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I nt Decisions. Servant—Contributory Negligeuce. >n Pacific Railway Com- d States Circuit Court, lorado June, 1882. .aster or another servant oward the servant injured, relation of superior or vice prin ipal, orders the latter h.to a situ .tion of danger, and he obeys and is thereby injured, the law will not charge him ■with contributory negligence, unless the danger was »o glaring that no pru dent man would have entered into it, even under orders from one having authority over him. ter and Servant—Neghgenee of a Sail- y Company Belating to Bridge De foots Evidence. mrg vs. the Lake Shore and AUchi tn Southern Rai'road Company. Supreme Court of Sew York (Fourth Department), General Term, April, 1882. Plaintiff was a brakeman in the employ of the defendant company and was injured by the falling of the Ash- talula bridge, December 29ch, 1876, while the train on which he was em ployed was passing over the bridge. No negligence was imputed to plain tiff. It was claimed that the bridge “was faulty In its construction in rny respects,’* and ‘that a competent nSer could have discovered the erfeetions by an examination at y time atter it was constructed. On rotion for a new trial on' exceptions after verdict for plaintiff, Held: That if the structure was insufficient at the time of the injuries, and was known to be so, or might have been known so to be by the defendant company if it had exercised due care, then the defendant was negligent of its duty; and that negligence established, plaintiff's right of recovery follows. 100 U. S., 220; 83 N. Y., 7. The court charged the jury as fol lows: “In this case the issue is on the question whether the bridge was in a e and secure condition. Plaintiff eges that it was not, and it is for to prove . . . that it was nsecure and unsafe, as a matter of fact, at the time of the inj ury. If you find that it was not in a safe and secure condition, arising from defects which were latent in their character, which could not be detected by engineers or bridge builders who have a reasonable degree of skill and experience in their rrofession; by the use of the usual and Jdinary tests, appliances, inspection, id examination which it is customary apply to structures of this nature with a view to ascertain their ad< quacy for the use to which they are devoted, then the plaintiff'has no cause of action if it was defective in that manner.” Held : That such instructions were as favorable to defendant as it was enti tled to. rro ■i One B was called as a witness, and testified that he wa9 a civil engineer, and that he had experience in his pro fession in the consti uction of bridges ; that he examined the debris of the Ashtabula bridge in January, 1877. After describing the condition in which he found the bridge and its original construction, he was asked: “Tell the causes whioh produced the falling of the bridge in your opinion ?’’ The witness was allowed to answer under Ejections: “There are many causes which might lead to the failure of the bridge. The first is, as I under stand it, the bad design of the work as built, and also the defective manner of constructing the work.” Held: No error. The witness was asked for his opinion on facts known and ascertained by him, and not on facts revealed by other witnesses. See 16 N. Y., 173; 23 N. Y., 28; 82 N. Y., 443; Guiterman vs Liverpool 8. Co., 83 N. Y., 358, distin guished. Motion denied. Station Agents—Authority to make Con tracts for Transportation. Wood vs. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company. Supreme Court oj Iowa, JulylSth, 1882. Whether station agents along the line of a railway have authority to bind the company by their contract to furnish cars for the transportation of property at a particular station at a given time, is a question of faot and not of law. Courts cannot say as mat ter of law, that station agents must poesess the power to bind the o >mpany by such contracts, nor can t he courts take judioial notice that such agents possess such power, or are held out to the world as possessing it. The quantity of butter Uninfluenced by the character of the food, and the quality also, as some some foods pro duce a hard and others a soft butter. Early Notions About Electric ity. Dr. Lieberkuhn, of Berlin, describes the startling results which he obtain ed,or imagined, “when a nail or a piece of brass wire is put into a small apoth ecary’s vial and electrified.” He says that “if, while it Is electrifying, I put my finger or a piece of gold which I hold in my hand to the nail, I receive a shock which stuns my arms and shoulders.” At about the same date (the middle of the last century), Mus- cbenbroek stated, in a letter to Reau mur, that, on taking a shock from a thin glass bowl, “he felt himself struck iu his arms, shoulders and breast, so that he lost his breath, and was two days before he recovered from the ef fects of the blow and the terror,” and ihat he ‘would hot take a sec md shock for the Kingdom of France.” From the description of the apparatus it is evident that this dreadful shock was no stronger than many of us have taken scores of times for fun, and have given to our school-fellows when we became the proud possessors ot our first elec trical machine. Conjurers, mountebanks, itinerant quacks and other adventurers opera ted throughout Europe, and were found at every country fair and fete displaying the wonders of the invisi- ule agent by giving shocks and pro- fes dug to cure all imaginable ailments. Then came the discoveries of Galvaui and Volta, followed by the demonstra tions of Galvani’s nephew, Aldini, whereby dead animals were made to display the movements of life, n jt only by ihe electricity of the voltaic pile but, as Aldini especially showed,by a trans fer of the mysterious agency from one animal to another. According to his experiments (that seem to be forgotten by modern electricians) with the gal vanometer of the period, a prepared frog could be made to kick by connect ing Its nerve and muscle with muscle and nerve of a recently killed ox, with or without metallic intervention. Thus arose the dogma which still survives in the advertisements of elec trical quacks, that “eleeericity is life,” and the possibility of reviving the I dead was believed by many. Executed criminals were in active demand ; their bodies were expeditiously trans ferred from the gallows or scaffold to the operating table, and their dead limbs were made to struggle and plunge, their eytballs to roll and their features to perpetrate the most horrible contortions by connecting nerves with one pole and muscles with the oppo site pole of a battery. The heart was made to beat, and many men of eminence supposed that if this could be combined with artlflj cial respiration, and kept up for awhile the victim of the hangman might be restored, provided the neck was not broken. Curious tales were loudly whispered concerning gentle hangings and strange doings at Dr, Brookes’, in Leicester 8quare >nd at the Hunte rian Museum, in Windmill street now flourishing as “The Cafe de l’Etoile.” When a child I lived about midway between these celebrated schools oi practical anatomy, and well remember the tales of horror that were recounted concerning th^m. When Bishop and Williams (no relation to the writer) were hanged for burking, i. e. mur dering people in order to provide “subjects” lor dissection, their bodies were sent to Windmill street, and the popular notion was that, being old and faithful servants of the doctors, they were galvanized to life, and again set up in their old business. Important to Tugmen. The following, taken from the Chi cago Inter Ocean, will prove Interest ing to owners of tug-boats on the Hound : Iu the case of Captain Carter, of the tug Parker, who was find $500 for taking his wife and a party of friends out to the water wofts crjb and back, and who had his fine remitted by the Secretary of the Treasury, on the recommendation of Collector Spaulding that Captain Cartel violated the law through ignorance of its pio- visions, the Supervising Inspector re- oominends that notice be given to the masters ^nd owners of tug boats “that towing boats oannot lawfully carry persons other than the crew under any oiroumstanoes without complying with the terms and conditions imposed on ordinary passenger vessels; also that the character of suoh steamers can be changed without extra cost for in spection.” This notice has been ap proved by the Secretary of the Treas ury, and it will be well for captains and owners of tugs to see that they have the necessary permits to carry persons other than the crew, and thus Bave themselves a $500 fine, and one which will not again be remitted. WE SHALL KNOW. When the mlsta have rolled In splendor Prom the beauty of the hills, And the sunshine, -warm and tender, Falls In kisses on the rills, We may read love’s shining letter, In the rainbow of theipray; We shall know each other better When the mists have cleared away. We shall know as we are known, Nevermore to walk alone, In thedawning of the morniug, When the misto have cleared away. If we err In human bllndnesR, And forget that we are dust, 11 we miss the law of kindness, When we struggle to be Just, Snowy wings of peace shall cover All the pain that clouds our day. When the wearv watch Is over And the mists havo cleared away. We shall know as we are known, Nevermore to walk alone, in the dawning of the morning, When the mists have cleared away. When the silvery mists have veiled us Fr m the faces of our own, Oft we deem their love has (ailed us, And we tread our path alone; We should see them near and truly, We should trust them day by day, Neither love nor blame unduly, If the mists were cleared away. We shall know as we are known, Nevermore to walk alone, In the dawning of the morning, When the mistB have cleared away. Sentiment. He that has no charity mtiits no mercy. Every man is occasionally what he ought to Le perpetually. Men nead not try where women fail. Every part of the soul, if it comes to any largeness or any strength, goes through discipline. People are to bo taken in very email doses. If fcolitude is proud, so is society vulgar. Everywhere endeavor to be useful, and everywhere you will be at home. The reck not moved by a lever of iron will be opened by the root of a green tree. A hundred men make an encamp ment, and one woman makes a home. Good style is goi d sense, good health, good energy, and good will. To live long, it is necessary to live slowly ; to live happily, to live wisely. Nothing helps the memory so much as older and classification. Classes are always few, individuals many; to know the class is to know what is essential in the character of an indi vidual and what least burdens the memory to retain. Where woman is held in honor there the gods are well pleased ; where she receives no honor, all holy acts are void and fruitless. A Haven. A There’s a haven, safely locked By two arms outstretching wide, Where lor many an age have flocked Htorm-tossed ships from every side. Depth enough it has to float Every vessel, great or small, Stateliest build, or simplest boat, And there’s room enough tor all. Ever on Its swelling breast, Pours the sunshine from above, For this heaven, safe and blest, It Is God's unfathbmed love. And the arms, its sure defence, • By the rudest shocks unstirred, Are our God’s Omnipotence And His never-failing word. Anchor here, O storm-tossed soul, Here thy fears and doubtB shall cease; Though without the billows roll, Here is safety, rest and peace. Opposition is what we want and must have to be good for anything. Hardship 1b the native soil of manhood nnd self-reliance. One watch set right will do to set many by; but, on the other hand, one that goes wrong may be the means of misleading a whole neighborhood; and the same may be said of the exam ple we each set to those around us. All praise wrongly directed, or sug gested by adflsh motives, is an in jurious element in society. It perpetu ates muoh that ought to be repressed, it fills silly minds with vanity and egotism, it pandera to some of the worst features of human character. Insinoere flattery especially does this. Real foresight consists in reserving our own forces. If we labor with anxiety about the future, we destroy that strength which will enable us to meet tne future. It we take more in hand now thau we can «io well, we break up, and the woik is broken up with us. Milk when drawn from th| cow Is slightly alkaline, soda being the ele ment whioh holds the easel tie or curd in solution. As oxygen is admitted to the milk this alkali is neutralized, and the milk sours and readily cur dles. Hydrophobia — The Possibility of Recovery. The death on Tuesday of Mr. George A. Reeves, Speaker of the Texas Hou&e of Representatives, will tend to con firm the almost univer.-al impression that recovery from hydrophobia is im possible. Here was a pa'.itnt who^e position and circumstances enabled him to command all the avaiiatde re sources of medical science in the treat ment of the awful disease to which he was a victim ; and yet his life could not be saved. The popular notion that their is no known remedy for rabies is correct. Most of the new drugs which have been tested of late years prove more injurious than beneficial to the patient. They produce paroxysms, and thus hasten death. But the idea that nobody ever re covers from hydrophobia does not seem equally well founded. On the con trary, a few cases of well-authenticated spontaneous recovery are on record. For the ’ast eight years a committee of the Paris Academy of Medicine has been engaged in prosecuting careful researches concerning rabies iu animals and man, and the President of this committed, M. Decroix, in a recent report, declares that he has obtained satisfactory evidence of re covery in nine cases, three of which were those of human beings. In commenting upon the experi ments made by the French Rabies Committee the Lancet says that, since the administration of medicines usual ly provokes convulsive seizures, “it seems desirable, aeording to our pre sent knowledge, to leave persons affect ed with hydrophobia in the most per fect possible calm.” Absolute quiet and obscurity are pronounced indis pensable conditions of wise treatment by M. Decroix, and that investigator makes the astounding statement that under suoh conditions he would rather suffer from hydrophobia than from many other diseases. It is something to have learned that evey case of hydrophobia is not neces sarily fatal; that recovery may occur, though cure as yet appears to be im possible. Testing Wine with Catgut. The determination ot the astringent matters contained in wine is consid ered a meat delicate operation. These matters are various ; the principal is a tannic compound called eenotannin, and there are several ooloung matters c'oiely related to it. The ordinary methods of determination are rather uncertain, especially when there is little astringent matter. M. Girard has lately devised a method ot very simple nature, whioh has proved to be superior in precision to the others. It depends on the tendency of the matters in question,to combine with animal tissues. Long ago Peiouze used skin to separate tannin from gallio acid; others have analyzed bark by a process based on absorption of tannin by skin. Some chemists seem to have even, tried ordinary skin in the analysis of wines, but it is not wdll suited for this. M. Girard finds in catgut a pure animal tissue, of definite chemical species, a much better means of determination. He takes some of the fine white violin cords prepared by M. Thibouville- Lamy, tbe last process of polishing with oil having been omitted. Four or five of these are put together. A certain quantity is soaked in wafer four or five hours (One grain having previously been detached to ascertain the water in it); then these swollen portions are put in a known quan ity of the wine to be analyzed. This is quiokly altered in consiquence; in iwenty four hours generally, or forty- eight at most, ail color has disappeared. The tanned and dyed portions of cord are then dried, first in a flat dish, then in a dosed vessel at higher tempera ture. A comparison then made of the original cord (free from water) with tbe same oord tanned, colored and tried, affords a oorrot estimate of the tenotanuin and coloring matters of the wine. Our Wheat Crop. Current estimates of the wheat crop harvested vary from 490,000,000 bushels to 570,000,000 and 600,000,000. The first is the estimate of those who reduce slightly the estimate of the Agricultural Department, the last is the estimate of the New York Commer cial Bulletin. In any orop this varia tion of one bushel in six would be a serious matter. In tho one product ou which trade balances turn and the financial cutlook next fall pivots, doubt on this matter is vital. It is .truethat in one view of the case un certainty is not to be wondered at. It is barely ten years since the surplus wheat of the United States began to fill tbe granaries of Europe, barely twenty since our exports began to bo serious, and a little over a generation ago our seaports imported grain in bad years. Before 1860 the United States did net export an average of over 6,500*- 000 bushels a year; in the next ten years our export was quadrupled, and in the next had risen twenty-fold. In 1871 the wheat product of the couutry was 280,000,000 bushels and the acre age 19,943,893. The acreage is now unquestionably twice this, and, if the larger figures are reached, the product has nearly trebled. It is this rapid rise in the production per acre, coupled with an enormous increase in the acreage itself, which makes an estimate of the crop difficult, if not impossible. Few early estimates of the crop in the last three or four years since our production began rising by leaps and bounds have been within 50.000. 000 bushels of the mark, and they bave often undershot the crop by twice this. Last year Bradstreets’ put the crop three months after harvest at 368.000. 000 bushels. This was about 35.000. 000 bushels short In 18S0 Brad- streets' put the yield, figuring in Nov- ber, at 455,600,000 bushels, and this was 45,000,000 bushels short. In 1879, as late as July 26, a statistician of some remark, Alexander Delmar, put the crop that year at 360,000,000 bushels. It proved to be 88.000,000 bushels more. These instances could be multipli ed indefinitely. They prove the strong probability that the yield now is under rather than overestimated. It is true that the reasoning by which the Com mercial Bulletin supports Its largest estimate is weak. The acreage, as given by the Department of Agricul ture, is about 40,800,000 acres. This is a guess; but it is the beet guess obtaina ble, and the average per acre assumed by the Department, 13 bushela, the yield would be 550,000,(00. Unfortu nately, the acreage is as uncertain as the rest, and tne best that can be said is, that with the largest acreage yet known, a strong probability of the largest yield per acre and a knowledge of the steady underestimates of past years, it is safe to say that the orop is not less than 600,000,000, which leaves a surplus of 250,000,000 bushels to be sold cheap abroad. Electoral Vote for 1884. The number of Presidential eleotors for 1884, based on the new apportion ment, will be as follow*: Alabama in Arkansas 7 Misslsslppl........ 9 Missouri IS Colorado s Connecticut 6 Delaware 8 Florida 4 Georgia 12 Nevada 3 New Humpanue.... 4 New Jersey 9 New Kork 39 North Carolina 11 Illinois 22 Iowa 18 Kansas 0 Kentucky 13 Pennsylvania ........ 39 Khode Islauu......... 4 South Carolina........ 9 Massacauseus 14 Michigan 13 Minnesota 7 Total Virginia 12 VeqaVirglula 9 WlsWnslu 1L ... .xoT There is a net increase of 32 in the total number of electoral votes since the last Presidential eleotion. The gains are: Arkansas 1, California 2, Georgia 1, Illinois 1, Iowa 2, Kansas 3, Kentucky 1, Massachusetts 1, Michi gan 2, Minnesota 2, Mississippi 1, Mis souri 1, Nebraska 2, New York i, North Carolina 1, Ohio 1, Pennsylvania 1, South Carolina 2, Texas 5, Virginia, 1, West Virginia 1, Wisconsin 1. Total wains, #35. Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont each lose one, leaving a net gain of 32. The States voting for Garfield have a net gain of 15, the Statefe voting for Hancock a gain of 17. A Poor Relation. A poor relation is the most irrelevant thing in nature, a piece of impertinent correspondency; an odious approxi mation ; a haunting conscience; a preposterous shadow, lengthening in the noontide of our prosperity; an un welcome remembrancer; a perpetually recurring morilfioation ; a drain on your purse, a more intolerant dun on your pride; a drawback upon success • a rebuke to your rising; a stain in your blood; a blot on your esoutcheon; a rent in your garment; a death’s head at your banquet; Agathoelee’ pot ; a Mordeoai at your gate; a Laza rus at your door; a lion in your path; a irog In your chamber; a 11/ in your ointment; a mote in your eye; a tri umph to your enemy ; an apology to your friends ; the one thing not need ful ; the hail in harvest; the ounoe of sour in a pound of sweet.—Chariot Lamb. There are sixty corn canneries in the S tft t e ”f Maine, which pack annu ally 12,000,000 cans. • y *