many years and who died there in 1864 at the age of 89 years. About the first of this century a man named Negley built a house five miles east of Pittsburg on a road running east and west, midway between the Alle ghany and Monongahela rivers. It was a tavern and farmhouse combined. Teamsters, drovers and travelers stopped on their way to and from the city to get a meal overnight These way side inns were numerous in early days, and are still found in many parts of the country. They are generally pleasant places to stop at After Negley had occupied his tavern a number of years the place was named Negleyville, afterward Rising Sun and later East Liberty. Negley was as bloodthirsty a viMain as could have been found on the fron tier and had associated with him a number of men as bad as himself, who made his tavern their headquarters, and whose business was to rob and murder unfortunate travelers who might stop there. The undoing of these men was brought about in this way: A poor woman with her two small children started afoot from some east of Liberty to walk to Pittsburg. In the evening sho reached Negley’s tav ern, and as her children were too tired to go farther she put up for the night Soon after entering the house she began to feel uneasy, as there was something mysterious about the actions of the, in mates. Before she retired to rest a trav eler rode up and dismounted, and after seeing his horse cared for entered the house. He seamed to be a drover return ing from tho city after disposing of some cattle. Concealing her alarm, she followed the landlady, a coarse, brawny woman, to a room up stairs, whose door was without fastenings and which contained only a bed and stool. Retiring with her children, she was unable to sleep. An hour or so later she heard the traveler being escorted to an adjoining room and heard him complain that his door could not be secured, and the landlord assured him that he was as safe as he would be in his own house, an assertion the trav eler evidently believed, as his heavy breathing soon told that he was asleep. Near midnight the woman, who Was still awake, heard stealthy steps mss her door and several persons enter the adjoining room. In a few minutes there was a heavy blow, followed by a low cry and then a short struggle. A little after the murderers came into her room, but seeing that she seemed to be asleep left her, and she heard them carry the dead man through ‘the hall and down stairs. In the morning they were very po lite, inquiring how sho rested, etc., stating that the drover had got up early and gone on. After breakfast she and the children started for the city, but were soon met by a man coming from there, who stop ped her, inquiring who sho was and where she was going, where she had staid the night before, etc. Believing him to be one of the band, she answered truthfully, but told him that the people at the tavern were very nice people and had treated her very well He passed on, but she met another coming from the city who made the same inquiries, and still another; but she told the same story, and they, believing that she knew nothing, let her go. On her arrival at Pittsburg she in formed the authorities and the place was broken up, but whether any of them were brought to justice I ttm unable to say.—Sarah P. Farmer in Pittsburg Dispatch. A Brave Woman. Mrs. Lizzie Goodman lately walked 400 miles, from Memphis to St Louis, carrying .in her arms her crippled 5-year-old son. Her husband had died in poverty, and her granduncle, a farm er living near St Louis, offered to give her and the child a home. The soles were worn off her shoes long before she reached the end of her journey, but the farmers all along the road were kind to her, giving her food and a night’s lodg ing whenever she asked for it In St Louis some compassionate women sup plied her with shoes, and she set out courageously to walk the few remaining miles to her uncle’s home in Baden.— Boston Woman’s Journal Not to Be Seen. “I wouldn’t be seen smoking a ciga rette I” exclaimed the princess earnestly. Accordingly she summoned her good fairy and bade that functionary lend her a match and render her invisible. —De troit Journal. '■ In France it is a punishable offense for any one to give infants under one year any form of solid food unless such be ordered by written prescription sign ed by a legally qualified medical man. Fifty years ago Austria had seven cities with more than 20,000 inhabit anta Today there are 32. AN OPEN LETTER To MOTHERS. WE ARE ASSERTING IN THE COURTS OUR RIGHT TO THE . EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE WORD C ASTORIA,” AND “PITCHER’S CASTORIA,” as our trade mark. /, DR. SAMUEL PITCHER* qf Hyannis, Massachusetts, Ms the originator of “PITCHER’S CASTORIA," the same that has borne and does now on bear the facsimile signature of wrapper. This is the original “ PITCHER'S CASTORIA/' which has been used in the homes of the Mothers of America for over thirty years. LOOK CAREFULLY at the wrapper and see that it is thekihd you haver always bought ° n and has the signature of wrap- per. No one has authority from me to use my name ex cept The Centaur Company of which Chas. H. Fletcher is President. /i y Manh 8,1897. ' Do Not Be Deceived. Do not endanger the life of your child by accepting a cheap substitute which some druggist may offer yo” (because he makes a few more pinnies on it), the in gredients of which even he docs not know* "The Kind You Have Always Bought” BEARS THE FAC-SIMILE SIGNATURE OF Insist on Having The Kind That Never Failed ’You. THS CCNTAWN OOREFAMY. TV MURRAY STRKKT. NKW VOM SHOES, - SHOES I IN MENS SHOES WE HAVE THE LATEST STYLES-COIN TOIB, GENUINE RUSSIA LEATHER CALF TANS, CHOCOLATES AND GREEN AT $2 TO 13J50 PER PAIR. IN LADIES OXFORDS WE HAVE COMPLETE LINE IN TAN, BLACK AND CHOCOLATE, ALSO TAN AND BLACK SANDALS RANGING IN PRICE FROM 75c TO $2. ALSO TAN, CHOCOLATE AND BLACK! SANDALS AND OXFORDS IN CHILDREN AND MISSES SIZES, AND CHILDREN AND MISSES TAN LACE SHOES AND BLACK. TXOBITE. WE HAVE IN A LINE OF SAMPLE STRAW HATS. —GET YOUR — JOB PRINTING * DONE JLT The Morning Call Office. ♦ t 7 . jfk . • • • We have just supplied our Job Office with • complete line ol Stationery kinds and can get up, on short notice, anything wanted in the way oi LETTER HEADS, BILL HEADS STATEMENTS, IRCULARS, ENVELOPES, NOTES, MORTGAGES, PROGRAMS JARDB, POSTERS * r \ DODGERS, E.U., ETL Wersnyue'iflst iue of FNVEJZ»FES ym sTxtd : thlstrada An ailracdvt POSTER cf aay size can be issued on short notice. . Our prices for work of all kinds will compare favorably with those obtained row any office in the state. When you want job printing [description five a call Satisfaction guarantees * I ALL WORK With Neatness and Dispatch.