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VOL •
INSTALL WORLD'S
BIGGEST OTNAMQ
•HUM rter at Um
« r» of the tow***
■M H M <f tkf
M to* rHMMM to
tkf M4«( t Not Hw Iml tl
lb* trctraor Mam •Muriate
•HI M« it to to long tof
Stole!. 4«ii«w*4 to toto f)' b) Far
f< ip w ui puts at ari¬
MCC I* U» se, at s prm<q>lc a<4
ll**i K«fol» rWCOfiitocd, Mr* Utc Nv«
lurfc World. *
,
is 1831 Michael Faraday, an Ekfe
tiahuisn. • pupil of Sir Humphrey
I **nj, »Idle working la lilt laboratory
•ogagvd to MjH-iimedial roM*areb. of
a auddrn dtorotcml tb« ton by mean*
of alitcb rtoctrlrity could lie created
by aiecbaalcal proceos. Faraday mad*
a report ot bta discovery and that re¬
port. of course, e*cited dtocuaaioB, jet
It **• looked upon merely a* un In
tcreating dlecoverj of a tfccreu fora ua
Miapocted uataral tow.
Future Nat Foreseen.
No one at that time could see tbe
wonderful growth in store for Fara¬
day's tittle generator, or dynamo as
it was then called, it was but 12
Indies to disrueter. most io-ignifleanf
today when compared with tbe first
of three gigantic generators just in¬
stalled at the Niagara Falls power
plant, instead of 12 inches in diame¬
ter. this new Titan ot Niagara has
a rotor, or revolving unit, 21 feet to
diameter. I
Where Faraday's Generator per
hape bad a pt.ll ot but a fraction of
one borne pcu tr, ibis new turn-blue,
designed and mill by t*e General
.
of hav¬
ing made er.ci. use hi^f’araUay’s dis¬
covery as to demonstrate the avail¬
ability of it for creating electric en¬
ergy by mechanical means. Professor
Pachlnotti, of one of the Italian uni¬
versities. invented a machine by
means of which the law that was dis¬
covered by Faraday was made com
merciully available.
Is Easily Obtained.
To the popular mind it is a problem
to define the modern dynamo, or gen
crutor. The underlying principle is
the rapid continuous change in the
relative position of a lot of wires ol
copper and invisible magnetic lines oi
force. The existence ot these lines ol
force was discovered by Faraday. The!
rapid whirling of the copper wires!
across the magnetic lines of force may
be produced by a steam engine, by!
water power, or by any other means ot
effecting mechanical work.
In the dynamo electric energy is
easily obtained by mechanical means
Tite mechanical means are represented
by the rapid whirling uf copper wire*
which are bound around a large tub*
or disc, in such manner as to brinj
the wires within the lines of the mag
netisin. It is necessary to set up t i
magnet the size of which increase;
proportionately with the increase ii
the amount of electric energy desired
For the largest dynamos a very larg*
magnet is essential.
Faraday never discovered what that
mystic force which we call magnetisu
really 1*. But for that matter, as Doc -
tor Stelnmetz lias often said, it cat
also be said of electricity itself that,
while the world now understands some
of the manifestations of electric energy
and is able to manufacture that en¬
ergy, no one has ever authoritatively
stated what electricity really is.
Ail we know is. that Faraday's dis¬
covery of the law has made it possi¬
ble to create electric energy in any
amount through the operation of me¬
chanical means. The mechanical
means are themselves obtained either
through the burning of coal, whereby
u steam-driven engine whirls the cop¬
per wires, or by means of water pow¬
er, as at the, Niagara Falls electrie
plant.
Adequate Supply for Years.
The physical conditions existing at
Niagara Falls are not duplicated else¬
where in the world. The immense
drainage basin of the Great Lakes con¬
tributes an almost uniform ouiflow of
water of such magnitude that the
question of adequate supply is not one
wbl^i. neqd ,be considered for many
years to come.
This continuous flow of over 200,000
cubic feel a second, finds its outlet
tjirpi^L yin {tofu tivnr. vfosb. Wtt
TIMES-COURIER*'
runeigi) e total bright a# Sit fed fito
i*i<« Ueltce Kn« usd Ontsrio. Ot
tola 8M feet. M3 feet to eanmnttwtcd
e tbe oetarect ItuC.t awA —tohrr 83
teal to to tbe ra p id s tonwetltoiciy
,tbove, a*' that « .itito a distract 4 an*
•otic tlierv is available a tetai bra d of
211 feet ; or. cruet Suing tbg M fret of
droji to tbv Iowm rapids with tfest
ab o ve Ifwvw estot* s brad of SI 4 fret
v idee mi«j be Jci doped wMito abaci
’me mile*, dtotance being m e a sured
a tbe Amtwxi alto ef to ft t*,\
litis n«« <>f water and the n*torsi
w-ad aveiietde prorld# a wsiw ef
.area f«« met barer p*«W
Midi mwiei <*ntto«rj «adiUiiss <ot
tuight t sped would be need to tbe ful)
foi industrisi purposes. »
One (silts aiaaa baa prneotrd tbe
perfect working at economic law In
this reaped, and that factor is <ba
value of the enured and rapids front
the arva u standpoint. That this value
to a rssai one. no thougbtfai person will
deny. "Man cannot lire by limtd
alone.’’ and ubo can doubt that Gad
who. to If is tofiaite wisdom, gave us
Mtgan, inti cdi d m to miaisier to the
spirit as well as to tbe body of man¬
kind?
It to Just beginning to be recog¬
nized that the division mom ultimate¬
ly be node at tbai point where the
sum total of bunion b<a»cflt shall be
a maximum And when that point is
finally determined, the |*ortioo of the
energy which to found not necessary
to maintain the spiritual value* will
undoubtedly be made available for In
rial .
auri P ur V'“““'
Use Niagara Power.
Aa early as 1725, near 200 years i go,
a primitive sawmill nude first use ot
Niagara i*>wer, and * 100 year! ago -
•mail waterwheels were used in mills
,
along the upper rapids on the shore
and small island of tbe American
The I of the existing de
velopme be placed as far back
as 1MB, construction of a hy
draulic w»s begun, extending
■ head of the rapids
-flit*’
waterwheel
parks by means of two arc lamps.
Excursions were run from various
parts of th.i country to see tbe new
wonder.
The second hydro-electric develop¬
ment and first commercial installa¬
tion was made in 1885 on Bath island.
The generator of this unit with a ca¬
pacity of 1C amperes at 110 volts was
used for lighting a mill on the island.
As soon as these early installations
bad demonstrated the possibilities of
electrical power the real hydro-electric
development began. This was in 1891.
and there has been a gradual growth
since that time.
A treaty between the United States
and Canada limits the amount of
water to be taken from Niagara falls
for commercial purposes to 21 per
cent of the total. This is now being
utilized, 10 per cent on the American |
side and 11 per cent on the Canadian.
The demand for electricity has
steadily increased, and to meet this,
since no more water can be used, en¬
gineers began work on plans to use
more efficiently the present water sup¬
ply. Thus tin? idea for larggr genera¬
tors culminating in the world's largest
machine recently installed.
More to Be Installed.
This new 70,0*10 horse power hydro¬
electric unit usvw 3,000 cubic feet of
water a second with an efficiency of
at least 93 per cent. It does not in¬
crease tbe diversion of water in any'
way, but does materially increase the
efficiency of conversion into power. It
uses the same umount of water former¬
ly used by seven 5,000 horse power
units, and delivers energy equivalent
to the output of 14 such units.
Two more units of the same size are
being built and will be in use before
tbe close of tbe year. This will add
100 , 0 (H) horse power to the output of
the Niagara plant without the use of
any additional water, making a total
output of 098.400 horse power gener¬
ated by tlie American company, a
record for hydro-electric systems in
tills country.
If this same amount of electricity
were generated by steam it would re¬
quire about 7,000,000 tons'of coal a
year.
The turbine of this 70,000 horse pow¬
er unit is the highest power capacity
water wheel ever built It is a product
of the 1. P. Morris division of the
Cramp Ship and Engine Building com¬
pany of Philadelphia.
The water wheel is a single-piece
steel casting weighing 105,000 pounds.
The turbine casting and control valve
required 32 carloads of parts. The
turbine converts the power of the fall¬
ing water into mechanical energy,
which Is transmitted by means of the
32- fo.c ij to the generator
~Wt Push For Prosperity—Give U«;* Puli’
ELLUAY, G BORGIA, FRIO AY, APR. 11. 1924
mu-shoot mu ni
PUCE 8T PIANO
Ar»rod
Wonderful at rides are bait
to the field af medtotoa and
it baa been ewtabltafeed that
day are living 10 to 15 years
than those of SO and 75 years age sad
their energies and useful ness li ve
been extended fully IS years.
This to due to tbe fact that moth, rs
are dressing more sensibly and teeing
ta atbletics and outdoor exert'cos,
homes ate better ventilated and ..tore
sanitary, people take better cm* of
their teeth, stomach and feet and I sve
physician*, surgeons or dentists a :tke
needed repairs.
Some of tbe other principal |» inta
brought out at the sessions and c inle
of the American College of Surg ona,
held in Chicago recently, were:
Cancer may be killed by “coming"
the cells with electricity, using » ma¬
chine of low voltage with a htgl tVe
quency current. This is especially use¬
ful when cancel s are ac located that
an operation Is Impossible.
Exhibited at one clinic was a man
who carries around with him 78 feet
of. piano wire, which Ig wre iped
around bis heart and main art-Ties.
These had become flabby and tt *eat
ened to burst. Since these* were
wrapped with wire, bis health has
greatly Improved.
General use of electrically d-lven
machines and saws for trephining and
other bone operations Is replacing the
mullet and chisel and old-fash oned
saw. This hastens the operatlot, and
saves the patient much of the shyck.
Several exhibits were of “human
carpentry,” such as broken •■wgs
screwed toffethy with mt-al pj
tom tendons replaced with silk,
straightened and reupholstered, tew
of the original bone. Consequently
when a surgeon starts in to rebuild a
broken man he calls upon the tibia tor
his basic material.
Alaska Fur Shipments
Show Increase in 1923
Furs valued at $1,794,159 were
shipped out of Alaska during the year
192!!. according to a report received by
the Department of Agriculture. Tbe
total number of furs shipped from
Alaska during 1923 was 397,287.
Wlii'e this number exceeds that of the
previous year by 2,040, the value is
$5,127 less because of the lower prices
-paid for some kinds of furs.
As usual, the muskrat exceeded all
others, both in numbers and in total
value of skins, 319,611 of these having
a value of $367,552, being the year’s
export. Next in order came the white
fox, numbering 7,930, with a value of
$297,476; the beaver, with 14,341
skins, worth $258,138, and the red fox
with 19,787 skins, valued at $215,740.
The most notable decrease as com
jared with 1922 is the mink, 31,983 of
those skins being shipped that year
and 20.66S in 1923. The most notable
Increase is the red fox, 5,979 skins be¬
ing exported tn 1922 and 10.787 in
1923
_ _
rectly above.
The gigantic generator establishes a
new high mark in design and con¬
struction of electrical .equipment. The
stator of the generator weighs 228
tons. The rotor with its 28 eight-ton
poles weighs 399 tons. The revolving
elements, consisting of rotor, shaft and
runner, total apnroximaiely 500. tons
and are suspended from the top of the
unit by a Kingsbury thrust bearing.
One hundred and ten cars were re¬
quired to transport the machinery and
equipment composing this 70,000 horse
power nnit.
New Pressure Tunnel
The three new hydro-electric units
will receive their supply of water
through a new hydraulic pressure tun¬
nel. The big tube, measuring 32 feet
In diameter and 4,300 feet in length,
carries the water from the head of the
rapids above the falls under the city
of Niagara Falls to the edge of the
high cliffs below the falls.
It was excavated through solid .-oek
and the spoil removed would fill a
train of gondolas reaching from Buf¬
falo to Utica. The tunnel discha ges
into a great forebay, from,which the
water Is conducted to the turbines by
means of three 21 -foot slope tunnel
penstocks cut through tbe limestone
cliff.
mine TO SHEIK
INTO O.S. RISKY
Many Killed and Robbed
by Smugglers.
Pity tbe |K*<>r alien, who, oppressed
by circumstances tn Ills native land
decides to come to America, only to
find that the quota assigned his nation
under tbe law of the United States has
been filled; for of such is the horde of
victims preyed upon by the alfen
suicgglers of Mexico, freebooters, who
vie with the famous pirates In blood¬
thirstiness and unscrupulousness.
Tite alien who entrusts himself to
the mercy of this crew, which agrees
for a stipulated fee. to place him upon
American soil, has risked not alone
capture by the United States Immi¬
gration officials and consequent de¬
portation to his land of origin, but his
very life thereby.
Judging by reports reaching the bor¬
der from the seaports of Mexico, an
eager flock of immigrants constantly
floods the towns of the Mexican lit¬
toral, each anxious io invade fh- land
of promise beyond the lUw Grande.
Operate From Tampico.
Tampico, because of Its compara¬
tive nearness to the border long has
been the favorite landing place for
these people; similarly it has been
the “hang-out" of several desperate
gangs of cut-throats, masked under the
guise of alien-smugglers.
The alien handing himself over to
the smuggler pays high for the service
that is promised, even guaranteed, but
which all too often fails to be deliv¬
ered. The fee is based largely upon
what the immigrant may have with
him. If he is incautious and displays
much money, the fee will be as near
the sum total as possible. Of course,
there Is a minimum fee and without
considerable ready cash no alien could
coup! jtpon starting bis trek for the
boner.
4 few, a very few, Actually do reach
■^yHtean soli and -the comparative where,.if 1
cs,
Vi < the oppor
umed back
rrican icami
many never
■ If they do, “lay
low" to such good purpose that the.lr
relatives or friends, waiting anxiously
in Mexico, fall ever to hear from them
again. *
If they go by water, launches, are
used in the effort. Often their objec¬
tive is the lower Texas coast, between
Brownsville and Corpus Clirlsti, where
the practically deserted shore line of
fers excellent chance of landing with¬
out apprehension. If the alien is wise
he insists upon going ashore near Gal¬
veston, for the shores between Browns
ville and Corpus Christi are spnrsely
populated and there is excellent
chance that the alien will perish of
hunger or thirst, or be compelled to go
into some small town, where his ap¬
pearance would lead to quick arrest.
Many Have Disappeared.
Once they pass Galveston and reach
Houston, and lie low for a time, they
ijave a chefnee to enter the interior
through the mn^-natlons of an “un¬
derground railrord" declared by immi¬
gration authorities to be operated
from headqua -ters in New York, Phil¬
adelphia, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis
and other large cities of the East and
Middle West few even are sent to
the Pacific .-oast, jt Is said, but not
many.
At times launch loads of would-be
entrants, and particularly. Chinese,
have disappeared. The smugglers re¬
turning have maintained stoutly that
they landed the men on the Texas
coast and left them there as they had
agreed. But waiting friends or rela¬
tives never received word from the
men and feared the worst.
The regularity of disappearance of
aliens who, singly or in small groups,
tried to run the international boundary
guard long ago led to suspicion of foul
play. This was clinched to certainty
when a few months ago 41 party of
six Italians was set upon by the Mexi¬
cans who had been hired to smuggle
them across the Rio Grande. Five
died, while the sixth, aided by dark¬
ness, escaped. Two Mexicans were
executed by a tiring squad for this
murder.
Solves Payment Puzzle Of income
Chicago.—Sending the government
a blank check and inviting “Uncle
Sam to write in the amount” is the
way one man extricated himself from
the income tax dilemma. “I am send¬
ing a blank signed check,” the letter
received by the collector of internal
revenue, said “I don’t know whether
Coolidge is going' to cut the Mellon
or not, bnt make out the check to
suit yourself and if there is any re¬
duction, make it out in my favor.”
The name of the pariy sending the
jbeck
Om* of the Last, Dies
The ranks of the kahunas, or medi¬
cine men of old Hawaii, which have
thinned steadily since the white man’s
invasion of the Islands, have been de¬
pleted further^by the recent death of
Kekeewai, on# of the last of the
hrnas, at his home on the Island of
Molokai.
in olden times the purpose of the
kahuna was twofold. Primarily, his
duty was to heal the sick. Secondarily,
he would, for a consideration, “pray to
death’’ the enemy of any of his pa¬
tients or patrons.
The islanders were so superstitious
that the work of the kahuna usually
was effective, and the victim, as soon
ns heflffisccnrered that he was the ob¬
ject of the kahuna’s curse, would
waste awky graduatly until death, ac¬
cording to the tradition.
Finds Value of Average
Human Being Is 98 Cents
The net material value of an aver
nge human being is 98 cents, accord¬
ing to analytical research made by
Dr. 0. A. Plerle, head of the depart¬
ment of chemistry at the West Texas
Teachers' college at Canyon, Tex Doe
tor Plerle lias found the body of a
man weighing 150 pounds if divided
into its component chemical elements
would be found to contain enough wa
ter to wash a pair of blankets, enough
iron to make a ten-penny nail, lime
sufficient to whitewash a small chicken
coop and enough sulphur to kill the
fleas on a good-sized dog. All these
elements he estimates could be pur
chased at a drug store for 98 cents.
Making Boy New Fingers
Surgeons in. a hospital at Wichita,
Kan., are making a new set of fingers
for Prescott Breth’s right hand. Pres
cqtt is four years old.
. His fingers w’.e drawn out of shtpe
in a fire, but skin from other parts of
his body Is being used to make them
like *
new. \
9- -a” ,: 3 . m m
You can get the most
food value out of wheat
■by eatirj bakings from good that
are made
plain flour. A depend¬
able baking powder must
be employed or you do
not get the full nutritious
value of the wheat—nor
will your bakings be as pal¬
atable and easily digested.
The same results cannot be
had if you use Self Rising
Flours, which are improperly
packed thus in porous allowing sacks or
bags, of moisture from absorp¬
tion the air.
Food authorities and physi¬
cians agree that bakings that
do not raise Such properly foods are hard bad for
health. are to
digest and in time cause stom¬
ach trouble.
Mothers who are interested in
the proper growth (and and all health of
their children mothers
are) should never use anything
but a good brand of plain flour
and a time-tested leavener such
as Calumet—the economy Baking
Powder.
Calumet has more than the ordi¬
nary leavening strength. It raises
every value. baking to It is its height and of depend¬ nutri¬
tious pure
able —do not look for a substitute—
there is none.
Use Calumet and be positive of whole¬
some nutritious and economical foods.
PACKED IN TIN
-KEEPS STRENGTH IN
-. -v--,^ f T' •* TT '
'
15
WORLD’S OLDEST ORUB
DIES Of SENILE DECAY
Takes Hie Final Meal ef Woo« Pulp
ana P a ea n Away to
I Mi
A tragic discovery was made at the
Natural History museum to Loudon
> recently. Larva Longieornis, believed
to be the oldest beetle grub. is- the
world, was found dead In the Ameri¬
can white wood pencil box in whffb it
had lived more than thirty yeers^
The grub was presented to the
seum by a Dr. F. G. Clemow
British consular service in 1918 when
he came home. He had carried, u
about with him in his pencil bomyfer
nlmut twenty-five years, in
through the Himalayas, up the Per¬
sian gulf, through Mesopotamia, ,d?uf
fcey, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Arabia,
I into Asia Minor and amen Bento.
His • only complaint against this
strange pet was that it used to make
a clicking noise at night during. uMfcls
that woke him up.
Tite grub lived entirely on wood, it
was given a fresh supply about two
years ago and this had been chewed
all over. It was only when a curious
visitor wanted to see the grub, a few
days ago, that Its death was discov¬
ered. An official In the entomological
department declared that death must
have occurred recently as he had
l»eard the grub feeding a few days
ago. it is presumed the grub died of
•senile decay." It is to be embalmed
and .preserved In Its old home.
1 7,000,000 To Be Spent On Tenn. Road?,
Nashville, Tenn.— Tennessee will
fjvard road bplMlng contracts trd«u
|ne $7 ooo this year, it Is estlmat- d by
the state highway commiaskmer. Tin*
iirst letting of coutracto tn -February
ras for $ 2 , 000 , 000 , while the next doe
kpril 4, Is Is expected to be $1,590,000
with additional awards in May, June
ind July to make the total $7,009,000
jr mora.