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t i Agricultural. Where and How to Apply Fertilizers. Under the above caption the Ameri can Agriculturalist publishes an ex cellent article advising broadcast manuring, from which we quote the following paragragh: “The growth and vigor ot all plants or crops de pend chiefly upon a good supply of strong roots that stretch far out, and thus gather food over the widest; ex tent of soil. If a flourishing stalk of corn, grain or grass be carefully wash ed,, so as to leave all its roots or rootlets attached, there will be found a won derful ma u s of roots to any plant, and they extend off a long distance, fre quently several feet, the farther the better, to colitct more fcod and mois ture. Put more manure or fertilizer in one place two fret away from acorn or potato hill, or from almost any plant, and a large mass of roots will go out in that direction. So if we mix manures or fertilizers well through the whole soil, they attract these food seeking roots to a greater distance ; and hey thus come in contact with more of the food already in the soil, and find more moisture in dry weather. A deeply-stirred soil, with manure at the bottom, develops water-pumping roots below the reach of any ordinary drouth, and the crops kept right on growing—all the more rapidly on ac count of the helpful sun’s says that would scorch a plant not reaching a deep reservoir of moisture.” Poultry Diaaaiei. Canker in lowls should not be ne glected for it is often a forerunner of roup in its worst form. We have found chlorate of potash an effectual remedy for all except the very worst cases. Put a pinch of the dry powder on the canker spots, and keep the few from water for an hour or so. Two or three application will generally effect a cure. Iu bad cases, touch the canker spots with a stick of lunar caustic, and give a weak solution of alum, or of chlorate of potash to drink. Chlorate of potaih is a cheap drug, and can be obtained in powdered form at any drug store. Keep fowls that have can ker apart from the r;st of the flock, and thoroughly cleanse all d rinking vessels, feed boxes, etc., before they are again used for other fowls. Bumble-foot is a wart corn, a lump oa the bottom of the foot, and is usu ally caused by jumping from a high perch on to hard floor. When the lump appears to contain matter, cut it open ; press the matter out, wash the foot with warm castile soap suds, and keep the fowl in a separate coop on a bed of straw un il the foot is well. To preven r . this disease, put the roosting perches nearer the floor, or cover tne floor with four or five inches of dry earth, or else make a ladder for the use of the fowls. Crop bound.—When you see one of your fowls going around with a crop that looks twice as big as it ought to, catch her, and if the crop is hard and swollen, you may conclude that there is some obstruction in the passage from the crop to the stomach. Pour some warm water down the throat and then knead the crop gently until the contents seem soft; then hold the head down and the bill open and work at the crop a few minutes longer. Nextly give a tablespoonful of castor oil audshut the fowl up without food for twelve hours or more. If this course of treatment does not benefit the fowl, cut open the crop, and remove the contents with a teaspoon handle. Make the cut, which should be about an inch long, near the top of the crop. After the crop has been emptied, oil the finger, and pass it carefully as far as possible down the passage to the stomach. Lastly sew up the cuts, but don’t sew atl the edges up together; take two or three siitohes in he cut iu the crop, and then sew up he outer skin separately. Once upon time your correspondent sewed the ges of both cuts all together, but meliow that heu didn’t get along ry well,—In fact she up and died, ep the fowl on soft cooked food, and t little of that, and away from the er fowls for a week or so. Give no ink for two or three dajs after the ration. In making the cut, take not to injure and large blood ves- ^Egg-bound.—When a hen mopes round with hanging wii’gs, appears ^distress, and goes often to the nest, [ties not lay, she is egg-bound, and st treatment should be a large iy two tablespooufulsof castor [this does not give relief withiu table time, inject sweef oil into iot. iUyatlon of Squashes. and cannot endure the slightest touch of frost. It should not be planted be fore the middle of May. Being a very quick and vigorous grower, it is not necessary to put it iu early, as noth ing is gained thereby. This plant feeds as near the surface as it possibly can, and the roots extend quite a distance, which fact warns growers to spread manure over the ground around the plant rather than in the hill. Sq lashes thrive well on nearly all soils if well manured, and require but little atten tion. Squash culture has received a check during the past two seasons ow ing to the ravages of the stiiped and bl ck bugs, so-called, which destroy it. Paris green kills the former, but, as that substance is objectionable, ex perienced growers suggest in its stead nitrate of soda (saltpetre) which is not only harmless but furnishes nitrogen to the plants, thus increasing growth, and assisting the plant to push ahead of danger. Dissolve a tablespoonful of the saltpetre in a half gallon of water, and sprinkle over the plants (vines, fruit and ground) and it will not only drive away or destroy the bugs but prevent attack. The black bug must be caught. This is easily done by placing a piece of stiff paper, card board or shingle near tbe vine. Un der this the bugs will gather at night, and early in the morning, before the sun is up, they can be killed. The early bush, or paJty-pan squash is mostly grown, but the marrow squash give* the largest yield, and the Hub- bird the best quality. There is no vegetable in the garden or field that requires less labor than the squash, nor is any one more wholesome. The rows should be about ten feet apart for Hubbard and Morrow, and the plants five feet from each other. Give them plenty of room and keep them clean. The time for gathering the early squashes is at a period when they can be indented by the finger nail with comparative ease. If allowed to grow until an effort is required to thus punc ture them they become too hard, and cannot be cooked satisfactorily. At times the squash will, while growing, suddenly lose Its beautiful green color and turn yellow, apparently without cause. This comes from two causes, Ihe bugs and dry weather. In times of drought these dangers should be an ticipated by mulchiug around the plant, for being a close surface feeder it needs moisture near the top of the ground, which can only be secured by watering or mulching. Whenever squash plants are watered the saltpe tre will be found to be a valuable ad dition, for it has been known to re store ihe vines even after the yellows have set in. A good sprinkling of plaster and ashes around the plant not only gives nourishment to the vines but aLo distresses the black bug should it endeavor to operate. The yellow bug is the one that works the greatest mischief. In cultivating or hoeing squashes tbe object should be to destroy grass and weeds only, care being taken to disturb the roots as little as possible. Sheep en the Farm. A correspondent of the Farmers' Review makes some good points in the following plea for sheep-keeping: “On almost every farm are fields and pas tures where weeds grow which horses and cattle would mver think of eating. Ou this sheep will browse and thrive. Turn them into these pastures early iu the spring, and they will take care of themselves all summer. The pasture must be proportion tte to the number of sheep it is expected to support. If too great a number are turned into it early in the season they will keep it fed down so closely that the crop will be a scant one all summer. But if the number is not too large for the range given they will do well where other animals would starve. Nothing escapes them. They browse briars w^h great relish, and in fields where other bushes have begun to start they will soon exterminate them, for they crop off every young shoot as soon as it makes its appearance. It is a good plan to divide your pasture into two or more fields. Let them run in one until they have cropped it pretty close. While they are doing that the other will be getting a good start. By and by you oan turn them into it, and the one they have occupied can have a chance to do something. In this way you will he likely to get better feed for them than you will by allowing them full range of the entire pasture all the time.” A Bemedy for Potato Bags. The Troy Fresa tells of a farmer who tried a new remedy for potato bugs with success. He prooured a number of boards and placed them here aud there among his potatoes and on these e,re placed raw potatoes sliced. At noon on the first day of the experi ment he and his hired men found every piece of potato covered with bugs. The men killed this crop, and at night an other crop was killed, though not so large, and in a week not a bug could be seen, and his trouble with bugs after this was comparatively small. In the spring, he says, is the best time to attend to bugs as a spring bug, he understands, breeds from 2<>0 to 300 during the pota’o season. He thinks it would be a good plan to dip the piece of potato in paris green, as it would save the work of killing them. Scientific Adulteration. Adulterations in food and drugs when clumsily made are easily enough detected ; but the crafty aud unselfish fellows who adulterate these products, frequently do their work with such scientific skill that no ordinary watch fulness will suffice to defect it. So many substances which formerly were supposed to be the products exclusively of living organisms can now be pro duced artificially in the chemist’s lab oratory so closely resembling the nat ural oiganie substances themselves, that it is impractical to distinguish ihe artificially prepared compound from the true one. In medicine, vaelrianic acid, benzoic acid, volatile oil of bitter almonds, etc., are familiar illustrations of the artificial produc tion of substances which at one time were known only as peculiar consti tuents of certain plants, or parts of plants. Essential oil of mustard is recently reported to be extensively adulterated with an artificial product made from allyl alcohol. Substances may have apparently the same ele mentary composition, and yet differ essentially in properties, and it is not certain that any artificial imitation of an organic substance used iu medicine has yet been made which possesses the same medicinal properties as the natural product. On the contrary, we do know that in some cases the most striking differences as to physical properties exist, notwithstanding the apparently proven identity as to chemical composition (isomerisjn). Starch, dextrin, and wood-fibre are all represented by the formula C6H10 05, and yet they differ widely one from the other. It is easy, therefore, to suppose that organic substances can be successfully adulterated with other organic Substances without fear of de tection by ordinary means, but with a material change In quality. As the art of successful adulteration must necessarily steal its secrets trorn sci ence, it becomes evident that the necessity for the employment of scien tific experts to protect the public against impositions of this kind •must grow with the advance of science itself, and the time has arrixed when public analysis are actually indispen sable. — —— ♦ ♦ -— - ■■ — Carbolic Acid in Diphtheria. Dr. Z. T. Magill, of Linco'n, Mis souri, contributes to the Chicago Medi cal Journal the method of treating diphtheria from which he has secured better results than from any other* H® uses an ordinary hose, from three to five feet long and about one inch in diameter. One end is placed over the spout of a common tea-kettle, into which has been put half a gallon o 1 water and half an ounce of carbolic acid. The kettle is then placed on the stove, over a good fire, and when the water reaches the boiling point, the free end of the hose is carried under a blanket thrown over the patient’s head. The room must be closed. In a short time the patient will perspire freely. If persevered in at short in tervals, breathing becomes softer, and presently, after a succession of quick explusive efforts, the patieut tb^ws off a coat or tube of false mem - rane. The acid vapor seems to pre* ect tne re-formatien of exudation. Alcohol aud sulphate of quinine a o used in conjunction with the ack’/, for their supporting properties. — ’ i Educational. Educate your children in the high est sense of the word, and you have put into their lands a lever far more powerful tha'. that of Archimedes; one powerful enough to raise the deuse mass of i .horance and sin. There is wicked* ss and misery enough iu the world, but endeavor to make your come of it brighter and better, ^nd your far-reaching influence will tell on generations yet uuborn. Under stand that on the wise, skillful train ing of the souls committed to your charge hangs a mome tous issue, a tremendous power for g< How 1 Teach Elimentary Science. It is proposed to introduce element ary science as a class-sulject in the Mundelia Code. It is put on a level with geography and grammar, and a Byllibus is given in which mechanics occupies a very prominent place. This indicates the value set upon such kind of instruction by tbe department. I think I can trace the handiwork of one of the best known and most highly esteemed of H. M. Inspectors. I am, as may be supposed, especially gratified to find my favorite subject thus treated. Of the direct encourage ment given to the teachings of me chanics by the London Hchool Board, I can speak from pleasant personal experience. It is no wonder it should be thus highly esteemed. It is the one subjsct above all others that lends its aid, in the words of Gambetta, to “ that progress which is tbe develop ment of that capital given by nature, and which Is called reason.” I sup pose all teachers have read Sir John Lubbock’s speech at York, as reported in the Times. I felt a certain personal interest in reading it. For a short time since, one of Her Majesty’s In spectors did me the honor fo bring Sir John and Lady Lubbock to Gloucester Road to hear one of my lessons on elementary science. Well, I feel that when I am engaged in this kind of teaching, I am, though in a humble sphere, a fellcw worker with those men of mighty minds, who met to listen to that remarkable address from their president. I propose in this article to give an outline of the first lesson, dealing with matter in the three states; solids, liquids and gases. The mechanical properties peculiar to each state. These are the words of a syllabus. If I had the wording of this, I should have said : “ matter; its three states, solid, liquid arid gaseous; the physi cal properties peculiar to each state.” In order that the teacher should know what he is talking about, and clearly conceive of a plan for best presenting the subject before juvenile minds, it is necessary that he read Tyndall’s “ Heat, a mode of motion,” and espe cially Grove’s “Correlation of the Physical Forces,” besides the ordinary text-bcoks of Natural Philosophy. John Jones, come here; take this block of chalk in your hands; tell me what you know about it from feeling it. Ans. It is rough. Anything else? Ans. It easily rubs off. Anything else? It is a square. Is he quite right, boys, in calling that a square ? Ans. No, sir ; it is a cube. Yes. Now, shut your eyes and tell me the shape of this (handing him the ball). Ans. Round. Again, boys, is he right in calling that “ round ?” No, sir. Yes, sir. Some boy says yes. Why ? Ans. Bi cause it is round, every way. It is, but the cube is also square every way, yet you said it was wrong to call it square. What is the proper word for this shape ? Ans. A globe or sphere. Just so. Now, Smith, you come here. Put your finger in that basin of water and tell me its shape? Ans. I can’t feel any shape. No, you can’t. It has no shape, and you oannot give it shape of itself. S >e, I place the chalk on the table and it remains there and keeps its shape. Now, I will pour some water on the table. You see It does not remain there ; it runs away. What do you ttiink is in that pipe? And. Gas. L am going to turn it on, but not ^ght it. I want you two boys, In opposite corners of the room to tell me when you begin to smell it. ( After a few seconds.) I can smell it, sir. Yes, so can I here. ( A boy) I can miell it. (Another boy) And so can I. Yes, you can all smell it. Now, I have turned it off. How much gas came out, think you, while it was turned on ? Ans. This room full. Indeed? Do you know how many cubic feet that would be ? Ans. No, sir. Well, then, this room is 20 feet long, 20 feet broad, and 20 feet high ; and 20 times 20 times 20 is what? Ans. 8,000. Yes; then how many cubio feet of space is there in this room ? Ans. 8,000. Now, do you think that 8,000 cubic feet of gas passed < ut of that pipe during the few seconds it was turned on? Ans. No, sir. Yes, that is true. Now boys, there was really only about one cubic foot of gas passed out while I turned it on. (A boy) Please, sir, how could it fill this room, then? Ah I that is just what I wa^ about to ask you. boy) It spread. Spread? What si^Bl ? Ans. The g{& -Do you lus^^^b^thiug else^at would s 11 n s w e fo would it spread all over it ? Anj Ho, sir. How many cubic feet of] water must I briig into this room tc fill it? Ans. 8,000. And if I want to fill the room with chalk, hoj much ? Ans. 8,000 cubio feet. Y< aud yet it seems that one cubic foot! gas will flil it. A boy holding up h] hand. Well ? Please, sir, I can mat a cubic foot of water fill this rooml You can? H >w ? Ans. Make it hoti and turn it into steam. Yes, but thei it would be vapor, not water. (A boy) I read in one of our library books thatJ steam and water are just the same. Yes ; so they are in composition ; but water in a state of steam is not called water; you can turn the vapor into water by condensing it. But you have not answered my question as to how one cubic foot of gas can spread all over this room. Can any of you tell me? No one? Well, now listen. What would you call the smallest con ceivable divisions of this gas ? Ans. Molecules. Yes; there must be a cer tain number of molecules in the cubic foot it has spread all over the room, \ than when it passed out of the pipe? No, sir. Then, what must have hap pened to the molecules? No answer? Look, here’s a little heap of peas on the table. Suppose I wanted to make] them spread all over the table whatj must I do? Ans. Put them further apart. Just so. Then, what musl have happened (o the molecules ol gas? Ans. They must have gon/ further apart. Yes, they separatee from each other. Now why do not the molecules of water iu that basin r ] or the molecules of carbonate of limel in that block, separate from eacn other? Now think. (A boy). There] must be something to keep them to-1 gether. Exactly so; there must be and there is, and I will write on the board the name of “ that something.” “ Attraction of cohesion.” In the] case of the gas the molecules are not ’ only not bound together, they fly apart. Tell me some word which is the opposite of “attraction.” No on$ can tell ? You two boys come here stand together; now push each oth^ away. There, you see they nearly fell down. There was certainly no attrao-1 tion; what was there? Aus. Repul sion. Just so. Now, one of you boys' try and put your finger into that piece of ah Ik. You can’t ? Ans. No, sir^ No, ant very easily. Now, putyoi finger Into that water. Yes, that, easily < on \ What was it you pushel apart in he water ? Ans. The mol/ cules of water. (A hoy) I coul push apart the molecules of chal^ with a nail aud hammer. Yes, y< could; but that requires preat fore So in which of those two things is th^ attraction ol cohesion strongest? Ans!] In the chalk. Now take out youi books and write; In solids, such as^ chalk, the attraction of cohesion is great; in liquids, such as water, the molecules move freely among them selves, for the attraction of cohesion is slight; in gases or vapors %pre is attraction of cohesion at all, but rej sion between the molecules. Water Power of Niagara. The water power of Niagara undoubtedly be utilized at no tant day. It is thought practicably have three turbine wheels, each at three and a half feet in diameter, ul izing a fal l of eight feet by means of pipe eight feet in diameter. Eg of the tiyee turbines would I, 000 horse power, and since the^ ply of water would be that of the] lakes, it would be practically inex^ hanstible. Calculations of the power of the falls of Passaic, at Paterson, N. J. , show 1,000 horse power; of th« Merrimac, at Lowell, 10,000 ; of tht Mohawk, 14,000; of the Connecticut,] 17,000; of the Audroscoggiu, 11 000; of the Mississippi at St. Anthony’s FalJ 15 000. The total force of these represents 75,000 horse power, and each might be made to do at let double work, it may be set down as all 225,000 horse power. As an equalj amount of energy might be drawn from the smaller rivers in the moun tainous regions, the total available hy draulic force of the United 8tat s may be set down as no less than 600,00(1 horse power. That Niagara and oi her waterfalls in America will be utilised for machinery there can be little doubt; it is only a question of time. Truths. If we would have powerful mind] we must think; if we would ha/] faithful hearts, we must love; if b| would have BtrogMMMuscUs, wefuujj aud these^^^^^f^r.ado i isj