Newspaper Page Text
i tit HENRY COUNTY WEEH./i
VOL. XVII.
FIIOFESSIOSAL VA KhS.
j jSC. «. P. t’AJIPBIXI,
dentist,
MoDonouob
Any ouc desiring work <ione cun *»c ac
commodated either by calling on me in per
<oll OP sdilrtßsing mo through the mails,
['emia cash, unless special arrangements
are otherwise made.
Geo W.Bbyan j W.T. Dickex.
HKYAHf lUC'lil.V
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
McDokoiksh, 'j*.
Will practice in the counties composing
the Flint Judicial Circuit,the Supreme Court
of Georgia and the United States District
Court. «P t3, - 1 y
Ti J. BEA«AN.
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
McDonough, t>A.
Will practice in all the Courts ot Georgia
Special attention given to commercial an
othercoUections. Will attendalltheCourts
at Hampton regularly. Office upstairs over
The Weekly office.
■yy A. BBOWA,
* ATTORNEY AT LAW,
McDonough, Ga.
Will practice in all the counties compos
ing the Flint Circuit, the Supreme Court ol
Georgia and the United States District
Court. janl-ly
JT A. PEEPtSE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Hampton, Ga,
Will practice in all the counties composing
the Flint Judicial Circuit, the Supreme Court
of Georgia and the District Court oi thr
United States. Special and prompt atten
tiongivento Collections, Oct 8, 1888
Jno. D. Stkwakt. j R.T. Daniel
STKU’AIt’r A iUMIX,
attorneys at law,
Griffin, Ga.
| Wit A 1.. I Vll.
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Gate City Natioal Hank Building,
Atlanta, Ga,
Practices in the State and Federal Courts.
p 1\ WEIIMH,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Fayetteville, Ga.
Will practice in all the State and Feder
al courts. Collections a specialty, and
prompt attention given to all business en
trusted to me.
aa* .
THE
East Tenn. Virginia & Ga.
R’Y.
IS THE ONLY
SHORT AND DIRECT LINE
TO TIIE
NORTH, SOUTH,
EAST AND WEST,
PULLMAN'S FINEST VES
TIBULE SLEEPERS
B ET W E B N
ATLANTA & KNOXVILLE
MACON & CHATTANOOGA
BRUNSWICK & ATLANTA
UnllOllT l'H.% SL
Direct Connections at Chat-
TANOOGA WITH THROUGH
TRAINS AND PULLMAN SLEEP
ERS TO
Memphis and the West,
at Knoxville will. Pullman
Sleepers lor
WASHINGTON,
PHILADELPHIA,
AND NEW YORK.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS,
B,W. WRENN, CHAS. N. KICHT
Oen’l. Ag‘., A. <?. I*. A.
KNOXVILLE. ATLANTA
Georgia JfiitHaint & iiiiilf K, R.
SOUTH.
Leave McDonough 7:00 a. m.
Arrive Greenwood 7/27 “
“ Loud la 7:25 “
“ Griffin 8:05 “
north . . "* ;uu P« “*•
Leave Griffin
Arrive Loud la 4:40 “
“ Greenwood 4:48 “
“ McDonough 5:05 “
M. E GRAY, Sup’t.
TIT / 1 L l T> 1 f cures scratch on
JVI liLi' 1 jXidi horses, mange on
dogs with one or two applications.
sale by D. J. Sanders.
A CTEJBUI A dr. taft*B asthmalene
I nm A-AiiHrn
»!!■•«, Wt»: ' 1 UUlibi# rTLhPOCP
THE SB. TAFT BSSS. M. CC. I 3SCHfcST£a,N.Y.r K fcfc.
COMMA SLONESI MSBLTTS
Monthly Talk With the Farmers
of Georgia.
Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Jiov. 1, 1893.
The month of October, on the whole,
lias been most favorable for gathering
the crops of corn and cotton, and the
farmers have shown great energy and
care in placing the fleecy staple beyond
the reach of injury from unfavorable
weather.
Throughout the state the yield is the
poorest in ten years. Today the fields
are almost bare, nothing in the plants
to mature. In other words, the crop is
gathered for this season, and the results
are most unsatisfactory. There has not
been in years a season in which the ab
sence of favorable climate and soil con
ditions has been more conspicuously
marked.
Where the proper preparations were
made in time and the soil had, even in
moderate quantities, the requisite ele
ments for plantjgrowth, and where en
ergy and sound judgment have charac
terized the planting and subsequent cul
tivation, the yield is, notwithstanding
adverse seasons, fairly good. But
where there was late planting, light
manuring, or no manuring at all, and
where the cultivation was slow and im
perfect, the yield is the poorest I have
ever known.
The experience of the past twenty r -five
years should convince every farmer,
who was allured by the high prices of
cotton directly after the war into fol
lowing the “one-crop" system, that an
agricultural people never made a greater
mistake than in staking their all on a
single issue* The making of these suc
cessive crops has cost not only vast sums
of borrowed money', but has consumed
time and talent and energy, and worn
out a soil that once possessed every' ele
ment for producing, in abundance, all
the crops suited to our climate and sec
tion. I have been forcibly, indeed pain
fully, impressed the past season with
the undeniable fact that most of our
surface soil is lost to us forever, and.
even in more favored sections, where
the lands are level, the manifest decline,
in both plant growth and y'ield. are so
marked as to cause grave apprehension
for the future success of our agriculture.
This depleting, wearing out system
cannot continue indefinitely, the end
must come ere many y'ears roll around,
mid then what are we to do? We have
had all the teams and every farm appli
fincs pulling everything down hill since
the war, we have nearly reached the
bottom, and what then? Can you show
me any section of the state where the
farms have been made richer and more
productive ? Of course there are in
dividual exceptions, and where y T ou find
those exceptions you generally find
plenty of home supplies and prosperity.
But as a rule the answer to this ques
tion must be unfavorable. The truth is
our farms are growing poorer with each
succeeding crop. We all realize that it
is much easier to exhaust and tear down
than to reclaim and build up these old
fields. But they can be reclaimed, and
we owe it to ourselves, to our children
to set about the task.
It is estimated that only abont 5 per
cent. of those engaged in trade ever ac
cumulate wealth, quite a large number
succeed in gaining a comfortable sup
port, but many in all occupations from
various causes, often from lack of en
ergy or proper business qualifications,
fail of their object, and these become
the chronic grumblers and fault-finders
in every community, and attribute to
bad laws and unfavorable seasons tho
misfortunes and disappointments which
have fallen to their lot.
The successful farmer must be a man
of energy and tact, wide awake and
ever ready to take on any information
regarding hi work. He is not a grum
bler, but bravely meets and grapples
with every difficulty in his path to suc
cess. He secures pleasure as well as in
dependence from his chosen occupation.
He recognizes the fact that the limit of
production in this country has never
been reached—that we are years behind
the ftiriners of many European coun
tries. These people, from necessity,
their dense population forcing them to
the most extraordinary efforts to gain a
livelihood, have learned to exercise the
greatest care in saving every element of
plant food; in concentrating their work:
in adopting the most advanced and in
telligent systems of farming. They
have learned the lesson which we are
just beginning to study—that is, how to
reap the largest and most profitable
yield from the smallest area. These
thoughtful, busy workers are demon
strating that, even under continuous
cultivation, lands can be worked at a
profit and at the same time kept up to
a high degree of productiveness.
To realize the utter absurdity and
hopelessness of continuing to cultivate
land in the same crop without rest or
change, one needs only to ride over this
state and examine the yield on these
fields, which have been devoted to cot
ton year after year. To a thoughtful
mind the sight is a most depressing one.
We generally occupy the position
which we make for ourselves, and we
cannot reasonably hope to fill a higher
one. The farmer who allows his lands
to “run down” year after year and then
expects to realize an independence from
them, is making the grand mistake of
his life. It is the man and not the farm
that determines its value. It is true
that there is a difference in location,
climate and nature of soil, but there is
a wider difference in the men who use
these conditions. Professor Brewer
well illustrates this idea by a case which
came under his own observation. A
neighbor bought a farm for S3O an acre.
He so improved it that in three years he
was offered *3OO an acre for it. At his
death it sold for $250 an acre. In a few
years the purchaser sold it for SIOO an
acre to a man who finally disposed of
it for sl2 an acre.
In our favored climate nature holds
out to us every encouragement. Let us
read and think for ourselves. Let us
emulate the example of our more pro
gressive and successful neighbor. There
fa plenty of room at the top of the lad
der, only crowding and disappointment
at the bottom. Let us struggle * ‘higher
up,” where comfort and abundance
await us. R. T. Nesbitt,
Commissioner.
General Remurks.
Since the October report was issued
we have had plenty of sunshine and
warm weather for harvesting crops over
nearly the entire state. Farmers have
availed themselves of the fine oppor
tunity and gathering has progressed
rapidly. In the southern portion of the
state cotton picking is far advanced,
mcdonougii, ga., Friday. November is, 1802.
and with a few more weeks of fine
weather the entire crop will be gathered.
In middle Georgia cotton is nearly all
opened and \ icked, and in northern
Georgia much of the crop is out. Corn
gathering and the housing of peas has
continued rapidly through the fine
weather, and a great part of the work is
completed.
COTTON.
While the fine weather has been fa
vorable to cotton picking, yet the entire
absence of moisture has not been with
out its injurious effects. With oc
casional showers the small top crop
would have matured, whereas by the
dry', warm weather, small bolls have
been forced open prematurely. The
lint from such bolls is very tight, and
in ginning goes largely to motes. From
a careful consideration of reports and
personal observation of the condition of
the crop in a part of the state, we feel
safe in sayung that the crop for this
year will not be more than 65 per cent,
of that of last year. These figures take
into consideration not only the small
yield per acre, but also the reduction in
acreage.
CORN.
The corn crop of this year is the
largest made in the state for a number
of years. While the crop of last year
probably in the northern part of the
state exceeded in the yield per acre, yet.
considering the increased acreage and
the yield in other portions of the state,
the department regards this as the
largest crop during the past decade.
GRAIN.
The sowing of wheat and oats has
been retarded by the dry weather, but
we trust that the farmers will put in
larger crops of small grain than hereto
fore. The fall is the proper time to
begin to prepare for a decreased acreage
in cotton, and for bringing up land by
diversified farming. Let those who
have undertaken to renovate their lauds
and to make their farms self-sustaining
continue in their efforts, in this the
right direction. The advance made in
the price of cotton leads to the hope of
higher prices, but let it be always re
membered that if a better price is to be
obtained that the acreage must be re
duced and the size or the crop di
minished. Over-production will always
result in a depression of the market, and
living prices cannot be expected where
a surplus remains on hand.
WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT.
Perhaps more than any other depart
ment of state the agricultural depart
ment has been confronted with opposi
tion. In many instances this opposition
grows out of 'he fact that the work of
the department is not thoroughly under
stood in other cases out of the idea, that
supported by taxation the exjienditures
exceed the benefits conferred on the
people. It is true that a part of the
fund that supports this department is
derived from the general fund, but such
is only the case because a great part of
the fees collected through the agency of
the department go to the school fund.
In the biannual report of the depart
ment to the governor the gratifying
result was shown that the fees collected
from inspections that come under the
supervision of the department were
more than ample to meet every expendi
ture for the entire department in all its
branches, with a balance in favor of the
state of over $3,000. The season from
which thece figures were taken was an
unusually small one as regards the
business done in commercial fertilizers,
and is a conservative estimate to place
the amount that will be unusually de
rived above all expenditures at SIO,OOO.
During 1891-93 the change in the law in
regard to the fees of inspectors of oils
was not in full force, and an increase
from this source can be reasonably ex
pected.
SUPERVISION OF INSPECTION.
Two classes of inspection are under the
direct control and supervision of the
department and the benefits derived
from these inspections perhaps presents
the work of the department in its most
tangible form. The inspection and
analysis of fertilizers we regard as of
the most vital importance to the farmers
for whose benefit the department was
especially ere ited. The history of the
fertilizer bus less, prior to the inspection
system, shov its immense benefits. In
the courts of nearly every county where
fertilizers were used were found cases
where farmers, deriving no benefit from
the goods purchased, were contesting at
a great disadvantage the worth of the
goods.
The following from the report of the
commissioner to the governor gives
briefly the law on the subject of fer
tilizer inspection, with seme other mat
ters of importance to the department.
The Inspection of Fertilizer.
The imperative necessity for laws
governing the inspection of fertilizers
has been recognized by the legislative
bodies of nearly all the states. The
first law passed on ttiis subject in Geor
gia was in 1868. Being of an experi
mental character it was inadequate to
protest against various frauds that
might be sought to be perpetrated, and
so framed that the subsequent large
business that developed would have
afforded immense revenue to the offi
cials executing the law. Under this
law the inspector, or party drawing the
sample, was at the same time the chem
ist making the analysis. It was the
duty of these officers when requested
to inspect fertilizers at any point within
the state, and to furnish certificates of
such inspection. It made unlawful for
any person to sell fertilizers without
such certificate of inspection, for mak
ing which the inspector received fifty
cents a ton. The act creating this sys
tem provided for no general super
vision of the work of the inspec
tors, each being an independent officer
in that section of the state in which he
i was located. Naturally, therefore,
when the act of 1874, creating the de-
Eartment of agriculture, was passed the
ead of this department was placed in
charge of all inspections. The use of
fertilizers rapidly increasing the neces
sity for a change in the law became ap
parent, and to meet this the act of 1877
was passed. Could this law have been
bo executed as to have each shipment
inspected the protection would have
been ample, but the consumption be
came so large that inspections in bulk
were made to facilitate business. These
inspections afforded no sufficient pro
tection, as the goods remaining in the
hands of the manufacturer after the
sample was drawn were subject to sub
sequent adulteration and manipulation,
in which event the analysis of the sam
ple would no represent the goods sold.
Recognizing this when I came into office
I endeavored to avoid this class of in
rtions by passing an order directing
inspections to be made after the
goods were sacked and ready for ship-
ment. With the forog at the command
of the department it was found impos
sible to make all inspections in this way,
and that inspections iu bulk were una
voidable that the business might be con
ducted without delay. Realizing the
insufficiency of those inspections I
presented a bill to the last gen
eral assembly which made a radical
change in the system. This bill became
the law and does, 1 believe, furnish a
pei feet protection against any ordinary
effort to place spurions goods on the
market and renders any class of fraud
almost certain of detection. Already,
under its operation, honest errors niaue
by manufacturers in sacking goods have
been discovered and the mistakes recti
fied to the advantage of the farmers.
The provisions of the new law are
Buch that the manufacturer or dealer
who sells goods below the state standard,
places himself in danger of rendering
void all transactions fowtbe year, and of
having the state prohibited for subse
quent sales. The oj«gofi unities and
chances for detection are so great that
no dealer or manufacturer would risk
the great loss entailed by discovery of
illegitimate sales for the sake of the
benefits that would bo derived from
fraudulent transactions. That act totally
abolishes all inspections in bulk, and ail
inspections are made After the goods
leave the hands of the manufacturer or
dealer. Briefly stated, it provides that
all manufacturers or dealers must regis
ter the guaranteed analysis of the brand
of a fertilizer they sell or propose to
offer for sale. This guarantee is placed
on record in the office and is also
branded on the sack, that purchasers
may ascertain without difficulty the
standard up to which the goods must
come. In order to maintain n higli
standard, the law also requires all am
moniated goods to contain two per cent,
of ammonia, with a total of eight per
cent, of available phosphoric acid and
potash. To give further protection, anil
to better enable purchasers by name
and without reference to the guarantee
to know something of the goods pur
chased, I passed an order, under the
power conferred by the bill, requiring
all fertilizers offered for registration,
inspection or sale branded as either of
the following : Ammnniated Super
phosphate, Ammouiated Dissolved Bone,
Ammoniated Guano, Guano, Fertilizer,
or in other words, implying that the
same is an ammoniated superphosphate.
The guaranteed analysis must claim
that it contains not less than two per
cent, of ammonia (actual or potential).
After registration the manufacturer
or dealer may order as many tags as ho
sees proper, specifying upon what brand
or brands they are to lie used. Thes
tags are now, more properly speaking,
registration tags, as they do not signify
that the fertilizer has been actually
sampled, but only that the conditions
precedent to selling or offering for sale
have been complied with. When the
salos are made it is the duty of tho
manufacturer to notify the department
of the number of tons, the name of the
consignee and where shipped. A failure,
on the part of manufacttiuV 1 'qjjka..uj*|
with these oondrKbns - %r'?i®'- : "-
absolutely void. The inspectors are
directed where to make inspections, as
each sale is recorded in the office, They
are also sent out on general trips through
the territory assigned them, taking sam
ples wherever found and reporting to tlie
department tho name of tho brands, with
tho guaranteed analysis found on the
sack. While samples are not taken
from every shipment, tho fact that a
large number are drawn in every part
of the state, and the inability of the
manufacturer to tell from what samples
analysis will lie mado, upon which de
pends his future business in the state
and his collections, furnishes, we be
lieve, a perfect safeguard.
In regard to the price of fertilizers in
the state, it is gratifying to report Unit
our farmers are able to purchase at as
email oost as in any state in the union
Our tonnage tax is so low as not to be
considered in matring the selling price,
which was not the case while the tax
remained at fifty sents per ton. While
the tax is only ten cents per ton, it will
be seen by the receipts from this source
that a sufficient sum is raised to main
tain the entire inspection system, and
without taxation, protect our farmers
from many frauds and impositions. Did
the manufacturers add ten cents to every
ton of goods sold, which they do not,
the farmer could well afford to pay this
small fee to insure him against adul
terated and spurious goods, and secure
for him a service that would otherwise
cost him from ten to fifteen dollars. So
firmly am I convinced of the necessity
of a thorough system of inspection that,
were it necessary to support it by gen
eral taxation, I believe the state would
be compensated by the amount saved
from burdensome litigation that would
result did no such system exist. How
ever, the present tonnage tax lias proven
far better than any other method and,
supporting itself, adds several thousand
dollars annually to the school fund of
the state.
GLANDERS.
As your Excellency is aware, through
the Executive Department, and direct
to this department, many complaints
have been made by letter, and in cases
of alarm, lw telegram, of glanders
among stock in the state. Our laws
make no provision for such cases, and
through your Excellency I would re
spectfully call the attention of the
General Assembly to the necessity of
! providing some means to suppress and
! prevent the spread of this Ibath-ome
, disease, without deeming it proper in
! this report to suggest the method. Win n
■it has been within the power of the do
■ partraent, without too great an ex
penditure, cases have been investigated,
but with no power to act beyond the
investigation, and with no means at the
command of the department, except
what has been saved from the general
fnnd appropriated to the department by
economy in other directions, 1 feel that
the department is unequipped to handle
the matter and to prevent the spread of
the disease now in its infancy, and. in
case of an emergency, to do what would
be necessary to prevent a disastrou d -
struction of our stock. So far. a Wil
lingness on the part of those who own
diseased animals to destroy them for the
benefit of the community has been
shown; but should the owner of one
affected animal conclude not to permit
it to be killed, it is difficult to say to
what extent the disease might spread.
At the last session of the general as
sembly, Mr. Chappell, from Laurens
county, introduced a bill providing for
compensation when glandered stock was
killed; but that measure did not meet
with the approval of a majority of the
house, and failed to par-. Competent
veterinarian surgeons are of the opin
ion that nearly, if not all, the cases
found in the state are brought iu by
Texas stock, nnd, maintaining this
vie-jr, a number of states have enacted
quarantine regulations against s’uch
stock, requiring its inspection. The
fact that this disease not only destroys
stock, but also endangers human life, to
my mind furnishes sufficient argument
why legislative action of some charac
ter should be taken. Again, chronic
cases of glanders may remain in a com
munity for months, spreading many
cases of the disease in its acute form
without its source being discovered.
Such conditions evidently demand an
investigation by a surgeon who thor
oughly understands his work.
EXPERIMENT STATION.
In many quarters complaints have
been made against the station on the
ground that the expenditures were too
great for the amount of good done.
These complaints are generally based on
the supposition that the fund that sup
ports tho station is appropriated by the
state, when, in fact, it is derived from
the general government, and it does
not appear to me reasonable that any
part of our people should wish not to
receive, or permit the farmers to re
ceive, the benefit from an appropriation
made by the United States. As re
quired by law, the essential part of the
work of the station has been reproduced
in the reports of this department. That
many of these experiments are valuable
there can bo no doubt, if the results
of systematic culture and fertilization
of various characters are of any benefit
to the farmer, That many are unable
to avil themselves of the benefit < f the
experiment is doubtless true, but the
lessons taught remain the same. The
commissioner of agriculture is ex officio
chairman of the hoard of directors of
the station. The board, which is ap
pointed by your excellency, is made up
of successful farmers from each con
gressional district in tho state. Tho
efforts of these gentlemen have been to
make the station beneficial to every class
of farmers, and to illustrate to our
farmers what can be done in certain
branches of agriculture. As the head
of the department, my voice in tho
affairs of the station is only impera
tive in case of a disagreement resulting
in a tie between the other directors,
but the present policy of conducting the
station lias been agreed upon after gen
eral consultation among the directors.
The establishment of a dairy and the ex
periments in obaceo I especially advo
cated, as tending to show the capabili
ties of Georgia outside of our previous
agricultural policy. The line now being
pursued will, I believe, result in great
benefit, and I hope our farmers will en
deavor to profit by the experience of the
farm established for their benefit.
A word in this report as to tho way
in which the station was established
may not he amiss. The land was do
nated by the people of Spending county,
and the state has appropriated $15,000,
expended principally for improvements
of a permanent character, as the
government appropriation permits only
a small portion of its annual appropria
tion to be used for that purpose. Tlie
||en-thousand „ dollars came out of tho
TeesanYThg trom the inspection of ferti
lizers. and so was no addition to tho
general tax. Tlie station is operated and
maintained by $15,000 annually set aside
by congress for that purpose.
INSPECTION OF OILS.
The change in the law in regard to tho
fees of oil inspectors furnishes a source
of revenue from these inspections. The
object of the law is to prevent the sale
of oil and other explosive substances of
so low a grade that life and property
would he endangered. In addition to
this the department has been able to
secure oil of a better burning quality
where poor oil has been shipped m the
state.
SEED.
The object and aim of the department
in sending out seed is not as some sup
pose, simply to furnish seed for ordi
nary farm and garden purposes, hut to
encourage the use of well selected seed,
test the value of different varieties,
direct the attention of the farmers to
other branches of agriculture, so that
whether certain crops can be grown
profitably can be ascertained, and to
introduce seed that have been tested and
found of superior value.
LITERATURE.
The reports sent out by the one to
give the farmers information, not only
on tho condition of the crops and the
prospect yield, but also such informa
tion as will be useful on the farm, the
department endeavors to make these
reports timely and we would be glad
to receive from farmers succinct reports
of experiments or unusual results ob
tained by certain methods of cultivation.
At any and all times the department
is willing to give any information at its
command, or communicate with the
department at Washington when neces
sary to ascertain any matter about
which there may bo an inquiry. It is
our desire to make the department
beneficial to the farmers outside of the
supervisions of inspections, and by every
means at our command to advance
practical agriculture. In this work we
ask the co-operation and support of the
farmers of tlie state.
Cheese Making In Georgia.
BY IION. R. T. NESBITT, COMMISSIONER
OF AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA.
From the Southern Cultivator.
On a recent visit to Griffin, while at
tending the meeting of tho board of
directors of the experiment station, I
was very much interested in examining
into the details of the cheese-making
experiment now being tried there. This
industry has never been thoroughly
tested in Georgia. Indeed, it has been
supposed heretofore that the difficulties,
climatic and otherwise, here surround
ing successful and profitable cheese
making, wer- t<i numerous to be < j ’ •
overcome. But a careful review ~!
those difficulties, and a somewhat ex
tended! miy of the farm experiment,
has convinced me that the beginning of
this industry will open another source
of income to our farmers, and its liene
lits will b felt, not only in the actual
cash it may bring in, but in the improve
ment of on? stock and lands as well.
The establishment of cheese factories
and creameries in every neighborhood
where they can lie supported means a
steady and reliable market for milk,
much of which is now wasted. It also
limans more and better stock, and in the
natural sequence of farm economy there
follows more green crops, more and bet
ter home manure, and, crowning ad
vantage of all, improved and improving
lands.
The arrangement#for a cheese factory,
unlike some other of the smaller indus
tries, do not require any considerable
outlay of capital, and while neatness
and care are essential, the conditions
Highest of all in Leavening Power.—Latest U S. Gov’t Report.
IVafeJ Baking
.1. J&S3Z&® Powder
PURE
aro such that cheese of excellent qual
ity can be successfully made at far less
risk than where the milk is sent any
distance to market, or where butter is
the product. In the first case, that is
where the milk is marketed at any dis
tance, there is the danger of souring,
particularly in mid summer. In the
second, that is, where the product is to
bo butter, the variations of the cream
as to quality and quantity, owing some
times to weather conditions, or other
circumstances equally beyond control,
often cause disappointment. In k ceil
ing cows for cheese-making, the factory
being established, the farmer sells milk
at so much the pound, which is returned
to him either in money or cheese. The
price is fixed; the market is at his door;
nis only care is to produce the milk in
sufficient quantities to pay him for tlie
outlay. This being done lie lias not
only added to his income, but lias an
other wholesome ami nutritious items
among his family supplies. In almost
every thickly settled neighborhood, one
of the factories might be started on tho
co-operative plan, several farmers com
bining, and one of tlioir number thor
oughly posting himself in all the neces
sary details of the work. At the Ex
periment station the factory is in daily
operation, and any one wishing instruc
tion will be welcomed and given every
facility for learning tho business. There
is nothing complicated in the process,
and any man or woman of ordinary in
telligence can, in thirty days, learn
everything necessary for carrying on
tho work. To give some idea or tlie re
quirements I quote from some notes
which were kindly furnished mo by
Captain Redding, the director, in re
sponse to some questions which I had
asked. I also give his letter, bearing
directly on this subject:
Experiment, Ga., Aug. 27, 1892.
Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner of
Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.:
Mv Dear Slit—lu response to yours of
the 25th, I enclose "Notes on Cheese
making in Georgia,” which you may
find useful.
You may add that the cheese made
the present summer at the station dairy
has been iu great request, selling readily
at the dairy at 15 cents per pound—tho
whole cheese. Wherever it has been
tested it lias given satisfaction. Mr.
Wing says that the conditions here in
Georgia for chebSetnaklhg. an’ more
favorable than in Ohio, where h" has
been making cheese all his life. Very
truly, R. J. Redding, Director.
NOTES ON CHEESE-MAKING IN GEORGIA.
1. Character and cost of buildin g :
Any cheap outbuilding, or more shod,
will answer all purpoies for milking
cheese. It is only neco-nary to ho dry
and comfort able for tho operator. But
the curing room should he tight and
close, yet capable of ventilation. A
good Bxlo pantry, or storeroom, such as
may lie found in most well-built farm
houses, would answer.
2. Fixtures, machinery, etc.:
A cheese vat, consisting of a wooden
box lined w : th tin, with a small fur
nace underneath; a press with one or
more screws similar to a cider-press
screw; a few tin cheese hoops of differ
ent sizes; curd knives, strainers, dipper
and a thermometer. The entire outfit
for a dairy of twenty-live cows will cost
less than SIOO.
8. Tho process of cheesemaking is,
briefly, as follows:
The night’s milk iH kept in a cool
place until morning, when il is mixed
with the morning's milk and all poured
into the cheese vat and heated up to a
temperature of eighty-four degrees. A
small quantity of prepared rennet (ren
netine) is then added and the milk is
constantly but gently stirred (to prevent
the cream from rising) until it com
mences to thicken. In about forty min
utes the milk will become solid, it cur
dles (you would call it clabber, or sweet
curds). When tho curd has become
pretty firm it is cut into small cubes—
about the size and shape of dice—by
means of the curd knives, which is done
in a few moments. The heat is then in
creased until the curds show a tempera
ture of ninety-six to ninety-eight de
crees by the thermometer. This heating
is to cause the pieces of curd to con
tract, thereby expelling the whey. The
whey is then drained away, and is used
to feed pigs, young calves, etc., being
fattening food.
The curd is now salted at the rate of
one half ounce of salt to the pound of
curd, and the latter is enclos'd in a
press cloth and put into the cheese hoop
and pressed until the whey is all ex
pelled, which will lit; in about twenty
minutes. The cheese is now removed
from the press hoop, the press doth re-
I moved, and the permanent cloth “bun
! dage” put on, and then returned to tho
hoops and press, where it is pro ■•■) with
j the full force of the press screw and a
three-foot lever —the firmer tl"' better.
Tho cheese usually remain; in the
press until next day, or say i ighh-en
hours, when it is marked with date of
making and placed on a shelf in the cur
ling room to De turned over every day
and robbed with the hand. The curing
room should T «e kept at about ttio tem
perature of seventy or seventy-five de
grees by opening window t and doors at
.jgnt and closing up duri •; the day.
The cheese will be ready for use in
from three weeks to several months, as
may bo determined by tho maker during
the process of making.
4. in the south the months of March,
April, May, June, August, September
and Octolier are the lest cheese making
months, but cheese may Is; made at any
season. Usually cheese is made in
Spring, summer and fall, and butter in
winter, because butter-making requires
a cool temperature which cannot be se
cured in summer without the aid of ice
1 —which is too expensive and incon
venient.
5. How to dispose of milk when not
made into cheese:
It is generally more profitable to sell
milk than either butter or cheese; but
milk will keep only a few hours, and
cannot be seut long distances. There
fore the milk market is easily glutted.
Butter-making is the better way where
a large number of cows is Kept anu me
- 1 ivot nuaxtla for juilil
r> CENTS A COPY.
Generally cheese-making win oe
more profitable tlmu either wtien
ODerating with a good sized herd.
(t. In Georgia nine and one-half pounds
of milk are required to make one pound
of cured cheese.
7. As liefore stated the cnrds may be
manipulated as to make a long keeping
or short keeping cheese —say from three
to four weeks to six months may inter
vene between making and marketing,
according to the will of the maker.
When a cheese becomes ripe, or ready
for eating, and it is desired to hold it for
a hotter market, it must be kept in a
cool room—if summer time in “cold
storage.”
At the last meeting of the boqrd of
directors of the Experiment Station, ft
was determined that at the stato fair to
Imj held in Macon in the coming Octo
ber. the station cheese factory shall be
in daily operation. Many persons who
could not otherwise have an opportunity
of witnessing the practical working ol
Nuch a factory, can there study ever’/
item of labor, experience, etc. Thj
held is open to any enterprising person
and I trust such will take hold am
make it remunerative to themselves am
to the farmers. Every enterprise wliict
opens new avenues of work and fur
nishes fresh sources of income, is t
blessing, and we need ull the help which
such combinations may afford us.
Thre< IlroeiU of Swine.*
A recent bullotin issued by the Louiss
iana Experiment Station gives tho folf
lowing results of their experiments with
three hreds of swine:
There has been moro demand for red
Jerseys than for either of tho other two.
The Berkshire and Essex seem to he in
about equal favor. The rod Jerseys are
great consumers with rapid growth and
full development in flesh and fat food
consumed. They are hardy, good rust
lers and prolific, raising as high as threo
litters per annum. With an abundance
of food they nro rapid pork makers.
They are, however, omnivorous, and
will eat a chicken, lamb or kid, when
ever permitted. This is a serious ob
jection to the small fanner and his good
housewife. The Berkshire*) share with
the red Jerseys many of their excellent
qualities. They are excellent foragers,
ami when crossed on the native give,
perhaps, tks best range hog in tho world.
They are hr ilhty and prolific, and fur
nish the finest “marhleized" hams. For
a general stock hog they can hardly lie
surpassed. They, too, are inclined to
he carnivorous, and should not l>o
brought into tooAntlinate relations with
young fowls, lannis and kids. Tho Es
sex are emphatically lot hogs. They are
slow and uncertain breeders. They are
somewhat, sluggish, aiul always fat.
They are gentle, kind and indisposed to
extensive foraging. They can easily be
made to weigh 150 to 250 pounds when
one year old, a size admirably adapted
to the table wants of a funner on a smalt
scale.
CAREFULLY CALCULATED.
Notes Gathered front (tollable Sources mill
C'omlensetl for Hurried Headers.
The chances are good that Kansas will
give 80,000 plurality for Weaver and Field
electors.
George Sontag, tho only one of the
three California train robbers captured,
has been convicted.
W. W. Taylor, said to bo one of the
most famous bunko stoerers iu the world,
was arrested at Omaha.
Tho Boston police raided a gang of
counterfeiters who claim they have passed
80,000 bogus silver dollars iu that city.
Monroe County, Alabama, has lynched
the fifth negro within two weeks. Four
were murderurs and the last was a fire
bug.
William Higleyman, formerly of Seda
lla, but recently employed as a civil en
gineer at Chicago, has mysteriously dis
appeared from the latter city.
The registration at New York gives
reason for believing that the city will be
so overwhelmingly Democratic that the
state will be sure for Cleveland.
lowa is registering an unusually heavy
voting list, and as there are thousands of
deserters from the Republican rntiks the
state is reckoned sure for Cleveland.
Thomas Hill, a cousin of the late Gen
eral A. V. Hill of Confederate fame, died
at New York from the effects of whisky,
llis home was at Hillsborough, N. C.
The steamer Puritan, on her trip to
Long Island Sound, ran into a row boat
containing four men. One was drowned
and the other threo seriously injured.
The first Russian steerage passenger to
reach this country since the cholera quar
antine arrived at New York on the Au
choria from Glasgow. They are well, but
will be detained.
The Socialists at Chicago have adopted
resolutions condemning the World’s Fair
management for discriminating against
labor, by closing on Sunday and ut 7
o’clock in the evening.
The American Agriculturalist, New
York, figures out the Unite 1 States wheat
yield for 1892 at 494,434,000 bushels and
the cotton crop at 0,500,000 bales oil an
acreage of 10,044,000.
Josepti Fournier, a saloonkeeper and
politician of Toledo, 0., shot and fatally
wounded James Coggins, a gambler. The
trouble grew out of Coggins alleged inti
macy with Fournier’s wife.
At San Juan, Mexico, 10 brigands were
looting a store when they were attacked
by soldiers. Three robbers we re shot
down and three captured, the others es
caping with the plunder. Four soldiers
were shot.
Through the action of tax collectors iu
Florida iu refusing to receive poll tax.
and subsequent action of Governor Flem
ing iu removing one of them, a contest is
threatened which may result iu the rejec
tion of Florida’s vote for presidential elec
tors.
Foreign Notes,
The dowager queen of Wurtemberg is
dead.
Count Westerlo has been appointed
minister for foreigu affairs in the Belgian
cabinet.
The cholera record for the whole of
Holland shows two new cases and one
death Sunday.
Twelve new cases of cholera and four
deaths were reported to the health officials
of Buda Pesth Sunday.
James Rogers, a New York merchant,
fell downstairs iu the hotel. Imperial at
Edinburgh and was killed.