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VOL. I. PUBLISHED EVERY TUESDAY MORNING ii¥ o. i\ Sii^iW, AND Edited by A. G. FAMBROUGII. Terms. —Three dollars per annum, payable within sin months after the receipt of the ti ‘t number, or four dol lars if not paid within the year, Subscribers living out ot the stati, will be expected in all cases, to pay in advance. No subscription received for less than one year, unless the money is paid in advance; and no paper will be dis continued until all arrearages are paid, except at the op tion of the publisher. Persons requesting a discontinu ance of their Papers, are requested to bear in mind, a set tlement of their accounts. Advertisements will he inserted at the usual rates. All Letters to the Editor or Proprietor, on mat ters connected with the establishment, must be ros r fain in order to secure attention. iCJ“ Notice of the sale of Land and Negroes, by Ad ministrators, Executors, or G uanlians, must he published sixty days previous to the day of sale. The sale of personal Property, in like manner, must be j published forty days previous to the day of sale. Notice to debtors and creditors of an estate must be | published forty days. Notice that Application will be made to the Court of I Ordinary for Leave to sell Land or Negroes,must bo pub- ! * lished FOUR MONTHS. Notice that Application will be made for Letter - 1 ministration, must be published thirty days and to: | Letters of Dismission, six months. ~~PBOSPHOT"jrS 01-’ THE m .u. s; umber of which is tats day published, 2 .md will be continued weekly, at Auraria, Lump : ■ r<'/.’at suitTeaicnt and rapid improvement of this hiv .:i. .vsting section of Georgia, is deemed a sulii- Acimt’.p in?hc estimation of the Proprietor and Edif dm ! as paper, for establishing an additional source o lintolUreiica to the one already in operation, in that part of | t f,e State, known as the Cherokee country. The arrange. Irucnt first entered into by the Proprietor, the annuncia- Itiori of which, has been, given, is now to.ally abandoned, knd the undersigned has taken upon himself the respon sibility of managing the editorial department ofthe Wes- Itern Herald. . .... In entering upon the discharge 01 the important duties incumbent 01 him in that capacity, he is only consoled ■withth-j reflection, that his feelings arc well understood by all those who have gone before him, beating their way Earougii the labarynths of political life. In the assuinp ajon ( : f this responsibility, he is conscious ot the diilicultics fv.kich await him attliethrcshhold of liis career, and the iiamossihiiity of administering successfully to the various Iwunts and inclinations of the great mass ot those, who nay from time to time, look to this Harbinger, tor pleas ing intelligence of the passing times. | In liis labours, “ not a particle ot malice shat, infest a i oo.ma of the course he holds,” and “the truth, file whole truth, and nothing but the truth,” shall adoiiihiscou.se, *r:ul light his way through the dismal vale m wmc.i he a.rav be destined to wander ill his present pursuit. ihe Ilc’ralil is intended to convey the usual newspupe m- Iclligv nce,lo reilu r with such other information m relation it, u? 0 mining oanrations in this, and the surrounding Hfountry, as S'- • Editor may be able to gather from sour i.cs tliatcan bo relied on, and such literary original c.d lavs as liis time and talent may enable lain to furnish, f Tho space of the paper set apart for political matters &ill be devoted to the advancement of the doctrines m- Bnicatcd in the Jeffersonian school, and cnorisned m Wcor'dain te2s, hv what was then known here as too H’ronp early. Locking alone to the object ot tic fonna llfci ofthe Government, he will not be uiimmutul ofthe .sYTcis ;o!'it4 constitutional rights; nor can he be Mind mtho rights ofthe rest) etivo states, those reserven rights Spun the preservation cf which, the present government Must be continued and the liberties ol the people so es * Tho'lvestVmHeral.l will contain a regular synopsis of J ji tho Sheriff Sales in the Cherokee Circuit, watch may j S advertised in other papers. 2 The price ofthe Herald to subscribers, will be three liollars in advance, or Four Dollars, at the expiration ot tho tfear. Advertisements inserted, and Job worn done at mstomaiy prices. No paper will be sent out ol tlicstatc *Bless the subscription is p:ud in advance. TAll communications to the Editor or 1 u.ilislier, must -’Anc free of postage to ensure attention. \TThe undersigned will continue to practice Law m the Biorokoe and Vestern Circuits. His Office is m Auta ’B, Lumpkin county, q FAM BROUGH. Auraria. April 9. , T t ii e ■ Editors who published the Prospectus of the Herald ot iho Gold Region, will confer a favor by giving the above a few insertions. |sC7*Th following named gentleman ore requested and authorised to act as our Agents, in their respective ,s3n the county of Baldwin, Thos. F. Grtene, Esq. MBibb, The lion. C. B. Strong. J . Wiills, L. A. Erwin, Esq. Columbia, L. Flemming, Esq. jd mCratcfvrd, Hiram Warner, Esq. If MCmecta, James A. Abraham, M and ’.WCampbcll, Thomas Latham, Esq. k*MCorroll, Thomas McGuire,and John A. Jones, Esqs. John Boston, & Cos. V. I I. McAllister, Esq. :• ‘jjClark, Cos!. Joseph and O. I. Miaw, is WOass, Thomas V.. Bolton and John Dawson, Esqrs. 3 J* Brooks, Esq. •a mChcrokee, John P. Brooks. Esq. )'j.' / im)(Kalb, William Howunl, and Josiah Choice, Esqrs. h X)ecafur, James Bell, Es;. ® ayehV, N. Blanchard, Esq. c! * Col. James 0. Terrell. ‘Vfmcad of Coosa, Geo. M. Lavender, Esq. • Alexander T. Harper,Esq. jWorq/f/:, Thomas J. Golightly, Esq. • ynKihntrf Benjamin J Griffith, Esq. ijip#, C. S. M. Burnett, Esq. Dr. T. W. Alexander, i. iffw, Col. Y. P. King, and F. S. Cone, Esq. ! IWiimi, Mnj. T. H. Tripne, jand Col. T. J. Rush., ’ - Harbon, and J. W , Jones, Esqrs. William Crayton, Esq. rftt .Ham's, Gen. Daniel"McDougald. n*s,i cuck, Col. N. C. Sayie, ‘h’ Col. Win. H. Houghton. g tW'Dn), W. E. Jones, Esq. E. Y. Hill,Esq. -vZamPurtM. Col. Kcllum. [“KJHiforfo, C. fliuce, Esq. ’ Z.r.% j£ia ; . Thomas. • Col. I). H. Brail?ford. \a' b arman, Esq. wl£ I Mfdiscn, “William Maroney. p l> Col. A. H. Chappell, &. V* m. L. Famhrough. i s .*5® Uco " fC W.T. Colquitt. &8. W. Flournoy, Esqrs. i 9 n ’ ton , Hopkins & Sanders, Esqrs. \ | pe, John Moore,Esq. Joel Hicks, Esq. James A. Meniwether, Esq. 1 5r; r ’, Dr - Long,and A. W. rrvorEsn. Dr. T-libl4rr. Richmond, Messrs. Randall &. Mason. Randolph, Gen. 11. Jones. Striven, Jacob Bryan, Esq. Twiggs , The Hon. Lott v r arrco. Talbot, Drs. Phillip’s & Bu?g, Troup, Col. J.C. Alford. Taliaferro >, Bradford Thompson Esq. L Col. James, Upwn, Col. John Thomas, and Thomas 8011, Esq. Wilkes, Daniel Chandler, Esq. Warren, Gray A. Chandler, Esq. Walton, Col. E. G. 8011, and John T. Morrow, Eq. M'il. WfLPS’S SPEKCBS (Concluded. / W e have often been reminded of the power of the United States. To what purpose ! Is the mere gift of strength a reason for using it ? Can it make right, or legalize oppression? “ “Power without wisdom,” says the Poet, “ is but armed injustice.” Either he says truly, or we should apostrophize the sword with Dcvereux.* “ God, law, and priest, and prophet of the strong!” Power enables its possessor to be magnani mous. The weak can never yield with so good a grace. Is the best part of the posses sion, the only one we are never to use? Besides, is the concession made to South arolina alone ? Are there not five or six oth states which have suffered long and who till entreat without threatening ? Wiiai is flic I argu nent as to them? We cannot take off your | burthens until we chastise South Carolina: Alay they not answer very reasonably, relieve us first and chastise her aftenvards. But if you insist on chastising her first, and keeping on our burthens until it is effected, when are we to be relieved?—A gentleman of much ex perience, who thinks South Corolina ought to be quelled, [Air. Adams] is said to have esti mated tho cost of the conquest at ten millions, and the annual loss to the revenue during the operation, at three. When South Carolina is chastised, we, who are invited to assist in correcting her, will find ourselves sharers in her punishment. Tea and coffee may continue free but the duties on the protected articles will increase. Having warred for taxes we shall pay taxes for the w ar. But if wc submit to one State, wo must to another: first one will nullify, and then a sc- | cond: and if we yield to each of their demands, what is left of the government will not be worth having—it will become contemptible from its weakness. The strength of government is in the affection of its citizens. Was France ever stronger than in the days of the republic? Does history show any example of people rebelling against a Government which did not oppress them? Has South Carolina no cause of com plaint ?—Tho whole South -says she has. Se ven Slates complain that they are oppressed. Tho Preside!!* himself, in his message, admits tho fact. Yet wc must give them not redress, but chastisement, lest hereafter, other States should millily without cau3C. A Government, professing to be founded on reason, desires to consolidate its empire by steel. It claims to derive all its just powers from tho consent of , the governed yet. seeks to eke out its authority, ’ey a little gentle force. Why and whence the revival of all this clamor for a strong Govern- I ment ? Is not the Government which lasted Thomas Jefferson thvough the embargo, and ! James Aladison through the war, strong enough for any President ? Do we not know tho ori gin, the progress, and the defeat of that sect in politics, whose favorite object it was to estab lish a strong government? That sect the re publicans of New-York and Pennsylvania re sisted, and at last overthrew. Are they about to be converted to the rejected heresy ?—more federal than federalism?—aye, arch federal? Let me avail myself of the authority of the great apostle of republicanism—ho who w'rote the po- litical gospel of American independence. “A : Government held together by the bands ofrea- i son only, requires much compromise of opin- ] ion : that things even salutary, should not be i crammed down the throats of dissenting breth- j cren, especially when they may be put into a form to be swallowed; and that a groat deal of indulgence is necessary to strengthen habits of harmony and fraternity.” Sir, he was right, [said Mr. \V.] Government, to use a compari son which would come home to the business of some of his Pennsylvania friends—Govern ment is like tron toughest when softest. If you har den it to make it strong, it becomes brittle. Even arbitrary monarchs find their best support in the affections of their subjects. There is but one way to make “taxation no tyranny.” It is that recommend by old Burleigh to Elizabeth— “win men’- hearts, and you have their hands and their puises.” The violence and precipitation of South Car olina have been objected to. If she is wrong in her resistance to the tariff*, however moderate j she might be, she would be wrong still. If she i be right, she will not cease to ho right on ac ! count of her violence. One of the strongest I political discourses he ever heard was delivered jon that floor by an honorable gentleman from | Virginia, [Mr. Randolph,] from the text, “the | kingdom of heaven sufleroth violence, and the j violent take it by force.” That speech had | more effect than any one circumstance, except i the battle of New Orleans, in making Andrew j Jackson President of the United States. I Much has been said in the course of this dc i hate about nullification. On that doctrine he ! had once expressed an opinion, of which he j had nothing to retract, nothing to explain. Nul j iification could do li'tle harm hut for the help of the tariff. It reminded him of a saying, which | he would quote for the gentlemen from Conncc i ticut, [Messrs. Ellswobth and Hunting i roxf u;*o had quoted him; “the devil would It comes, tli c Herald ofa Golden wo r Id. AURARIA, LI MPKBX COUNTY, APMBL U , 1833. not do so much mischief, if it were not for the witches.”! The gentlemen had been pleased to extract from a certain letter of his, such parts as they thought made in favor of theirnrgument; and they rr fforred to them with much praise, and some triumph. One advantage that letter at least procured him—some slight credit for j candor and fair-dealing, and a reputation for courage enough to tell the truth. But if he was a good witness for the East, he was for the South also. His testimony, if it was worth any tiling, i must be taken altogether. If it would be good to show the origin of the restrictive system, it would be good to prove the deeply seated, all ! pervading discontent of the southern States. It would avail as testimony that Union and the present protective duties are incompatible. We must choose between them. The gentlemen from Connecticut, [Messrs. Huntington and Ellsworth] had recom mended to his attention parts of his own letter. There were other parts which he would recom mend to theirs. If his memory served him, he had there said, too many would be found in ev ery country to flatter and inflame the inclinations oi whom or whatsoever may be sovereign; comparatively few to argue with the masters of votes or legions. For the reason, then, that if he wto the representative of a manufacturing I district, addressing at thai 0.1®*?; implicit believ-1 ers in the beneficient magic of the lestrietive policy, lie should attempt to mitigate their zeal and confidence ; for the samo reason, appealin'; to those who were convinced ofits malignant in fluence, it was his duty to soothe, if possible, theirjust indignation. Unless this course of conduct was pursued by all who aspired to be thought honest and dispassionate, must not alienation spread and become incurable? Do not the gentlemen from Connecticut, continued Mr. W-, aspire to bo thought honest and dis passionate? If they da, let them answer me this question. The gentlemen have praised — have they imitated me ’ ” ith respect to the character of the right to eccde, ami the circumstances and limitations smler which it could be exercised, this was not he time to discuss them. He would say but a | word. Unless there were instances in which a State could say to her associates. “JVo in liatr fttdcra venimus,” disguise it as we will, this is a great Consolidated Government; and if for maintaining her construction of the compact through her courts and juries, she is to be sa bred and bayonetted, it is a despotism. Last session wewere told, “IfCarolina will go let her go!” We were told “we could not drive her out of the Union.” Now we must cut the throats of her citizens if she will not r< - main! On his head, he could not avoid citing an apt passage from the declaration and protest drawn up by Mr. Jefferson, with the intention of being submitted to the Legislature of Virginia.f “ Whilst the General Assembly thus declares the rights retained by the States, rights which they have never yielded, and which this State will never yield, they do not mean to raise the banner of disaffection or of seperation from their sister States, co-parties with themselves to this compact. They know and value too highly the blessings of their Union, as to foreign nations and questions arising among themselves, to consider every infraction as to be met by actual resistance. They respect too affectionately the opinions of those possessing the same rights under the same instrument, to make every dif ference of construction a ground of immediate rupture. They would indeed consider such arup tureas among the'greatestcalamities which cou!d befal them; but not the greater. There is • yet one greater—submission to a Government iof unltmitcd powers. It is orsy when the hope ■ of avoiding this shall become absolutely desper j ate, that further forbearance could not be in j dulgcd. Should a majority of the co-par- i ties, therefore, contrary to the expectation j and hope of this assembly, prefer, at this time, acquiescence in these assumptions of power by the federal member of the Government, wc j will bo patient, and suffer much under the con- \ fidence that time, ere it b too late, will • prove to them also the bitter consequences in which! that usurpation will involve us all. In the mean ; while, we will breast with them rather than sep arate from them, every misfortune,save that on ly of living under a Government of unlimited powers.” A quarter of a century before, the patriarch had held similar, language: “I thought some thing essentially necessary to be said in order to avoid the inference of acquiescence; that a resolution or declarations should be passed, 1. answering the reasoning of such of the States as have ventured into the field of reason, and that of the committee of Congress, taking some no tice too of those States who have either not an sweiedat all, or answered without reasoning, 2. making firm protestation against the precedent and principle, and, reserving the right to make this palpable violation of the fed eral compact, the ground of doing in future whatever we might now rightfully do, should repetitions of these and other violations of the compact render it expedient; 3. expressing, in affectionate and conciliatory language, our warm attachment to union with our sister States, and to the instrument and principles by which we are united; that we are willing to sacrifice to this every thing but the rights of selt-govern + Malta mats none agia sot (imno.a nisi provocatus sa gis. _ Memoir and Correspondence ofThomas Jefferson, vol. 4, page 417. Jlbidvol.4, ppge 4! 7. Lotto to ./tars -*•/*';:!, I>- ceraVrn. ment in those important points which we have never yielded, and in which alone we see libertv, safety, and happiness; that not at all disposed I make every measure of error or of wrong a I cause of scission, we are willing to ’ w *th indulgence, and to wait with patience till those passions and delusions shall have passed over, which the Federal Government have art fully excited to cover its own abuses conceal its designs, fully confident that th” good sense of the American people, and their lU’ e hment to those very rights which we arc nor- idkating, will, before it shail be too late, r •• with us round the true principles of our feu. compact, i This was only meant to give a gen-, id idea of j the complexion and topics of such nn instru ment. 3lr. AI. who came, as ha ; !:■ en pro posed, does not concur in the resereation pro posed alone: and from this I recede :cndily, net only in deterrence to his judgement, but !>ecau;,e as we should never think of seperc.iinn, but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur will be cause enough of them selves.”* A further development of these ideas was to he found in his letter to Air. Giles, from w hich Air. IV. begged leave to read a couple of passages. “I see as you do, and with the deepest afflic tion, the rapid strides with which the federal branch of our Government is advancing towards the u.surpatioii’of all the rights reserved to the States, and the consolidation in itself of all powers, foreign and domestic ; and that too by constructions which, if legitimate, leave no limits to their power. Take together the decis ions of the Federal Court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the con stitutional compact, acted on by the federal branch, and it is hut too evident that the three ruling branches of thai department are in com bination to strip their colleagues, the States au thority of the powers reserved by them, and to exersise themselves, all functions, foreign and domestic. Under the dower to regulate coin, merce, they assume indefinitely that also over aggriculturc and manufactures, and call it reg ulation, to take the earnings of one of these branches of industry , and that too, the most de pressed, and put them into the pockets of the other, the most flourishing of all. * * And what is our resource for the preservation of the Constitution? Reason and argument!— You might ns well reason and argue with the marble columns encircling them. The repre sentatives chosen by ourselves! They are join ed in the combination, some from incorrect views of the government, some from corrupt ones, sufficient voting together to outnumber j the sound parts, and with majorities of one, two j or three, bold enough to go forward in their de ! fence. Are we, then, to stand to our arms?— No ! that must be the last resource, not to be thought of until larger and greater sufferings. If every infraction of a compact of so many parties is to bo resisted at once as a dis solution of it, none can ever be formed which would last one year. We must have patience and longer en durance, then, with our brethren while under delusions ; give them time for reflection and experience of consequences ; keep ourselves in a situation to profit by the chapter of accidents; and separate from our companions only,when the sole alternatives left are dissolution of our union with them, or submission to a government with out limitation of power’s. § If this bill fails, said Air. W., I entreat our friends to consider what is the next step. If you will not alter, you must be called on to en force. The choice is between this bill anil an other measure which must be nameless —not for want of words to characterize it as it deser ved, but because they could not be used with out a breach of order. He could not say what was doing in the other end of the capital—but this he would say—he was present the other day at the consultation of a body of learned phy sicians. The case was one of delirium and tlebil iiy, brought on by ill treatment and the remedy proposed was the lancet ! and blue pills. This i is the prescription of our political empirics.— ! The cry is, Bleed the Republic? Let me tell ! them, Sir, “ plus a medico qrnrn a morbo per j icu/i.” } It no longer admits of a dnubt; the choice of our friends must be made between coercion and conciliation. The first will soon identity Ca rolina with the whole South ; the second will unite the South against Carolina. Coercion is not wise or prudent; nor always fortunate, even | when the disparity of strength is greatest? Aus- j tria attempted to coerce the Swiss; Spain to co erce the Netherlands; England to coerce her j North American colonies ; and in our days,: Turkey to coerce Greece. What was the late of coercion? Thero has been one successful effort. Russia has coerced Poland! Is she proposed to us as an example? In the struggle between the U. States and a State, to keep peace ri et armis, by blowing up all malcontents, what is the alternative ? 1 f the State conquers,she is out of the Inion of course. If you conquer, is she not out equally? i may roduco her to the condition of a subject pro ! vincc—you may reward with her plunder some pro-consular Governor, for ruling her with the despotism of a master and the wastefulness oi an agent, leaving behind you in her bosom- — “ hniivartale oeliun, et s.mabile vttlnm.” ! Bui she is a State no longer! lou may grasp ! a Barren sceptre, and waive it over a territory—but, till you exterminate the sons ol Carolina, your dominion over lit “ soil extends *M rmoir ami correspondence nf ‘1 iiomcs .Tcfierson, j vol. 3, pages 425, 429. Letter to YV. C. JecUolas, bop- j tomber 5, 1799. I Ibid. 177 V o\ 4,^*4?:. not beyond the points of your bayonets. And what will you have done ? Extinguished one sister of the constellation, and made South Car olina “Like the lost Pleiad seen no :..oie be!ow.” Before gentlemen decide against conciliation! and in favor of civil war, will they review the his tory of our struggle with the mother country ? If they will, and are not struck and warned by the coincidences, they arc beyond the power of hellebore. Let me turn their attention to the page before me. It contains Jlis JWajesty'smost praciovs speech to both hauscsof Parliament,on Wednesday, Nov. ”0, 1774. Aly Lords and Gentlemen. It gives me much concern that I am obliged, at the opening of this Parliament, to inform you that a most da ring spirit of resistance and disobedience to the law still unhappily prevails in the province of Massachusetts Bay, and has, in divers parts of it broke forth in fresh violences of a very criminal nature. These proceedings have been counte nanced and encouraged in other of my colonies, and unwarrantable attempts have been made to obstruct the commerce of this kingdom by un lawful combinations. I have taken such mea sures, and given such orders, as 1 judged most proper and effectual for carrying into execution the laws which were passed in the last session of the late parliament, for the protection and secu rity of my subjects,and for the restoring and pre serving peace, order, and good government in the province of Alassachusettsßay; and you may depend upon my firm and steadfast resolution to withsand every attempt to weaken or impair the supreme authority of this Legislature over all the dominions of my Crown; the mainten ance of which, I consider as essential to the dig nity, the safety, and the welfare ot the British empire; assuring myself that while I act upon these principles I shall never fail to receive your assistance and support. ** *•<* “My Lords and gentleman. Let me partie* ularly recommend to you, at this time, to pro ceed with temper in your deliberations, and with unanimity in your resolutions. Let my peo ple in every part of ray dominions, be taught, by your example, to have a due reverence for tho laws, and a just sense of the blessings of our ex cellent Constitution. They may be assured that on my pait, I have nothing so much at heart, <ra the real prosperity and lasting happiness of all my subject.” Sir, said Air. IV., I intend to excite no addi tional odium against the memory of George 111. In our declaration ofindependence, he was in deed described as “ a Prince, whose character was marked by every act which can define a ty rant.” But he has gone to his account. His latter years, it has pleased Providence, to visit with the heaviest calamities that can befal a hu man being. With his shade, therefore he war red not. There was probably some office form —a standard original—upon w hich all such in struments were made. There was another curious coincidence which might become more or less perfect, according to the exterior which was given to a contempla ted call for certain papers. An odd incident happened, which served to revive, with double force, all the ill temper and animosity that had long subsisted between the Executive part of the Government and the people in the province of Alassachusetts Bay. This was the acciden tal discovery and publication of a number of confidential letters, which had been written dur ing the course of the unhappy disputes with the mother country’, by the then Governor and de puty Governor of that colony, to persons in power and office in England. The letters con tained a very unfavorable representation of the state of affairs, the temper and disposition of the people, and the views of the people, ami tended to show not only the necessity of the most co ercive measures but that even a very considera ble change of the Constitution, and system ot government, was necessary to secure the obe* dienoe of the colony. These letters, indeed,werein part confidential and private ; but the people of the colony insis ted that they were evidently intended <o influ ence the conduct of Government and must therefore be shown to such persons as had ar , interest in preserving their privileges. Up on the death of a gentlemen, in whose posses scssion these letters then happened to be, they, by some means, which arc. not known, fell into the hands of the agent for the co lony of Massachusetts Bay, who immediately transmitted them to the Assembly of that pro vince, which was then sitting at Boston. Tho indignation and animosity which these letters excited on the one side, and the confusion on the other, neither need nor admit of descrip- How exact a compnmon-piccc would appear for this picture, if (which God forbid!) the cor respondence of the Government with certain individuals in Pouth Carolina should be publish ed. He hoped it never would be. lie depre cated that publication as fraught with infinite ; mischief. Other singular points of resem blance were to be found in she history of those times. “ The Minister, after having moved that the King’s message of the 7th March, should be rend,opened his plan fbrthc restoration of peace order, justice, and commerce in tho Massachu setts Bay. * * * * After stating his opinions, and arguing their correctness, the Minister proceeded : “It would , be proper, therefore, to take mvay from Boston j the privilege of a poit, until his Majesty should |be satisfied in these particulars,and publicly dr. * \n*i**?l j 7f*?. j~i z 1 ’ 64. No. 2.