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Logarithms of
German Origin
Scientist Denies Computation
Was Devised by Scotsman, as
Commonly Believed.
WORKED CUT BY WATCHMAKER
Ijtrri Napier, a Scottish Nobleman, Has
Hitherto Bean Given the Credit of
Having Originated the Loga
rithmic T ables.
Cnssel, Germany. Logarithms were
iriginnily devised by Jobst Buergl, a
Genuali watchmaker In the employ of
Landgrave William IV of Hess, and not
bj tin* Sent.sman, Lord Napier, as com
i/tmiy believed, according to statements
iimile tiy Doctor Hrelthaupt, a promi
nent Cnssel scientist, addressing a
aweting here of the llesslan Historical
Msoclution.
I toiler Itreithnupt’B assertions wore
node in tin* course of an address on
lb* lit • of William IV, or “William tiie
Wise,” who he described as one of the
most renowned of royal astronomers.
Wdliatii lived during the middle of tile
Sixteenth century and founded tin* el
der line of the house of Hesse, known
t> lies'cl'ir si I. The speaker discussed
also William’s chief assistant, Kber
luirri Baideweln, who was a tailor In
Murhurg by profession, but won high
fmor with tin* landgrave because of Ids
clever and Inventive mind.
Smith Makes Wonder Clock.
William IV, the speaker related,
•reefed u workshop In which he ein-
Irtoyisl several hand lultorers, one of
wJioiu was a smith whose handiwork
■rut occasions general amazement.
Kalilowolp also showed exceptional ap
fitnvfe in carrying out and Improving
Williams designs. Among Ids crea
tions still in existence is a large planet
ary apparatus, the so called nstronoml
r>ii cluck, which belongs to the provin
cial museum of i 'iissel.
“The landgrave was the first astrono
mer to Introduce time as an element
capable of observation,” Doctor Brelt
luaupt deolnnM. “A Nuremberg clock
■aakcr imul him a clock showing see
ikls. und liitldewi'ln enlarged upon it
ibi such 11 Way tlmt the'lnmlgrnve could
observe thofUnrs and
listen to tjUo clock's lirlihfg of seconds,
Gives. Prisoners Books and Music
Mrs Wesley Westbrook. wife of the warden of the Cook County Jail In Chl
hell eves that Rood books and good imisle tend to Improve prisoners, and
Vj her own personal efforts lias established a library and secured phonographs
and records from her friends for the boy prisoners In the county Jail. They all
tnow her as their friend, ami many, after their discharge from prison, seek her
mt<! and advice.
Wife Socks a Divorce
From Wca'thy Bootblack
Nicholas I .opret e, a bootblack,
>f llrooklyn, N. Y., lias a net In
,me of 87N a week, owns his
own borne, and gambles at the
race truck with what money he
does not add to a large account
in a savings batik, according to
i is wife, Katherine.
The wife, suing for separation,
(■quests att allowance of $X>
ceklj alimony and counsel
fees.
Titled Women Working.
Potsdam. -In a quiet residential
courier of Potsdam a group of women
irho fouoerly belonged to the aristoc
lar; had the brllliaut social circles on
•*H*riul days are working daily from
Marnliig until night at stalling teddy
twang toy elephant*, dogs and other
mnimal figures.
in the celestial globe. It was thought
for a long time that the landgrave al
ready possessed a pendulum clock.
Gives Credit to German.
"Then he took Into his employ a
watchmaker, Jobst Buergl (Justus
Byrgitis), and this man it was who,
while in Cnssel, originated logarithms.
Hitherto It has been understood that the
Scottish Lord Napier, baron of Merchls*
ton, who Issued logarithmic tables iij
Edinburg in 1014, was the creator of
logarithms, and that Buergl ncqulred
this distinction at the same time, with
out knowing of Napier’s work.”
Doctor Hrelthaupt declared that Jo
hann Kepler, founder of modern as
tronomy, who was horn in Wuerttem
berg In 1571, and became renowned as
father of the Keplerlan planetary laws,
had given Buergl the credit for'origi
nating logarithms In one of his pub
lished works.
Buergl was born In 1571) and was for
a time attached to the Imperial court
Hungry Ducks
Saved Britain
Tests at Zoo Resulted in Perfec
tion of Device for Detect
ing Submarines.
WAS MENACED BY STARVATION
Hydrophone Was Developed as result
of Experiments Made With Stetho
scopes by Two Medical Men
in London Zoo.
London.--Rome, they say, was saved
by tlie cackling of geese. It may be
well that the Livy of the future will
assert that Britain In her hour of peril
was saved by the quacking or ducks.
How ducks eating biscuits thrown to
them ujt the poiwl in tlie. London zoo
led to .the discovery., of U-Jioiit de
tectors was a Hit of “inside" war stuff
MOBS KILLED 83 WOMEN SINCE 1889
Cruel Tortures Applied to Some
of Them, Says Church Report.
But Four States in the Union Never
Had to Report Lynching—Only
Sixteen Free of the Crime In
Last Ten Years.
Washington.—An alarming number
of women have been killed by mobs in
the United States in recent years, the
Federal Council of Churches declared
In a statement.
“Since ISSS>,” the council said,
“there have been 83 womet killed by
mobs. Some o' them were put to
death with savage tortures, such as
burning and disemboweling."
Such brutality, he council declared,
might be expected ‘in pagan times or
heathen countries, but by no means in
a civilized land today.”
“The total nu .ber of persons
lynched by years gives a startling pic-
THE DANIELSVILLE MONITOR, DAN IE LSVILLE, GEORGIA.
Descendant of Columbus
Admitted to English Bar
London—Dr. C. .1. Columbus,
direct descendant of Christopher
Columbus, was called to the
English bar In the Middle tem
ple. The doctor is u descendant
of Diego, son of Christopher.
The doctor being born at Malta
Is a British subject. He studied
law in the Middle temple In the
office of D. Campbell Lee, an
American barrister practicing In
England, and has specialized in
international law.
ns watchmaker and manufacturer of
celestial globes. He died here in 1632.
Taximeters for Planes.
London. —Airplanes plying for hire
are to he fitted with taximeters. At 50
cents a mile the clock will show a fare
working out at a little more than $35
a head for three people from London
to Paris.
An excuse nearly always goes lame
in the home stretch.
told by I’rof. J. T. McGregor Morris
at tlie Scientific Novelties exhibition
here recently.
Old Invention Incomplete.
Before the war, it is true, there were
submarine detectors —a microphone to
which was attached a diaphragm. But
unfortunately this device was non-di
rectional —that is, it didn’t indicate
from which direction the underseas
boat was coming.
Ilorns and even trumpets were used
to assist the instrument, but up to
June, li)15, the detectors were of little
use. Meantime the submarine cam
paign was Increasing in intensity and
the United Kingdom waft faced with
tiie possibility of being starved to
death.
Then, according to the story told by
Professor Morris,-putting one’s head
under'water whore sounds could easily
be heard suggested to Sir William
Bragg and Sir Hicham] Paget the use
of the stethoscope, the instrument-that -
is to the doctor what the brief case, is ,
to the lawyer.
Test Succeeds at Zoo.
The tw<£ medical men went to the
zoo to try out tfieir scheme. While
Sir William threw biscuits to the ducks'
liis colleague by means of an instru
ment on the Hues .of the stethoscope
and with a part in the water, tried to
hear the <ju.cks eating.
Suddenly Sir Richard threw his in
strument (Town with an impetuous jerk.
A duck had attempted to eat the part
of it under water and the noise was
deafening.
.tint of tills incident was evolved the
hydrophone—a device which looks like
an old-fashioned wanning pan. This,
when turned slowly in the wnter, In
dicates the direction from which a
submarine is coining. It could detect
t lie presence of a submarine five miles
distant and the steam turbine of a de
stroyer ten miles away.
Women Gamblers Bad Losers.
Glasgow.—Scottish mill owners have
decided on drastic action to check the
; gambling craze which is said recently
to have obtained a great hold on fe
' male workers.
Hereafter it will lie a condition of
| employment that no form of betting he
I indulged In. it Is asserted that women
| are had losers, and the betting spirit
is often responsible for trouble among
| them.
ture of lawlessness, the council said.
“There Is a slow decrease from the
climax In 1803 and 1803 down to 1008.
During the latter year and 1009 there
was an Increase, then nnother slow de
crease until 1018, when the tendency
to Increase was again manifested.”
Only four states have never had a
lynching, according to the council—
Massachusetts. Ithode Island, New
Hampshire and Vermont. Three states
have had no lynchlngs since ISSO
New Jersey, Utah and Connecticut.
“Eight other states,” the council
said, have had a clear record during
the last ten years. They are Nevada,
Colorado, lowa. Wisconsin. Michigan,
Indiana, Delaware and Pennsylvania.
"This means that only 33 per cent
of the states have not had lynching
In the last ten years."
Such 18 Human Nature.
l or i ne man ivho sincerely pities
our misfortunes, there are a thousand
who hate our success.—Colton.
TjUFie RUHR.
'- * - - .111. I,* I M ( T- ■ Ifl II II
•-
Electric Welding in Essen.
(Prtpared by the National Geographic So
ciety, Washington, D. C.)
, The Ruhr basin, where France now
seeks to collect unpaid German repara
tions, is a true daughter of the Rhine.
And long ago Hugo said of the Rhine:
“For thirty centuries it lias seen the
forms and reflected the shadows of al
most every warrior who has tilled the
Old World with that tool they call the
sword.” Caesar, Attlla, Charlemagne,
Napoleon, Barbarossa, Bismarck, llin
denberg, Foch, Haig, Pershing —and
Degoutte—all have passed this way.
The Ruhr river is an inconspicuous
stream, hardly more than a hundred
miles long, with little volume of water,
and navigable, even with the aid of its
12 locks, for a distance of only 43.
miles. But its valley and the rolling ■
country to the north for a few miles, to
which it has giveii its nam'4, is a re
gion of concert) rated indils-trifiHsfn.
There, in a -district roughly 40 by 10-
mij.es, has been developed,t-he. grestssto
goal production in Europe. And with
iron ore available-from the.i¥'-m:by. for-,
mer “Gorman ,nnd Luxeui.-
Inirg, there sprang up the industry of
fabricating iron and steel, which went
ffurther, -perhaps, -than -any ''other ac
tivity 'toward lniiidLwg-.up* the mighty
German empire of 1013,-and gave a.lit-,
eral significance to Bismarck’s JdeaJ for
a country of “blood and iron.” .
One could pick out the oval, of the
Ruhr region on a map of Germany by
its railroads. Germany’s steel' high
ways form a relatively close network
over the entire-country, but in the Ruhr
region the lines draw together into a
fine screen, showing unmistakably, the
hive of industry that this district lias
come to he. '
Essen, the City of Steel.
The solar plexus of the Ruhr district
is Essen, known far and wide'as the
home of the great Krupps’ gun and ar
morpjate factories. In prominent
places in the city stand statues to Bis
marck and Alfred Krupp —the man
who laid the foundations for Germany’s
powerful fighting machine, and tho
man who equipped it and became tre
mendously wealthy in the process.
Krupp really made EsseP; almost as
truly as the United States Steel corpo
ration made Gary. Ind. The town was
founded in the Ninth century, hut ns
late as 1854 it was little more than'a
village with 10,500 inhabitants. Before
the World war it had grown to be a
city of 300.000, and of these nearly 50,-
000 were employed in the Krupp works.
With tiie development of Essen as a
steel and iron center hundreds of other
establishments joined tiie Krupps, un
til the environs of the city are now a
forest of chimneys. Near Essen, too,
are many coal pits.
Its famous crucible steel Is the old
est specialty of Essen. To obtain It,
raw materials especially chosen are
melted in separnte crucibles and then
poured together to form the ingot. Tills
particular steel is said to excel all
others In purity; the giant Ingots are
absolutely homogeneous, close-grained
and uniform throughout.
Lately, too, anew stain’ess and rust
less steel has been made at Essen. It
Is claimed that not even boiling nitric
acid can affect it, and it Is well adapt
ed as a substitute for nickel-plate in
the manufacture of surgical and other
Instruments.
Aside from its truly amazing Indus
trial aspects, wlthjts singularly ade
quate welfare institutions for aged and
•rippled workmen, Essen Is only an
overgrown German factory town —
- ml er and smoky. It Is the sort of
ph -e you like to see—once.
The Ruhr river itself rises on the
north side of Wiuterberg, In Sauerland,
flows northward past the romantically
situated town of Arnsberg, nnd thence
winds on down into the mining district
around Hagen. Here, after receiving
the waters of the Lenne, it twists on
past Witten, Steele, Kettwig and Mill
helm, getting greasier and blacker as
It washes past coal dumps and foun
dries, till It joins tiie Rhine at Ruhrort.
From this point, also, the Ruhr canal
connects it with Duisburg.
Rhine Crowded With Traffic.
From Witten to its mouth, some 43
miles, the Ruhr is navigable, with the
aid of a dozen locks, as has been said,
but low water often delays the boats.
Ilem and there, along its busy course,
it even finds tiniri fo phuse and Pirn
tiie wheels of little mills and factories.
Down tiie Rhine the trade of the Ruhr
moves out to .sea.: - - < :
ftere water traffic .fairly ero.w ds the
stream. Bpyrts are everywhere, as. thick,
as Chinese junks, and sampans at Can
ton or' Ncwchwang. But there Is no
jamming, ramriifng, shoiitiiig;'anti bat
tling with- oars'or poles;-as among tiie'
belligerent boatmen of the East. Here
are semaphores, -signal-.flags,-' order.,
"Hundreds of boats are handled a day,
with (lie same ’ precision and ‘speed
■.that we handle trains at a great* Airier
ban union station. So greatis the con
centration of boats that it lias given
Duisburg-Ruhrort, at the mouth of the
Ruhr, world-wide fame as the greatest
river harbor in the world.
Tilts Rhine, this artery of Europe,
tills Ilhenus Superbus, as the Romans
named it when they built Cologne—
how few* Americans realize what it
means to western Europe! From tiie
Alps to tiie. sea,-from Lake Constance
down to Rotterdam, ‘‘the village of her
rings,” tliis swift stream, green and
shallow, tumbles along; into its foam
ing waters are crowded over 20,000
steamers, tugs and barges —a tonnage
of nearly five millions.
Many Big Cities There.
Essen is mentioned almost whenever
the- Ruhr Is mentioned, so that it is
understandable that tiie' two are some
times considered synonymous. But big
cities are thick in the Ruhr. Entering
the region at Duisburg, its gate-city,
with 230,000 inhabitants, by a journey
of less than five miles one reaches
Oberhausen, with a population of 00,-
000. Three miles farther is Mulheim,
with 112,000; five miles away, Essen,
with 300,000, and four miles farther,
Gelsenkirchen, with 170,000. By an ad
vance of another four, miles into the
Ruhr one reaches Bochum, with a pop
ulation of 137,000, while barely ten
miles farther to tiie east, and still
short of tiie eastern limits of the re
gion. lies Dortmund, with 214,000 in
habitants.
Dortmund Is the largest city in West
phalia. It boasts a history dating
back a thousand years. Long ago it
was a free, fortified Hanseatic town,
and once it withstood a siege of 21
months, “led by the good bishop of
Cologne and 48 other princes.” It Is
proud of Its churches, centuries old;
Its monasteries, with their relics and
antiquities, and Its municipal museum,
with prehistoric, Roman and Germanic
collections.
Hard by is the historic hill of Hohen
Syburg, where Charlemagne fought
with the Saxons. From Its crest you
can view the vast, smoking, seething
valley of the Ruhr, where drones and
idlers are an unknown human species.
In the Ruhr, more nearly than In
most Industrial regions, even-one Is a
worker. Technicians, clerks and other
“white-collar” men there must be, but
pre-eminently it is a land of grimy,
sweating toilers —between three nnJ
oue-half and four millions of them